<p> This mixed methods study employed an instrumental single-bounded case approach to explore how a policing executive develops and sustains an ethically performing organization, given the phenomenological "<i>policing power-public trust</i>" relationship. Policing is foundational to rule of law and ethical performance in policing is fundamental to developing and sustaining a healthy policing power-public trust relationship. A review of relevant policing literature reveals a history of tension and conflict in this complex relationship. The literature review included relevant social <i>contract theory</i>, history of policing and the policing power-public trust relationship, relational leadership, servant leadership, transformational learning and leadership and change management. Organizational related literature included relevant aspects of organizational learning, performance, change and transformation. </p><p> Qualitative interviews were conducted with the policing executive and a quantitative survey instrument was pilot study validated and subsequently administered to the organization's sworn personnel. From qualitative and quantitative data collected, analyzed and integrated, 26 findings emerged. Further analysis of the findings resulted in four emergent themes. Results suggest that in a highly dynamic environment, a pragmatic role-modeling and holistic leadership strategy to drive ethical performance by leveraging a culture of accountability, best practice, and change readiness has potential external ecological application. In turn, ethical performance may generate public trust when an organization leverages innovative capacity to connect with its community through a robust strategy of active communication and transparency. </p><p> Although emergent findings or themes may have limited ecological application with similarly situated chiefs, organizations and communities, external generalizability is not foreseeable. Recommendations for future research include use of a multiple case study methodology to focus on one or more themes identified in this inquiry. A study could be undertaken to identify how leaders in organizations with relatively stable environments lead their respective organizations to perform ethically and build public trust. Given this organization's current success and expected future benefits from having developed and implemented a robust community engagement strategy, a study of similarly effective external communication strategies could be undertaken to identify the relative value and community impact.</p><p>

<p> Recent negatively publicized police-citizen interactions in the media, followed by a subsequent rise in crime rates in the United States, has been named the Ferguson Effect. The Ferguson Effect has been explored by prominent scholars in the criminal justice community; however, little is known about how police officers in small police agencies perceive the Ferguson Effect. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions and lived experiences of police officers regarding the Ferguson Effect in small police agencies, as well as police officers&rsquo; perceptions of their own organizational justice. The theoretical framework for this study was Greenberg&rsquo;s theory of organizational justice. Research questions focused on exploring police officers&rsquo; perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of the Ferguson Effect phenomenon and willingness to partner with the community. A qualitative phenomenological study design was employed, using purposeful random sampling and semistructured interviews of 9 active sworn law enforcement personnel in southcentral Virginia. Data were analyzed through In Vivo coding, pattern coding, and structural analysis utilizing NVivo 11 Pro. Themes included: (a) racial division, (b) rush to judgment, and (c) steadfast leadership. Findings indicated participants demanded clear and fair policies and procedures from leadership, increased effort of transparency in policing, feelings of racial tension, and the need to regain community trust post-Ferguson. Implications for social change include refinement and development of leadership training for police leadership and refinement in organizational policies that support fairness, community engagement, and community interaction.</p><p>

<p> Federal correctional officers&rsquo; and licensed psychologists&rsquo; five personality traits were evaluated to see if there were any differences in their traits and how they perceived the following: mental illness in general, mentally ill inmates, and each other. There were 97 federal correctional officers and 45 licensed psychologists who participated in this study. Federal correctional officers and licensed psychologists were found to differ in their perceptions toward mental illness in general, mentally ill inmates, and each other. Federal correctional officers were found to perceive mental illness in general and mentally ill inmates more negatively than licensed psychologists. Federal correctional officers and licensed psychologists perceived each other in a negative light. Licensed psychologists were found to have significantly higher extraversion scores in comparison to federal correctional officers. Specific personality traits were found to be influential factors in the way federal correctional officers and licensed psychologists perceive mental illness and each other. In addition, the way federal correctional officers&rsquo; perceived mentally ill inmates were influenced by their traits while licensed psychologists&rsquo; traits did not.</p><p>

