The purpose of this research, based on classical diffusion of innovations theory, was to examine factors related to the probable adoption or nonadoption of energy-efficient housing alternatives, specifically passive and active solar and earth sheltered/underground dwellings. Three types of factors were examined: demographics (geographical location by state, type of household, stage in family life cycle, race, age, and educational level); energy (belief in the energy crisis, the impact of energy on housing decisions, efforts to reduce utility costs, average monthly utility costs, and the presence of energy-conserving features in the dwelling); and, local regulatory codes for building (the presence of housing alternatives in the locality, the presence of regulatory codes, and the prior need for variances in order to construct alternative forms of housing). The study utilized daca collected as part of a regional research project, S-141, Housing for Low- and Moderate-Income Families. Data from households were collected by means of an interview schedule using a random sample of 1804 households from four counties selected in each of seven southern states after stratification on the basis of income and the number of nonfarm households. Data from local building officials in the same counties were collected using mailed questionnaires. Techniques of analysis utilized included the chi-squared test, analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, the t-test, and discriminant analysis. Findings indicated that probable adopters of the housing alternatives were usually younger, had more education, were in the earlier stages of the family life cycle, believed in the energy crisis, believed the energy situation had impacted housing decisions, had attempted to reduce utility costs, and lived in houses with more energy-conserving features than probable nonadopters. / Ph. D.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-96). / by Barbara Marie Brennan. / M.C.P.

Thesis. 1975. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 240-250. / Ph.D.

Canada and the United States are two of the most energy-intensive countries in the world and have an immense impact upon their surrounding environment. Both countries have committed to contributing to the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, in accordance with the United Nations climate change regime. Their climate change-related energy policies do not, as yet, show any sign of achieving that objective, especially in light of the fact that greenhouse gas emissions are on the rise. This thesis consequently argues that not enough is being done by Canada-US to fulfill their commitments under the climate change-regime and tests that hypothesis.

After reviewing land based freight growth trends nationally and internationally, this thesis discusses the main parameters governing fuel consumption, as well as past approaches in modelling road and rail energy consumption. Past work on comparing these two main modes is also reviewed here. The review included ways of estimating energy consumption of a complete freight task i.e., from origin to destination. Mathematical models estimating modal energy consumption are presented in this thesis. Modal energy consumption is a complex function to be approximated in practice due to numerous variables affecting their outcome. Energy demands are particularly sensitive to changes in vehicle characteristics such as mass and size; route parameters such as grade and curvature; traffic conditions such as level of congestion; and less sensitive to ambient conditions, such as temperature and altitude. There is a large set of energy estimation models available to transportation planners. Unfortunately, unless simple relationships are established for energy estimation and modal comparison, their application in freight movement planning and corridor development becomes computationally prohibitive. This thesis describes the development of a modal freight energy comparison tool to quantify the energy advantage from mode choice, corridor development and vehicle types and loading improvements. The thesis also describes the used modelling processes and the trade-offs between model complexity and data quality. The tool developed in this thesis is based on well established relationships between energy consumption and traffic flow, route and vehicle operating characteristics for road freight movement. The rail freight component was developed from equations of motion together with parameters obtained from past studies. The relationships have been enhanced to fit the purpose of corridor level comparative analysis. The comparison tool has been implemented using a spreadsheet based approach developed specifically to calculate the total door to door energy consumption for given task options. A series of linked sheets enable the user to: specify all necessary inputs; estimate road and rail energy by trip segment. The outputs consist of trip segment energy demand and total energy efficiency of each option. A case study approach, for aiding in model development and testing, is presented. Toowoomba second range crossing in Southern Queensland, Australia (section between below Postman's Ridge and Gowrie Junction) was selected. Four options considered include existing and proposed road and rail corridors. The existing rail and road corridors could be taken as a typical poor case, with very high grades and sharp curvatures. The proposed new road section has a relaxed curvature and gradient. The section of proposed rail corridor, under consideration here, still contains a high grade section. However, the proposed track length is considerably shorter than the base-case. The new proposed train alignment was found as the most efficient mode and the existing trains as the least efficient mode when measured based on absolute expected fuel gain (litres/tonnage of freight moved). This could be attributed to the improvement in curvature and load carrying capacity. However, when the options are compared in terms of litres/1000 NTK, the new train option did not show a significant advantage. Furthermore, the developed model was applied on some simulated cases to test the functionality of other aspects of the model. The total door-to-door energy consumption and the efficiency were compared for all the simulated cases. It showed that the energy efficiency of scenarios varies exponentially with the variation in the ratio of road pickup and delivery legs to the rail line-haul length. In general, energy efficiency of the intermodal options was found to be better unless the best case of the road and the worst case of intermodal option was compared. The modelling approaches presented in the thesis and the comparison model developed in this study could be used for several purposes namely: to assess the energy (and hence greenhouse gas) implications of specific modal freight movements; to aid in the economic and environmental evaluation of transport options; and to assess the potential for energy efficiency gains from vehicle and infrastructure improvements. A number of suggested improvements to the model are also discussed.

Orientador: Sergio Valdir Bajay / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T06:56:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dorileo_IvoLeandro_M.pdf: 3061432 bytes, checksum: 1b7c94c6f392dc22f63fb460977cb0e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho traz uma análise, sob as óticas retrospectiva e prospectiva, a respeito da estrutura setorial da economia e da matriz energética de Mato Grosso, em termos de seus principais determinantes sociais, econômicos e tecnológicos. A avaliação prospectiva é, também, sustentada por um conjunto de cenários alternativos de desenvolvimento, tendo como balizadores os principais cenários nacionais disponíveis atualmente, que permitem estabelecer as relações de interdependência entre as variáveis macroeconômicas e a demanda de energia. Os cenários são construídos, ainda, com base em uma consulta a especialistas do Estado, especialmente elaborada para este trabalho, sobre os possíveis rumos futuros da economia e do setor energético locais, e em uma análise das oportunidades de avanços na matriz energética mato-grossense. A metodologia de decomposição estrutural é aplicada para projeção da demanda energética, utilizando-se, além do PIB e dos valores adicionados setoriais, a intensidade energética e a participação relativa dos principais energéticos em cada um dos setores analisados. A partir desta sistematização, são efetuadas as projeções das demandas de energia setoriais e total do Estado até 2012, constituindo-se num instrumento analítico e metodológico eficaz para auxiliar o planejamento energético de Mato Grosso. Discutem-se, por fim, as perspectivas para expansão da oferta local de energia, diante das alternativas que atualmente se apresentam / Abstract: The present work provides an analysis regarding the sector structure of the economy and the energy demand and supply of State of Mato Grosso in the light of a retrospective and prospective approach, which takes into account the main social, economic and technological determinants. The prospective evaluation is also supported by a set of alternative development scenarios having as benchmarks the current available national scenarios, which pave the ground for the establishment of interdependence relations between the macroeconomic indices and the demand of energy. The scenarios are also developed with the aid of state experts, especially devised for this work on the prospective economic path, and the local energy sector with a view to the analysis of advance opportunities concerning the regional energy supply. The methodology of structural decomposition is applied to forecast the evolution of energy demand, wich also takes into consideration, besides the gross domestic product (GDP), the added sector values, the energy intensities and the relative participation of the most important energy resources in each of the analyzed sectors. From this systematization, the sector and total state energy demand are foreseen up to the year 2012, which becomes an analytical and methodological effective instrument to aid the energy planning of Mato Grosso. At last, it is argued the perspectives for local energy supply expansion before the alternatives that are currently presented / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

No description available.

