Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Die nie-nakoming van onderhoudsbevele is 'n universele problem. Wereldwyd word daar gedurig pogings aangewend om by wyse van wetgewing effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig. Op 1 Maart 1992 het die wetgewer hier te lande 'n aantal nuwe maatreels vir hierdie doel beliggaam in die Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, 2 van 1991, wat op genoemde datum in werking getree het. 'n Ondersoek is gedoen by die Johannesburgse Landdroshof waar 'n studie gemaak is van 2,248 afgehandelde sake en strek oor die periode 1Maart 1992 tot 31Augustus1995. Die ondersoek bring aan die lig dat die bepalings van genoemde Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, wat gerig is op effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele, nie 'n noemenswaardige verbetering in effektiewer afdwinging van hierdie bevele in die praktyk tot gevolg gehad het nie. Dit blyk dat die meeste howe geneig is om belangrike afdwingingsmeganismes soos besoldigingsbeslag bevele en lasbriewe vir eksekusie oor die hoof sien. Kritiek word uitgespreek op sommige van hierdie bepalings en voorstelle word gemaak hoe relatiewe geringe wysigings daaraan effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele kan bewerkstellig. Daar word kortliks verwys na die afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele in antler regstelsels en hoe hulle poog om effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig. / The ineffective enforcement of maintenance orders appears to be a world wide phenomenon. Legislators here and aboard are always attempting to improve the effectiveness of maintenance collection and enforcement methods. Research done at the Johannesburg Magistrate's Court involving 2,248 cases covering the period 1 March 1992 to 31 August 1995 reveals that the Maintenance Amendment Act, 2 of 1991, which is aimed at improving the enforcement of maintenance orders had a negligible effect on enforcement mechanisms used by the courts. It appears that most courts are inclined to overlook important collection methods such as garnishee and attachment orders. Criticism is levelled at certain provisions contained in the Maintenance Act, 23 of 1963, as amended. Suggestions are made how relatively simple amendments would contribute to more effective enforcement of maintenance orders. A brief survey is made of attempts by some Western countries to improve the manner of maintenance collection. / Private Law / LL. M. (Law)

Title: Administration of an immovable thing in enforcement procedure conducted by a court enforcement officer and by a licensed enforcement agent The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the administration of an immovable thing in enforcement procedure conducted by a court enforcement officer and by a licensed enforcement agent. The administration of an immovable thing is a new way of enforcement procedure, implemented to Czech legislation by amendment of the Civil Procedure Code that came into effect on 1st January. 2013. This thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first one contains just the brief overview of the main problems. Second chapter describes the enforcement procedure conducted by a court enforcement officer and by a licensed enforcement agent in general. Third chapter explains detailed characteristics of an administration of an immovable thing in enforcement procedure conducted by a court enforcement officer and by a licensed enforcement agent, its process, duration and conclusion. Fourth chapter deals with identification of main problems of an administration of an immovable thing and deals with them. Especially deals with problems regarding possible limitations of court in modification of leasing and tenure contracts. The possible use of an immovable thing by a debtor and possible...