<p> Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social interaction and social communication skills. High ASD prevalence rates have increased public concern about how persons diagnosed with the disorder will interact with others in their communities. Police officers routinely interact with people diagnosed with a variety of disabilities and mental illnesses. Current law enforcement training includes a broad focus on mental illness that may not be sufficient to prepare law enforcement officers to interact with persons diagnosed with ASD. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a privately-owned ASD training program developed for law enforcement officers. A total of 195 police officers participated in this study during 3 separate training events at 2 police departments in Southern California. Results showed a significant increase in participants&rsquo; knowledge of core ASD symptoms in 4 out of 6 program training modules. In addition, participants reported gains in the following domains: perceived confidence in interacting with persons with ASD, perceived practicality of providing accommodations for people diagnosed with ASD, and perceived relevance to participants&rsquo; work as police officers. The implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations are made regarding future presentations of the training and future areas of research.</p><p>

Thesis Order to Pay Costs of Judgment Enforcement describes the most important aspects of judgment enforcement proceedings in relation to its costs and decisions about them, with focuses in more detail on the order to pay costs of judgment enforcement, as a specific mean of bailiff's decision. The first part deals with the judgment enforcement in general. There are explained the basic concepts relating to enforcement proceedings, which the thesis deals with, presented sources of enforcement law and for a better understanding to these chapters and necessary insight, there is also briefly outlined the actual course of enforcement proceedings. The thesis in its second part deals with the costs that the bailiff decides about with order to pay the costs of judgment enforcement, which are therefore essential part of the paper. Since the cost of judgment enforcement are widely discussed as very hot topic, the thesis deals with them in a more detailed way, taking into account not only the laws but also the case law regarding the amount and its compensation. The third part describes the actual area of bailiff decisions of cost of judgment enforcement and deals with different types of decisions, which determines the costs, depending on how the judgment enforcement proceeding ends. It deals with not only the...

International arbitration, as an essential part of any modern legal system, needs provisional measures to protect the rights and interests of the arbitration parties while they are awaiting the final decision of the tribunal. The existence of a legal framework enabling cross-border enforcement of such measures is of great importance in the EU, which allows free movement of citizens, assets and trade within its single European market. However, the enforcement of such measures within the EU lacks a legal framework. This is due, primarily, to two interrelated reasons. The first is the failure of international conventions to address the issue of the cross-border enforcement of provisional measures and to resolve jurisdictional uncertainties between arbitral tribunals and national courts. The second reason is that the EU's attempts to remedy the shortcomings created by international conventions -via the Judgment Regulation ("The Recast") and decisions of the CJEU- have ultimately subverted the very system it sought to enhance. The aggregate effect of this failure has been overall increased complexity. This thesis will try to answer three questions: 1) Is it possible to find a solution to deal with the uncertain positions of arbitration agreements and proceedings within the EU, and can the suggested solution be utilised to help the regulation and use of provisional measures?; 2) Is it possible to harmonise the different approaches taken by Member States’ arbitration rules on the jurisdictions of national courts and arbitral tribunals in respect of granting provisional measures?; 3) Is it possible to achieve a cross-border enforcement mechanism for tribunal-ordered and court–ordered provisional measures (in support of arbitration proceedings) in the EU?In order to answer these questions, the thesis proposes the following: (1) Recognising an exclusive jurisdiction for the seat court to decide on the existence of the arbitration agreement; (2) Providing an exclusive jurisdiction for the arbitral tribunal to rule on the existence of the arbitration agreement after its formation; (3) Recognition of a supervisory role for the seat court in granting provisional measures and (4) Enforcement of tribunal-ordered measures in the form of awards. It is hoped that these suggestions will help determine the jurisdictions of arbitration tribunals and national courts in respect of provisional measures and arbitration agreements. It will also create a viable framework for cross-border enforcement of tribunal-ordered and court–ordered provisional measures. It is hoped that these suggestions will consequently help improve the efficiency of arbitration as a valuable form of alternative dispute resolution.

This thesis is an analysis of aspects of international narcotics law enforcement from 1949-1959.

There are numerous types of reentry programs available to inmates to help avoid the cycle of recidivism. There is little research on the impacts of reentry programs in jail populations. This current study sought to provide more research in this area by evaluating a local jail reentry program’s effect on recidivism. A quasi-experimental design was used to estimate the program’s effectiveness by comparing the recidivism statistics of inmates that have participated in the reentry program to a control group of inmates that did not. Inmates in the control group were matched according to their gender, age, race, and current offense type in efforts to mirror the type of inmates in the treatment group. Analyses indicated that inmates that completed the Correctional Career Pathways program had lower rates of recidivism when compared to the control group, but this difference was not great enough to be statistically significant.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / The focus of this study was to examine the controversial issue of racial profiling. This study examined the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of 112 police officers from four separate police departments. The study began with the premise that racial profiling was a widespread issue in law enforcement. It looked to identify attributes, similarities, and differences of contrasting police agencies that would explain why some groups engage in racial profiling and others do not. The research was also undertaken to determine what might mitigate racial profiling practices. This study examined the issue from three different positions. The first step was to determine whether police officers believed that racial profiling was problematic in their respective departments. The cohort overwhelmingly reported that they did not believe racial profiling was a serious problem. The second goal of the study was to determine if a department's organizational culture (attitudes, values, and behaviors) contributed to racial profiling attitudes and practices. This study found, through an examination of organizational commitment, that organizational culture did affect racial profiling practices. Police departments with more committed officers showed lower search disparity rates between minority and majority motorists. Finally, racial profiling attitudes and practices were examined controlling for training. Police departments where a majority of officers received racial profiling training showed lower search rate disparities between majority and minority motorists. They also showed higher levels of commitment to the organization. A statistical analysis found that training and Organizational Commitment were shown to have a statistically significant effect on racial profiling practices. Attitudes, however, appeared to be unaffected. Quantity of training appeared to be the critical factor; quality of training was not examined as a part of this research. Police departments that committed to department-wide training showed lower search rate disparities between minority and majority motorists. Further research is needed to identify the connection between training, organizational culture, and officers' individualized behavior.

archives@tulane.edu / International conventions do not set down rules on state immunity and leave it to national courts to decide the nature and scope of state immunity. The inevitable result of this state-centrist approach is the evolution of divergent views among states on the reach of state immunity. In the early years of international relations, the accepted view was that states enjoyed absolute sovereign immunity and that as a result no state, without its consent, was subject to the national jurisdiction of another state. Gradually many states, mainly through judicial decisions, moved towards a qualified doctrine of immunity enabling a degree of submission by one state to the jurisdiction of another. This restricted view of sovereign immunity was prompted by the changing nature of socio-economic and political circumstances, with states taking an increasingly felt presence in trading and commercial activities. It is generally the developed countries that were eager to embrace the restrictive view of state immunity, which enabled their nationals to press claims against errant foreign states. Naturally, the developing countries tended to favor the absolute doctrine of state immunity, in order to resist claims, however well founded, made against them. Today, most developing countries still insist on absolute state immunity. While not yet codified in an international convention, the doctrine of state immunity has found its way into customary international law. In identifying and interpreting international customary law of state immunity, national courts frequently refer to and follow judicial decisions of foreign jurisdictions. This practice enables states to learn from different legal techniques and criteria that are used in other jurisdictions to demarcate the scope of the doctrine of state immunity. An area where states have reached some common understanding is the enforcement of arbitral awards—imposing measures of constraint against state assets. While judicial enforcement of arbitral awards is the much preferred and most prevalent means of subjecting state assets to seizure or attachment, there are some notable non-judicial remedial measures which may aid the aggrieved investors in satisfying their claims against state parties to a dispute. These non-judicial means of relief rely on the willingness of the investors’ parent state to pursue their cause with the recalcitrant state. The parent state’s willingness is dictated by political considerations in contrast to non political nature of judicial proceedings. It is commonly agreed that an independent judicial process is much preferable to politically motivated non-judicial avenues of relief. As such, attention of judges, scholars and lawmakers must focus on refining judicial processes and building effective enforcement mechanisms. This calls for widely agreed principles of state immunity and a commonly shared enforcement mechanism. Having identified problems arising from a lack of universal agreement on state immunity and the diversity and, more dishearteningly, the inadequacy of forms of enforcement available to an aggrieved claimant, this thesis proposes that the international community must work towards the setting up of a central enforcement agency, a functional model of enforcement. This thesis suggests that the central mechanism of enforcement could be set up through reaching an international treaty or convention or modifying the existing mechanisms. / 1 / Zixin Meng