This work presents improvements to a multi-core performance/power simulator. The improvements which include updated power models, voltage scaling aware models, and an application specific benchmark, are done to increase the accuracy of power models under voltage and frequency scaling. Improvements to the simulator enable more accurate design space exploration for a biomedical application. The work flow used to modify the simulator is also presented so similar modifications could be used on future simulators. / Graduation date: 2012

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in ful lment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 2015 / The work presented extends and contributes to research in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), focussing on steady-state and transient power measurement disaggregation techniques for circuits containing household ap- pliances. Although previous work in this area has produced and evaluated a wide range of NILM approaches, much of it has involved the use of datasets captured from real-world household implementations. In such cases, the lack of accurate ground truth data makes it di cult to assess disaggregation tech- niques. In the research presented, three NILM techniques are comparatively evaluated using measurements from typical household appliances assembled within a laboratory environment, where accurate ground truth data could be compiled to complement the measurements. This allows for the accu- racy of the various disaggregation approaches to be precisely evaluated. It is demonstrated that the correlation of transient event edges in aggregated power measurements to individual appliance transient exemplars performs better than the matching of steady-state power levels against individual ap- pliance state combinations. Furthermore, the transient approach is shown to be the most appropriate technique for further development. / MT2017

多年來，各國的科學家致力提升能源效益以減少能源消耗。當中，以了解能源使用行為對達致可持續能源消耗最為關鍵。為此，本論文將採用跨學科的方法，利用心理學的理論制定研究框架及問卷設計，目的為調查影響市民進行家居節約能源行為的因素。 / 本研究採用詳細設計的問卷收集受訪者的環境態度、行為動機、自我報告行為、環境知識水平、情景因素及心理因素。是次調查共採訪七百一十五位年齡為十五歲或以上的香港市民。研究結果顯示，香港市民擁有高度的環境態度及中等的環境知識水平，當中尤對本地的環境知識特別了解。 / 在影響節能行為的因素方面，本研究的結果與國外的相關研究存有顯著差別。當中社會經濟因素並不能解釋本地的家居節能行為；相反，心理因素，包括內在刺激、願意犧牲度、環境污染嚴重意識、責任意識及自我勝任感卻為解釋家居節能行為的重要因素。 / 根據本研究的觀察，單純地向市民灌輸環境知識並不能鼓勵其進行可持續生活。故此，本研究將向保護環境從業者就設計環境教育運動及制訂環境政策時提出可行的改善方法。最後，本文亦就本研究的限制作出討論，並就其他相關研究提出改善及建議。 / Reducing energy usage by raising energy efficiency has been the focus of scientists worldwide. Understanding energy consumption behaviors is crucial to achieving sustainable energy usage reduction. This study aims at exploring the barriers that hinder people from adopting energy conservation behaviors at home that could lead to efficient energy consumption. To achieve this, an inter-disciplinary approach is adopted integrating psychological theories in the research framework and questionnaire design. / The study employed a structured questionnaire in an attempt to understand environmental values, behavioral intention, self-reported behaviors, environmental knowledge, situational variables as well as psychological determinants, from respondents. 715 respondents aged 15 and above participated in the survey in Hong Kong. Results show that in general, Hong Kong citizens have high environmental awareness and moderate level of environmental knowledge and that they understand local environmental issues to be of great interest. Thus, regarding the barriers of behaviors, the findings suggest dissimilar results with their counterparts in the western countries. It shows that socio-economic factors are not decisive in performing energy conservation behaviors at home, while psychological factors, namely intrinsic motivation, willingness to sacrifice, perceived seriousness of environmental problems, perceived responsibility and self-efficacy, could significantly explain human behaviors. / Observed from this survey, equipping the public with environmental knowledge is no longer practical in achieving sustainability. Recommendations for environmental practitioners are demonstrated in this study. Besides, the limitations of this research and suggestions on further similar studies are discussed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tsang, Kai Ho. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-127). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendix E in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 論文摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.xi / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Background --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research objectives --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5 --- Research framework --- p.5 / Chapter 1.6 --- Structure of the thesis --- p.5 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Pro-environmental behaviors --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Energy conservation behavior --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Environmental knowledge and behavior --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4 --- Environmental values and behavior --- p.11 / Chapter 2.5 --- Situational variables --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Socio-demographics --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Age --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Gender --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5.1.3 --- Education --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5.1.4 --- Income --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5.1.5 --- Household size --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5.1.6 --- Other home characteristics --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Psychological variables --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Intrinsic motivation --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Subjective norm/ Social pressure --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5.2.3 --- Efficacy --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.2.4 --- Perceived seriousness of