O tema proposto para o presente estudo gravitou ao redor da relação arbitragem e execução no direito brasileiro. A primeira parte dedicou-se ao estudo da arbitragem e da convenção de arbitragem e da sentença arbitral, de modo a situar o tema, destacando as principais características que acabam por refletir no tema da execução. Após, foi analisada a execução da sentença arbitral, nacional e estrangeira, bem como a possibilidade de ser proferida a sentença arbitral parcial e como se dá sua execução. Ademais, verificou-se a necessidade de prévia homologação da sentença arbitral estrangeira para que possa ser executada no país. Ato contínuo, demonstrou-se a execução de medidas liminares concedidas pelo árbitro e a possibilidade do árbitro determinar medidas de apoio de natureza coercitiva. Também, analisou-se a sentença arbitral ilíquida e a necessidade do procedimento de liquidação antes de sua execução perante o Poder Judiciário. Em um terceiro momento dedicou-se a análise dos meios de defesa do executado na execução da sentença arbitral e demais formas de impugnação desta, notadamente a ação anulatória. Verificou-se a possibilidade de a impugnação ser utilizada como meio de anulação da sentença, desde que respeitado o prazo decadencial de noventa dias estabelecido na lei, o que também é aplicado no caso de execução de sentença parcial. Posteriormente, analisouse a execução do título executivo extrajudicial em que foi previsto convenção de arbitragem, concluindo-se pela impossibilidade do uso dos embargos do devedor para discussão do mérito e a necessidade de instauração da arbitragem. / The theme proposed for this study revolves around the relationship between arbitration and enforcement under Brazilian law. The first part was dedicated to the study of arbitration and arbitration agreements and of arbitral awards, so as to set the bases for this dissertation, highlighting the main characteristics that eventually have reflections in enforcement. Afterwards, the enforcement of national and foreign arbitral awards was analysed, along with the possibility of rendering partial awards and how their enforcement is carried out. Furthermore, the necessity of recognising a foreign award prior to its enforcement in Brazil was acknowledged. Subsequently, the enforcement of preliminary measures granted by arbitrators and the possibility of an arbitrator granting coercive and supportive measures were demonstrated. In addition to that, awards passed with no fixed amount and the necessity of the fixation of such amount prior to their enforcement in court were analysed. In its third stage, this dissertation was dedicated to reviewing defence mechanisms for the debtor in proceedings for the enforcement of arbitral awards and further objections thereto, namely the motion to set aside arbitral award. The possibility of the objection to enforcement be utilised as a setting aside mechanism was confirmed, as long as the limitation period of ninety days set forth in law is observed, which is also applied to the enforcement of partial awards. Eventually, the enforcement of extrajudicial deeds in which an arbitration clause is inserted was analysed, and the conclusion was that the filing of a motion to stay enforcement in order to discuss the merits of the case was found to be inadmissible, as in that scenario, initiating arbitral proceedings is necessary.

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Die nie-nakoming van onderhoudsbevele is 'n universele problem. Wereldwyd word daar gedurig pogings aangewend om by wyse van wetgewing effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig. Op 1 Maart 1992 het die wetgewer hier te lande 'n aantal nuwe maatreels vir hierdie doel beliggaam in die Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, 2 van 1991, wat op genoemde datum in werking getree het. 'n Ondersoek is gedoen by die Johannesburgse Landdroshof waar 'n studie gemaak is van 2,248 afgehandelde sake en strek oor die periode 1Maart 1992 tot 31Augustus1995. Die ondersoek bring aan die lig dat die bepalings van genoemde Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, wat gerig is op effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele, nie 'n noemenswaardige verbetering in effektiewer afdwinging van hierdie bevele in die praktyk tot gevolg gehad het nie. Dit blyk dat die meeste howe geneig is om belangrike afdwingingsmeganismes soos besoldigingsbeslag bevele en lasbriewe vir eksekusie oor die hoof sien. Kritiek word uitgespreek op sommige van hierdie bepalings en voorstelle word gemaak hoe relatiewe geringe wysigings daaraan effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele kan bewerkstellig. Daar word kortliks verwys na die afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele in antler regstelsels en hoe hulle poog om effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig. / The ineffective enforcement of maintenance orders appears to be a world wide phenomenon. Legislators here and aboard are always attempting to improve the effectiveness of maintenance collection and enforcement methods. Research done at the Johannesburg Magistrate's Court involving 2,248 cases covering the period 1 March 1992 to 31 August 1995 reveals that the Maintenance Amendment Act, 2 of 1991, which is aimed at improving the enforcement of maintenance orders had a negligible effect on enforcement mechanisms used by the courts. It appears that most courts are inclined to overlook important collection methods such as garnishee and attachment orders. Criticism is levelled at certain provisions contained in the Maintenance Act, 23 of 1963, as amended. Suggestions are made how relatively simple amendments would contribute to more effective enforcement of maintenance orders. A brief survey is made of attempts by some Western countries to improve the manner of maintenance collection. / Private Law / LL. M. (Law)

O tema proposto para o presente estudo gravitou ao redor da relação arbitragem e execução no direito brasileiro. A primeira parte dedicou-se ao estudo da arbitragem e da convenção de arbitragem e da sentença arbitral, de modo a situar o tema, destacando as principais características que acabam por refletir no tema da execução. Após, foi analisada a execução da sentença arbitral, nacional e estrangeira, bem como a possibilidade de ser proferida a sentença arbitral parcial e como se dá sua execução. Ademais, verificou-se a necessidade de prévia homologação da sentença arbitral estrangeira para que possa ser executada no país. Ato contínuo, demonstrou-se a execução de medidas liminares concedidas pelo árbitro e a possibilidade do árbitro determinar medidas de apoio de natureza coercitiva. Também, analisou-se a sentença arbitral ilíquida e a necessidade do procedimento de liquidação antes de sua execução perante o Poder Judiciário. Em um terceiro momento dedicou-se a análise dos meios de defesa do executado na execução da sentença arbitral e demais formas de impugnação desta, notadamente a ação anulatória. Verificou-se a possibilidade de a impugnação ser utilizada como meio de anulação da sentença, desde que respeitado o prazo decadencial de noventa dias estabelecido na lei, o que também é aplicado no caso de execução de sentença parcial. Posteriormente, analisouse a execução do título executivo extrajudicial em que foi previsto convenção de arbitragem, concluindo-se pela impossibilidade do uso dos embargos do devedor para discussão do mérito e a necessidade de instauração da arbitragem. / The theme proposed for this study revolves around the relationship between arbitration and enforcement under Brazilian law. The first part was dedicated to the study of arbitration and arbitration agreements and of arbitral awards, so as to set the bases for this dissertation, highlighting the main characteristics that eventually have reflections in enforcement. Afterwards, the enforcement of national and foreign arbitral awards was analysed, along with the possibility of rendering partial awards and how their enforcement is carried out. Furthermore, the necessity of recognising a foreign award prior to its enforcement in Brazil was acknowledged. Subsequently, the enforcement of preliminary measures granted by arbitrators and the possibility of an arbitrator granting coercive and supportive measures were demonstrated. In addition to that, awards passed with no fixed amount and the necessity of the fixation of such amount prior to their enforcement in court were analysed. In its third stage, this dissertation was dedicated to reviewing defence mechanisms for the debtor in proceedings for the enforcement of arbitral awards and further objections thereto, namely the motion to set aside arbitral award. The possibility of the objection to enforcement be utilised as a setting aside mechanism was confirmed, as long as the limitation period of ninety days set forth in law is observed, which is also applied to the enforcement of partial awards. Eventually, the enforcement of extrajudicial deeds in which an arbitration clause is inserted was analysed, and the conclusion was that the filing of a motion to stay enforcement in order to discuss the merits of the case was found to be inadmissible, as in that scenario, initiating arbitral proceedings is necessary.

No description available.

Information protection is a key issue for the acceptance and adoption of pervasive computing systems where various portable devices such as smart phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and laptop computers are being used to share information and to access digital resources via wireless connection to the Internet. Because these are resources constrained devices and highly mobile, changes in the environmental context or device context can affect the security of the system a great deal. A proper security mechanism must be put in place which is able to cope with changing environmental and system context. Usage CONtrol (UCON) model is the latest major enhancement of the traditional access control models which enables mutability of subject and object attributes, and continuity of control on usage of resources. In UCON, access permission decision is based on three factors: authorisations, obligations and conditions. While authorisations and obligations are requirements that must be fulfilled by the subject and the object, conditions are subject and object independent requirements that must be satisfied by the environment. As a consequence, access permission may be revoked (and the access stopped) as a result of changes in the environment regardless of whether the authorisations and obligations requirements are met. This constitutes a major shortcoming of the UCON model in pervasive computing systems which constantly strive to adapt to environmental changes so as to minimise disruptions to the user. We propose a Context-Aware and Adaptive Usage Control (CA-UCON) model which extends the traditional UCON model to enable adaptation to environmental changes in the aim of preserving continuity of access. Indeed, when the authorisation and obligations requirements are fulfilled by the subject and object, and the conditions requirements fail due to changes in the environmental or the system context, our proposed model CA-UCON triggers specific actions in order to adapt to the new situation, so as to ensure continuity of usage. We then propose an architecture of CA-UCON model, presenting its various components. In this model, we integrated the adaptation decision with usage decision architecture, the comprehensive definition of each components and reveals the functions performed by each components in the architecture are presented. We also propose a novel computational model of our CA-UCON architecture. This model is formally specified as a finite state machine. It demonstrates how the access request of the subject is handled in CA-UCON model, including detail with regards to revoking of access and actions undertaken due to context changes. The extension of the original UCON architecture can be understood from this model. The formal specification of the CA-UCON is presented utilising the Calculus of Context-aware Ambients (CCA). This mathematical notation is considered suitable for modelling mobile and context-aware systems and has been preferred over alternatives for the following reasons: (i) Mobility and Context awareness are primitive constructs in CCA; (ii) A system's properties can be formally analysed; (iii) Most importantly, CCA specifications are executable allowing early validation of system properties and accelerated development of prototypes. For evaluation of CA-UCON model, a real-world case study of a ubiquitous learning (u-learning) system is selected. We propose a CA-UCON model for the u-learning system. This model is then formalised in CCA and the resultant specification is executed and analysed using an execution environment of CCA. Finally, we investigate the enforcement approaches for CA-UCON model. We present the CA-UCON reference monitor architecture with its components. We then proceed to demonstrate three types of enforcement architectures of the CA-UCON model: centralised architecture, distributed architecture and hybrid architecture. These are discussed in detail, including the analysis of their merits and drawbacks.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

In this report, the phenomenon of vowel lengthening in Standard Italian and two Northern Italian dialects, Friulian and Milanese, is discussed. For each language, the facts of vowel lengthening are presented and analyzed in the framework of several theories previously proposed to account for the data. These include primarily derivational theory, moraic theory, and optimality theory. Vowel lengthening is analyzed predominantly from a synchronic perspective for Standard Italian, but for Friulian and Milanese, both diachronic and synchronic accounts are presented. Vowel length in Italian and Milanese is seen to result from bimoraic enforcement, a principle requiring that all stressed syllables be bimoraic. A constraint prohibiting long vowels in word-final position interacts with the principle of bimoraic enforcement in Italian. In Milanese, bimoraic enforcement responds to a lexical contrast in moraic and non-moraic codas. Vowels before non-moraic codas lengthen to create a bimoraic syllable, while those before moraic codas do not since those syllables are already bimoraic. In Friulian, on the other hand, historical vowel lengthening which resulted from compensatory lengthening following the apocope of final vowels has been reanalyzed as a synchronic process of compensatory lengthening resulting from loss of consonant voice following word-final devoicing. / text

<p><i>Insurgents, drug lords and anti-drug supply policies in the Andes</i>. The United States has spent enormous resources on supply policies to decrease illegal drug production in the Andes and availability in the U.S. market. However, evidence suggests increased drug production and availability over time. Moreover, insurgent activities in the region have also increased. We present an explanation for these unexpected trends by analyzing an illicit drug market where drug lords and insurgents interact. The analysis suggests that supply policies increase drug production and insurgent activity while having no effect on drug availability and prices.</p><p><i>Counter-intuitive effects of domestic law enforcement policies in the United States.</i> In spite of the increase in domestic law enforcement policies in the U.S., illegal drug distribution activities have followed a non-monotonic trend and cocaine and heroin prices have been dropping or have remained stable over time. This paper provides an explanation for these counter-intuitive effects. We model how drug lords respond to this type of policy and predict distribution activities, prices and drug consumption in the United States.</p><p><i>Spillover effects of domestic law enforcement policies. </i>Independent efforts by local and state governments in the United States to combat illegal drug markets are in contrast with a global market where drugs are sold and distributed simultaneously in different locations. We study the effect that domestic law enforcement policies may have on this global context. The external effects of these policies induce overspending by governments, but a low level of global drug consumption. Competition effects are also studied.</p><p><i>Drive-by competition? Violence in the drug market. </i>Today, the retail distribution of most illegal drugs is mainly in the hands of street gangs that also account for most of the drug related violence in many states and cities in the United States. Interestingly, the level of violence in drug markets appears to vary with the type of drug. Based on the notion that gangs use violence strategically to compete for customers we find that both the effectiveness of violence in shifting demand and the cost of switching supplier by users affect the level of violence in the market. Indirect effects of anti-drug policies are discussed.</p>