Tourism industry in Sri Lanka shares a substantial amount of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and predicts an immense expansion within a short time frame. Owing to its energy intensiveness and competitiveness, a scrutiny in the energy utilization and the related impact on the environment is crucial. Furthermore, trend towards ecotourism forces the requirement of foreseeing a green energy supply to meet the ever rising demand.   In this study, utilization of energy in the graded hotels in the country was modeled through LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning System) software to predict the future energy demand. Monthly energy consumption data for three consecutive years for a sample of hotels covering classified and unclassified hotel establishments were used for modeling. Four scenarios were then analyzed based on the baseline scenario representing the country’s tourism industry profile of year 2010.  It is shown that the energy intensiveness of the tourism industry will be overwhelming unless the DSM (Demand Side Management) tools are properly amalgamated for mitigation. Further the results of the study revealed that the existing electricity generation plan does not accommodate fuel diversification and energy mix, and needs revisions to induct renewable sources for greening energy supply of the country. The study provides an insight in identifying socially acceptable policy scenarios in energy supply and use of the tourism industry.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2009. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

Orientadores: Aline Carvalho da Costa, Sarita Cândida Rabelo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T15:17:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BayonaAyala_OlgaLucia_M.pdf: 2487047 bytes, checksum: 8b5429f4a75079995619323320d0d52c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A palha da cana-de-açúcar é um resíduo lignocelulósico que pode ser usado na produção de etanol através da hidrólise deste material e da fermentação dos açúcares resultantes. Neste trabalho, dois tipos de pré-tratamento, peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino e hidróxido de cálcio (cal), foram avaliados para aumentar a susceptibilidade da palha à hidrólise enzimática. Um planejamento experimental 2³ + configuração estrela com triplicata no ponto central para cada um dos pré-tratamentos foi elaborado considerando as variáveis tempo, temperatura e concentração do reagente no pré-tratamento como fatores e a concentração de glicose obtida após a hidrólise, em g/g de palha de cana, como resposta. As condições ótimas encontradas para o pré-tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino foram 1 h de pré-tratamento a 60ºC, usando 0,44 mL de peróxido de hidrogênio/g de palha, em pH 11,5. A solubilização da hemicelulose e lignina foi de 83,10% e 71,85%, respectivamente. A hidrólise enzimática da palha pré-tratada nessas condições levou a um rendimento de glicose de 333 mg/g de palha bruta, equivalente a um rendimento global de 86,97% e a uma conversão na hidrólise de 90,35% quando a hidrólise enzimática foi realizada a 50ºC, pH 4,8 e em 48 h com 3% (m/m) de sólidos, empregando uma carga enzimática de 15 FPU de celulase/g de palha seca pré-tratada e 25 CBU de ?-glicosidase/g de palha seca pré-tratada. O resultado obtido após a hidrólise da palha pré-tratada com hidróxido de cálcio nas condições escolhidas como as melhores de pré-tratamento (53h, 90°C e 0,4 g cal/g palha seca) foi de 206 mg glicose/g de palha bruta, correspondendo a um rendimento de glicose global de 53,90% e conversão na hidrólise de 56,58%, quando a hidrólise foi realizada nas mesmas condições usadas para a palha pré-tratada com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino. O pré-tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio se mostrou mais efetivo em relação à liberação dos açúcares fermentescíveis, além de se trabalhar com uma maior concentração de sólidos quando comparado com o pré-tratamento com hidróxido de cálcio (15% (m/m) e 4% (m/m), respectivamente) / Abstract: The sugarcane straw is a lignocellulosic waste that can be used to increase the production of ethanol through hydrolysis of this material and fermentation of the sugars produced. In this work, the conditions of two pretreatments, alkaline hydrogen peroxide and calcium hydroxide (lime), were evaluated to enhance the susceptibility of sugarcane straw to enzymatic hydrolysis. A 2³ + central composite design was performed considering pretreatment time, temperature and reagent concentration in the pretreatment as factors and glucose concentration after hydrolysis, in g/g bagasse, as the response. The optimal conditions for the pretreatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide were 1 h of pretreatment at 60 °C using 0.44 mL (0.65 g) hydrogen peroxide/g straw, at pH 11.5. At these conditions the solubilization of hemicellulose and lignin were of 83.10% and 71.85%, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated straw led to a glucose global yield of 86.97% and to hydrolysis conversion of 90.35% when enzymatic hydrolysis was performed at 50 °C, pH 4.8 and 48 hours with 3% (w/w) solids and 15 FPU cellulase / g pretreated straw and 25 CBU ?-glucosidase/g pretreated straw. The best results after hydrolysis of straw pretreated with lime in the chosen pretreatment conditions (53.07 h, 90 °C and lime concentration of 0 4 (g/g) dry straw) was of 206 mg glucose/g of raw straw, corresponding to an overall yield of 53.9% and hydrolysis conversion 56,58% when hydrolysis was performed in the same conditions used for peroxide pretreated straw. The alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment was more effective in the release of fermentable sugars, besides working with higher solids concentration as compared with lime pretreatment (15% (w/w) and 4% (w/w), respectively) / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestra em Engenharia Química