environmental problems --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.2.5 --- Perceived responsibility --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6 --- Conceptualizing energy conservation behavior --- p.36 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) --- p.36 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Framework of study --- p.38 / Chapter 2.7 --- Research gap --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- METHODOLOGY --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2 --- Study area --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study instrument --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Questionnaire design --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Section 1 - Environmental values --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Section 2 - Behavioral intention scale --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Section 3 - Behavioral frequency scale --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- Section 4 - Environmental knowledge (general and concrete) --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.1.5 --- Section 5 Psychological variables --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.1.6 --- Socio-demographics --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4 --- Questionnaire formation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- First pilot study --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Second pilot study --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Final questionnaire --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5 --- Data collection --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6 --- Analytical methods --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Quantitative methods --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.1.1 --- Descriptive and bivariate statistics --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.1.2 --- Multivariate statistics --- p.60 / Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusion --- p.62 / Chapter CHPATER FOUR --- UNDERSTANDING OF ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES, KNOWLEDGE, BEHAVIORAL INTENTION, BEHAVIOR AND DETERMINANTS --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- Sample profile --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3 --- Environmental values --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Dimensionality of New Ecological Paradigm --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Conclusion --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4 --- Behavioral intentional and self-reported behavior --- p.69 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Comparison of behavioral intention and self-reported behavior --- p.69 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Construction of behavioral intention measurement scale --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Construction of behavior measurement scale --- p.74 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.76 / Chapter 4.5 --- Environmental knowledge --- p.77 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- General environmental knowledge --- p.77 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Concrete environmental knowledge --- p.79 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Conclusion --- p.80 / Chapter 4.6 --- Extraction of psychological variables --- p.81 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- First factor - Intrinsic motivation --- p.86 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Second factor - Willingness to sacrifice --- p.86 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Third factor - Perceived seriousness --- p.87 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Forth factor - Responsibility --- p.87 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- Fifth factor - Self Efficacy --- p.88 / Chapter 4.6.6 --- Conclusion --- p.88 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSERVATION BEHAVIOR --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Regression analysis of behavioral intention --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Regression analysis of household energy conservation behavior --- p.92 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Synthesis of regression analyses --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2 --- Conclusion --- p.94 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- DISCUSSION --- p.96 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2 --- Validity of the model --- p.96 / Chapter 6.3 --- Environmental values and behavior --- p.97 / Chapter 6.4 --- Psychological variables --- p.97 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Intrinsic motivation --- p.98 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Responsibility --- p.98 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Willingness of sacrifice --- p.99 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Perceived seriousness --- p.100 / Chapter 6.4.5 --- Efficacy --- p.100 / Chapter 6.5 --- Situational variables --- p.102 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Age --- p.102 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Education --- p.102 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- Environmental knowledge --- p.103 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN --- CONCLUSION --- p.106 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.106 / Chapter 7.2 --- Summary of the findings --- p.106 / Chapter 7.3 --- Recommendations for policies and campaigns --- p.107 / Chapter 7.4 --- Limitations of this research --- p.111 / Chapter 7.5 --- Suggestions for further studies --- p.113 / Reference list --- p.116 / Chapter Appendix A --- Questionnaire for first pilot study --- p.128 / Chapter Appendix B --- Preliminary results of the first pilot study --- p.133 / Chapter Appendix C --- Questionnaire for second pilot study --- p.143 / Chapter Appendix D --- Final questionnaire --- p.148 / Chapter Appendix E --- Final questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.154