The Red Light Camera program in Fairfax County has been in operation for more than 2 years. As of 2003, there are 13 cameras in operation. The camera takes 2 pictures of a vehicle while it illegally entered the intersection and after it entered the intersection. These photographs give evidence of the red light violation. The citation is mailed to the register owner of the vehicle. The penalty is $50. This study has been conducted to evaluate the program. The violation and accident data at all of the study intersections were provided by Fairfax County Department of Transportation and Fairfax County Police Department. The traffic data in Fairfax County were provided by Virginia Department of Transportation. The results of the violation analysis indicate that the Red Light Camera program did reduce the violation rate by up to 58 percent in the 22nd ' 27th month period of the operation. The study also shows that the increase of the amber-time interval produced a higher reduction in violation rate up to 70 percent. The reduction in violation was found to be statistically significant. The violation rate is reduced to 1-2 violations per 10,000 vehicles considering the effect of the RLC operation only. With the effect of both RLC and amber-time increase, the violation rate is reduced to 0-1 violation per 10,000 vehicles. The accident rate is reduced by 27 percent after 2 years of the RLC operation. The Red Light Camera is found to have an effect on the reduction in Property Damage Only accident. However, the reduction in accident was not found to be statistically significant. Therefore, there is no benefit accrued from the reduction in accidents. From this study, the Red Light Camera program increases safety at camera intersections in Fairfax County by reducing violation rates after 2 years of its operation. / Master of Science

Most police administrators assume that the higher level of education a police officer attains, the more effective the officer will become in fulfilling the police role. Based on this assumption, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of level of education on job performance and beliefs toward professionalism within the Virginia State Police. This study analyzed a sample group (n = 150) chosen from the population of the Virginia State Police. The sample was divided into three distinct groups--troopers with a high school/GED, troopers with an associate's degree, and troopers with a bachelor's degree to include graduate work. Data was collected on the study participants by means of a survey instrument and from personnel files located at Virginia State Police Headquarters in Richmond, Virginia. The independent variables for this study were: education level, major in college, and specialized training schools attended by troopers. These variables were examined to determine their influence on job performance and beliefs toward professionalism. The dependent variables were associated with the trooper's orientation toward law enforcement activities by education level. The dependent variables were public service activity, order maintenance activity, crime fighting activity, public and community relations, police ethical conduct, personnel issues, and job performance ratings. College major and specialized training schools attended were primarily examined to determine if any significant differences were evident in relation to job performance evaluation ratings. The results of this study determined that there were significant differences found in the areas of personnel issues, length of service, age, and number of awards and citations. Troopers who had a high school/GED scored significantly different in the areas of length of employment, age, and awards and citations. Measurements for troopers who had college degrees were found to be significantly different in personnel issues, especially in areas involving views on education, promotion, evaluation, and participation by community leaders in organizational development. In relation to beliefs toward professionalism, job performance, college major, or specialized training schools attended, there were no significant differences found among the three levels of education. / Ph. D.

This study looked at uniformed female municipal police officers in fictional entertainment television shows that were centered around law enforcement. Building on previous research by Evans and Davies, this replication study uses a content analysis model to look at city level police, as opposed to the female federal agents from Booker’s 2018 study. This project builds on earlier work that looked at portrayals of female law enforcement officers in entertainment television and applies a framework of Representative Bureaucracy, Cultivation Theory, and Social Construction of Reality to find at their intersection, answers about the construction of the street-level bureaucrats who are the uniformed female police officers and the subsequent perceptions that viewers of these shows have about real-world uniformed female police officers.

The primary goal of this study was to analyze existing racial profiling data collected and reported by law enforcement agencies in Texas. The internet-based data used was obtained through TCOLE, as it is the state mandated repository in which all law enforcement agencies must submit their annual racial profiling reports to. In analyzing a collection requirement of these reports, this study sought to determine how frequently law enforcement officers know the race or ethnicity of drivers prior to traffic stops. Furthermore, the study sought to determine if there are differences in the rates of race or ethnicity known prior to stops across Texas geographical regions, county population sizes, agency types, as well as between counties with and without interstate thoroughfares. This analysis consisted of 3,250,984 traffic stops conducted by 1,186 law enforcement agencies in 2014. Findings revealed that law enforcement officers rarely know the race or ethnicity of drivers prior to traffic stops, as was consistently found across all measures. Findings and implications are discussed.