This thesis extends and formalizes the energy signature method developed by Wei et al. (1998) for the rapid calibration of cooling and heating energy consumption simulations for commercial buildings. This method is based on the use of "calibration signatures" which characterize the difference between measured and simulated performance. By creating a library of shapes for certain known errors, clues can be provided to the analyst to use in identifying what simulation input errors may be causing the discrepancies. These are referred to as "characteristic signatures". In this thesis, sets of characteristic signatures are produced for the climates typified by Pasadena, Sacramento and Oakland, California for each of the four major system types: single-duct variable-air-volume, single-duct constant-volume, dual-duct variable-air-volume and dual-duct constant-volume. A detailed step-by-step description is given for the proposed methodology, and two examples and a real-world case study serve to illustrate the use of the signature method.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Fossil fuel is presently a major source for electricity production, but it contributes significantly to Green House Gas emissions. Wind is a promising alternative, and can potentially become a major power resource in future power systems. Wind power installations are growing significantly for producing clean energy in electric power systems. As the wind penetration continues to increase to relatively high levels, it can significantly affect the overall performance and reliability of the power system. Hence, it becomes very important to accurately model the behaviour of wind, its interaction with conventional sources and also with other wind resources connected to the power system in order to conduct a realistic assessment of system reliability and benefits from wind energy utilization. When the wind penetration levels are low, all the wind energy generated is utilized to serve the load. However, at higher wind penetration levels, wind energy is spilled due to limitations in the operating reserve or ramping capability of the scheduled generating units. The system reliability and the wind energy benefits are reduced as the wind energy spillage increases due to wind curtailment. Hence, accurate wind models should be researched and developed to include wind energy curtailment in the reliability modelling, considering factors such as the system load level, priority loading order of the generating unit and response rates of the generating units. Researchers have not incorporated these factors in wind power modelling and in the adequacy evaluation of wind integrated power systems. A new analytical technique is developed in the subsequent chapters to carry out a comprehensive wind absorption capability evaluation of the power system, and also to incorporate this characteristic in reliability modelling of the system. Wind curtailments can take place not only due to generation constraints, but also due to transmission line constraints depending on the capacity and location of the wind energy resource in the power system, and the power transfer capacity of the transmission lines connected to the wind farm bus. Therefore, reliability modelling of the power system considering wind curtailments due to both generation and transmission constraints should be carried out to assess the impact of wind farms on bulk system reliability and the wind energy benefits. Wind curtailment is incorporated in the composite power system reliability evaluation by modelling the wind resource both as generation and as negative load. The techniques can be utilized to conduct system adequacy and wind energy benefit assessment both at the capacity planning stages and composite generation/transmission planning stages, incorporating wind power curtailment due to generating unit response limitations. As the wind penetration in a power system increases, the wind farms connected to the system are distributed at different geographical locations. Both analytical and Monte Carlo Simulation based techniques have previously been used by the research group at the University of Saskatchewan to include the cross correlation between the wind characteristics of different wind farms in the wind modelling for reliability evaluation of power systems. However, the combined effect of wind diversity and wind curtailments due to both transmission and generation constraints on the system reliability and wind energy benefit assessment has not been considered. The techniques developed for system adequacy and wind energy benefit assessment considering wind curtailment due to generation and transmission constraints are further modified and presented in this thesis to include wind diversity in the analysis. The developed techniques for adequacy evaluation of wind integrated power systems considering wind power curtailment and diversity should be extremely useful for system planning engineers and policy makers as wind power penetration in power systems continues to increase throughout the world.

PhD thesis deals with application of simulation and optimization methods in the field of waste and biomass utilization for energy purposes. Current situation in this field is described in the introductory. Following chapters deal with approaches of creating mathematical models of apparatus and processes used in the field of interest for simulation and optimization purposes. Stochastic methods, which are widely applied for real problems solution, are mentioned as well. The core of the thesis consists in proposal of systematic approach and its application for simulation and optimization model building used in the field of interest. The application is demonstrated through two case studies. The first one deals with the building of simulation model of an existing waste-to-energy plant using its operation data. The second study deals with optimization model building and its application for a problem regarding utilization of biomass in an existing energy system.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) experiences several technical challenges such as limited energy, short transmission range, limited storage capacities, and limited computational capabilities. Moreover, the sensor nodes are deployed randomly and massively over an inaccessible or hostile region. Hence, WSNs are vulnerable to adversaries and are usually operated in a dynamic and unreliable environment. Animal tracking using wireless sensors is one such application of WSN where power management plays a vital role. In this paper, an energy-efficient hybrid routing method is proposed that divides the whole network into smaller regions based on sensor location and chooses the routing scheme accordingly. The sensor network consists of a base station (BS) located at a distant place outside the network, and a relay node is placed inside the network for direct communications from nodes nearer to it. The nodes are further divided into two categories based on the supplied energy; such that the ones located far away from BS and relay have higher energy than the nodes nearer to them. The network performance of the proposed method is compared with protocols like LEACH, SEP, and SNRP, considering parameters like stability period, throughput and energy consumption. Simulation result shows that the proposed method outperforms other methods with better network performance.

In this thesis, energy optimal route of an unmanned solar powered air vehicle is obtained for the given mission constraints in order to sustain the maximum energy balance. The mission scenario and the constraints of the solar powered UAV are defined. Equations of motion are obtained for the UAV with respect to the chosen structural properties and aerodynamic parameters to achieve the given mission. Energy income and loss equations that state the energy balance, up to the position of the UAV inside the atmosphere are defined. The mathematical model and the cost function are defined according to the mission constraints, flight mechanics and energy balance equations to obtain the energy optimal path of the UAV. An available optimal control technique is chosen up to the mathematical model and the cost function in order to make the optimization. Energy optimal path of the UAV is presented with the other useful results. Optimal route and the other results are criticized by checking them with the critical positions of the sun rays.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第24711号 / 人博第1084号 / 新制||人||254(附属図書館) / 2022||人博||1084(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 寿雄, 教授 田部 勢津久, 教授 中村 敏浩, 教授 田中 庸裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM