Arbitration is one of the oldest legal systems of solving disputes, albeit, it was simple and without any power to enforce the outcome of the tribunal. In modern ages, arbitration has transformed to a more complicated and sophisticated system of solving international commercial disputes. In recent decades, enforcement of tribunal award benefited from various conventions like New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958). However the enforcement still has few difficulties. One problem is related to the enforcement of the award in different countries. Based on Article V (2(b)) of New York Convention, countries can prohibit enforcement of award if it is against public policy of that country. This broad definition has created many problems especially in some Islamic countries in Middle East due to frequent use of this defense. Islamic countries in Middle East have tried to implement new arbitration legislations from western countries in order to acclimate themselves with modern International commercial and political relations. However facing biased actions from western countries toward their cultures, have made these adaptations more challenging. Considering the claim of both parties, one should not forget the strong influence of culture in International relations as it defines many actions and concerns of society. Ignoring this issue can create many problems and hostile atmosphere between nations that even affect International commercial arbitration enforcements. Knowing the significance of effect of culture, it is essential for many lawyers, scholars and practitioners to study and learn more about culture and norms of other countries. Multi-cultural countries like Canada and commercial hubs like Dubai can facilitate understanding different cultures by creating cultural and legal centers. / Thesis (Master, Law) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-19 23:29:51.979

1 Abstract: Czech and foreign arbitral award The purpose of this thesis is to describe and compare the position of Czech and foreign arbitral award in the Czech legislation. The author aims to clarify whether the Czech legislation grants to foreign arbitral awards the same possibility of enforcement as it grants, if the same conditions are met, to Czech arbitral awards. This thesis should also answer whether the decision-making practice of Czech courts is not in conflict with international obligations. The thesis is divided into five parts. The first part is dedicated to general questions of arbitration. The purpose of this section is to introduce arbitration as an alternative method of dispute resolution. The author analyses the use of arbitration by describing its advantages and disadvantages. Further attention is paid to the main institutes of arbitration such as arbitrability of the dispute. The second part deals with the most important sources of law governing arbitration. For unambiguous application of sources of law, the author also deals with conflicts between different sources of law, for example in the form of a conflict of a multilateral international treaty with a bilateral international treaty on legal aid. The third part the author dedicates to the arbitral award itself. It deals with its...

This thesis describes and portrays system of arbitration proceedings in the international trade, staring with filing of motions ending with enforcement of arbitral rulings. Arbitral proceedings are legal alternative of settlement of legal disputes to traditional court cases, where a third entity - a intermediary, rules in a legal dispute delivering a binding and enforceable arbitration ruling. My paper consists of eight chapters First chapter broadly describes characteristics of alternative settlement of legal rows, defines connections with arbitral proceedings and involves a brief characteristics of single ways of ADR, such as mediation, conciliation, mini-trial, expertise etc. Second chapter is in introduction into the very essence of arbitral proceedings. If explains definition, characteristics and fundamental theoretical doctrines, which define legal nature of this institute, Since all sides yield to arbitration rulings deliberately, is this chapter dedicated to advantages and disadvantages determining decision-making of involved parties. List of proceedings' option can be found at the end of chapter. This involves institutional arbitrage, running in front of permanent arbitration institution, based on its rules, permanent fees and list of arbitrary judges as well it includes ad-hoc arbitrage, when a...

The purpose of my thesis is to analyse and generally describe an annulment of arbitral award in international commercial arbitration. The reason for my research is an interesting topic, which has not been described in detail yet and the aim of this thesis is to look at this institute from the perspective of relevant domestic and foreign authors and legislation of various countries. Furthermore the thesis aims to highlight possible dangers which accompany the process of annulment of the award, or the process after its setting aside. The thesis is composed of six chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of setting aside of an award in International commercial arbitration. Chapter One is introductory and describes the history, the legislation and explains advantages and disadvantages of the international arbitration as a whole. Chapter Two defines basic terminology used in the thesis. The chapter is subdivided into three parts. Part One describes arbitration and explains its main features. Part Two deals with domestic vs. international arbitration, explains the term "commercial" and foreign arbitral award vs. domestic arbitral award. Chapter three concentrates on relation between state and arbitration courts and the state's auxiliary and control function towards the arbitration. Chapter...