I dagsläget pågår reglering gällande hållbarhetsrapportering inom redovisningsområdet i syfte att uppnå harmonisering och jämförbarhet. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns problem med att uppnå jämförbarhet då det finns en flexibilitet i regleringen gällande innehållet i rapporterna som lämnar möjligheter att tillämpa cherry picking. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att öka förståelsen för vilken inverkan lagstiftning kan ha på företags hållbarhetsrapportering. I syftet ingår att särskilt granska potentiella effekter av reglerad hållbarhetsrapportering med avseende på jämförbarhet och cherry picking. Studien klassificeras som tolkande forskning där forskningsansatsen växlar mellan deduktiv och induktiv ansats. Studien kan i huvudsak kategoriseras som en kvalitativ dokumentstudie eftersom empirisk datainsamling sker genom innehållsanalys av remissvar. Även juridisk metod tillämpas då förstudie av lagstiftning presenteras.Teorin består av en allmän referensram, en teoretisk referensram samt tidigare forskning. Den empiriska sammanställningen bygger på kategorier i form av frågeställningar och i analysen ställs teori mot empiri med hjälp av en analysmodell. Både teori och empiri tyder på att det finns begränsningar med att reglera hållbarhetsrapportering som kan ha negativ inverkan på transparens och jämförbarhet i hållbarhetsrapporterna. Det uppmärksammas att flexibilitet i lagstiftning är nödvändig, men att företags möjligheter att välja ut (cherry pick) innehåll i hållbarhetsrapporter bör begränsas, vilket aktualiserar behov av övervakning. Ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv belyser denna studie behovet av att reglera kvalitetssäkring av hållbarhetsrapporter som en övervakningsmekanism. Ur ett praktiskt perspektiv visar studien att företag som omfattas av lag om hållbarhetsrapportering fortfarande kommer att kunna välja vad som lyfts fram i hållbarhetsrapporterna, men att det kan ha negativ inverkan på jämförbarhet. Då studien endast kan bidra med potentiella effekter av lagstiftning kan det vara intressant att i framtida studier utvärdera vilka faktiska effekter som reglerad hållbarhetsrapportering haft på jämförbarhet och cherry picking. / Currently there is an ongoing regulation process of sustainability reporting in order to achieve harmonization and comparability of non-financial information. Previous research indicates that there is a problem with achieving comparability when there is a regulatory flexibility regarding the content in the sustainability reports. The aim of this study is therefore to increase understanding of what impact regulation may have on sustainability reporting. The aim is particularly to review the potential impact of regulated sustainability reporting in terms of comparability and cherry picking. The study is classified as interpretive research and the research approach alternates between deductive and inductive approach. Qualitative document analysis is applied, where the empirical data is collected using content analysis of consultation responses. A pilot study based on legislation has been carried out, which makes legal methodology applicable. The theoretical framework consists of general concepts and notions, established theory formations and previous research. The empirical compilation is based on categories composed as questions and the empirical results are analyzed using an analytical model. Both previous research and empirical results suggest that when it comes to regulation of sustainability reporting there are limitations which can result in a negative impact on transparency and comparability. It has been noted that flexibility in legislation is necessary, but the opportunities for companies to choose (cherry pick) content of sustainability reports should be limited, which raises the need for monitoring mechanisms. From a theoretical perspective, this study highlights the need to legislate quality assurance of sustainability reports as a monitoring mechanism. From a practical point of view, the study shows that companies subject to the legislation of sustainability reporting still will be able to choose what content to emphasize. However, this may result in difficulties considering the comparability between reports.  As the study only can highlight potential effects of legislation, it may be interesting in future studies to evaluate the actual impact of regulated sustainability reporting in terms of comparability and cherry picking.

CHDS State/Local / Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / In the wake of September 11, 2001, local law enforcement agencies throughout the country find themselves struggling to identify their responsibilities and define their future role in the effort against terrorism in our homeland. At a time when law enforcement organizations are competing for limited funds and resources, agencies will have to look at how to adapt existing policing philosophies and strategies, such as community-oriented policing, to address the issue of homeland security. The goal of terrorism is centered in creating an atmosphere of fear in society to achieve a philosophical goal. Terrorism is about the impact of its violence on society. This requires the application of the basic concepts of law enforcement: protection and prevention to terrorism. As a result of the events of September 11, 2001, law enforcement agencies have had to assimilate homeland security strategies into their existing responsibilities for combating crime and maintaining social order. This thesis will identify how homeland security prevention and deterrence responsibilities efforts can be effectively integrated into local law enforcement's existing community policing framework. This thesis will also study attempt to identify the extent to which local law enforcement agencies in the state of Florida have adopted community-policing efforts into their homeland security strategy. / Chief Deputy, Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office, Tampa, FL

This thesis posed the question whether foreign arbitral awards are enforced in accordance with the demands of the New York Convention in the UAE and Bahrain and moreover whether the conditions for enforcement compel the conclusion that these two nations are enforcement-friendly in the same manner as leading arbitral nations such as the UK, France, Hong-Kong and NYC. On the basis of legislative and judicial practice in the UAE and Bahrain it was found that Bahrain and all UAE emirates, with the exception of Dubai, are enforcement friendly and more importantly place few constraints on the enforcement of foreign awards. Dubai is also enforcement-friendly but a small number of decisions, particularly Bechtel, leave significant latitude to foreign investors to consider Dubai courts, and particularly its court of Cassation, as dubious when it comes to enforcement. It was also found that Islamic law per se is not an obstacle in the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards and very few constraints were found from the perspective of public policy and arbitrability in particular. In fact, the courts of Bahrain and the UAE have applied a rather liberal interpretation of Islamic law in order to accommodate arbitral practices that have been sustained in other jurisdictions and under the lex mercatoria with a view to assisting the commercial vision of the two nations. Hence, it was found that Islamic law is an enabling vehicle in the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the UAE and Bahrain, rather than an obstacle.

The content of this thesis is the treatise on the two methods of the enforcement procedure in the frame of the civil procedure, whereas one of these methods is the enforcement procedure carried out by a court, with second method being the enforcement procedure by a licensed enforcement officer. The thesis is divided into thirteen chapters, whereas the author is, in the course of the individual chapters, emphasising mainly the common features as well as the outstanding differences between the aforementioned two methods of the enforcement procedure. Following the general introduction in the first chapter and a short outline of the issue at hand in the second one, is then the content of the third chapter the author's treatise on the enforcement orders as the basis for the enforcement of decisions, whereas each of the individual enforcement orders is dealt with in the frame of a separate subchapter. The content of the fourth chapter is the treatise on the court's course of action preceding the commencement of the enforcement procedure with reference to the regulation of the identical institutes in the course of the enforcement procedure carried out by a licenced enforcement officer and the fifth chapter deals with the issue of commencement applications as the mean of commencement of the procedure most...

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of training each sheriff's office requires in North Carolina and if that training includes multiagency exercises designed to mitigate a critical-incident response and identify any concerns from those training events. The study also compared departmental strength (number of sworn officers per agency) with county populations and geographic area of the state the agency is located in with the number of hours required annually by each agency. Finally, each agency was asked if it had participated in a multiagency exercise and a multiagency incident and to identify any issues that occurred within that training or response. This research indicated that over half of the sheriffs' offices had completed mandated training beyond what North Carolina requires. Only slight differences between regions of the state (mountains, piedmont, or coastal plain) were detected as well as slight differences within the county populations. However, it was discovered that the size of a sheriff's office did have significance; larger sheriff's offices often required more training than smaller offices. Sheriff's offices that had experienced multiagency exercises and multiagency incidents were more likely to exceed the North Carolina minimum training requirements as well. Finally, respondents who had participated in either a multiagency exercise or a multiagency incident indicated common problems and concerns within those responses. The reoccurring problems and concerns were; communications, training, and organization or combinations of the three.

Law enforcement officers (LEOs) often bear witness to trauma in others, leaving them vulnerable to vicarious traumatization. Vicarious resilience can counterbalance the negative effects of trauma work and help individuals avoid vicarious traumatization. This study investigated the phenomenon of vicarious resilience in 10 LEOs. The research questions focused on how the LEOs experienced witnessing victims demonstrate resilience during adversity and how they themselves were impacted by that experience. A phenomenological methodology and semi-structured interviews were used to explore the participants' experiences. Constructivist self-development theory and vicarious resilience were the conceptual frameworks used to explain how LEOs experience vicarious trauma and vicarious resilience. Phenomenological analysis was used to organize the data and assist in the development of themes regarding the nature of the participants' lived experiences. Analysis of the LEOs interview transcriptions generated 19 themes; including LEOs feel encouraged from witnessing victims' determination to live in the face of death, LEOs are motivated to reevaluate their own adversities, LEOs feel inspired from witnessing and reflecting on victims' ability to survive trauma, and LEOs carry hope that future victims will be resilient. Overall, the findings indicated that LEOs experience positive experiences and personal growth from their work with resilient victims. Results of this study may be used in law enforcement training to stimulate positive social change that might improve the well-being of LEOs by providing awareness on how vicarious resilience can be used as a proactive measure in working with trauma victims.