O tema proposto para o presente estudo gravitou ao redor da relação arbitragem e execução no direito brasileiro. A primeira parte dedicou-se ao estudo da arbitragem e da convenção de arbitragem e da sentença arbitral, de modo a situar o tema, destacando as principais características que acabam por refletir no tema da execução. Após, foi analisada a execução da sentença arbitral, nacional e estrangeira, bem como a possibilidade de ser proferida a sentença arbitral parcial e como se dá sua execução. Ademais, verificou-se a necessidade de prévia homologação da sentença arbitral estrangeira para que possa ser executada no país. Ato contínuo, demonstrou-se a execução de medidas liminares concedidas pelo árbitro e a possibilidade do árbitro determinar medidas de apoio de natureza coercitiva. Também, analisou-se a sentença arbitral ilíquida e a necessidade do procedimento de liquidação antes de sua execução perante o Poder Judiciário. Em um terceiro momento dedicou-se a análise dos meios de defesa do executado na execução da sentença arbitral e demais formas de impugnação desta, notadamente a ação anulatória. Verificou-se a possibilidade de a impugnação ser utilizada como meio de anulação da sentença, desde que respeitado o prazo decadencial de noventa dias estabelecido na lei, o que também é aplicado no caso de execução de sentença parcial. Posteriormente, analisouse a execução do título executivo extrajudicial em que foi previsto convenção de arbitragem, concluindo-se pela impossibilidade do uso dos embargos do devedor para discussão do mérito e a necessidade de instauração da arbitragem. / The theme proposed for this study revolves around the relationship between arbitration and enforcement under Brazilian law. The first part was dedicated to the study of arbitration and arbitration agreements and of arbitral awards, so as to set the bases for this dissertation, highlighting the main characteristics that eventually have reflections in enforcement. Afterwards, the enforcement of national and foreign arbitral awards was analysed, along with the possibility of rendering partial awards and how their enforcement is carried out. Furthermore, the necessity of recognising a foreign award prior to its enforcement in Brazil was acknowledged. Subsequently, the enforcement of preliminary measures granted by arbitrators and the possibility of an arbitrator granting coercive and supportive measures were demonstrated. In addition to that, awards passed with no fixed amount and the necessity of the fixation of such amount prior to their enforcement in court were analysed. In its third stage, this dissertation was dedicated to reviewing defence mechanisms for the debtor in proceedings for the enforcement of arbitral awards and further objections thereto, namely the motion to set aside arbitral award. The possibility of the objection to enforcement be utilised as a setting aside mechanism was confirmed, as long as the limitation period of ninety days set forth in law is observed, which is also applied to the enforcement of partial awards. Eventually, the enforcement of extrajudicial deeds in which an arbitration clause is inserted was analysed, and the conclusion was that the filing of a motion to stay enforcement in order to discuss the merits of the case was found to be inadmissible, as in that scenario, initiating arbitral proceedings is necessary.

O tema proposto para o presente estudo gravitou ao redor da relação arbitragem e execução no direito brasileiro. A primeira parte dedicou-se ao estudo da arbitragem e da convenção de arbitragem e da sentença arbitral, de modo a situar o tema, destacando as principais características que acabam por refletir no tema da execução. Após, foi analisada a execução da sentença arbitral, nacional e estrangeira, bem como a possibilidade de ser proferida a sentença arbitral parcial e como se dá sua execução. Ademais, verificou-se a necessidade de prévia homologação da sentença arbitral estrangeira para que possa ser executada no país. Ato contínuo, demonstrou-se a execução de medidas liminares concedidas pelo árbitro e a possibilidade do árbitro determinar medidas de apoio de natureza coercitiva. Também, analisou-se a sentença arbitral ilíquida e a necessidade do procedimento de liquidação antes de sua execução perante o Poder Judiciário. Em um terceiro momento dedicou-se a análise dos meios de defesa do executado na execução da sentença arbitral e demais formas de impugnação desta, notadamente a ação anulatória. Verificou-se a possibilidade de a impugnação ser utilizada como meio de anulação da sentença, desde que respeitado o prazo decadencial de noventa dias estabelecido na lei, o que também é aplicado no caso de execução de sentença parcial. Posteriormente, analisouse a execução do título executivo extrajudicial em que foi previsto convenção de arbitragem, concluindo-se pela impossibilidade do uso dos embargos do devedor para discussão do mérito e a necessidade de instauração da arbitragem. / The theme proposed for this study revolves around the relationship between arbitration and enforcement under Brazilian law. The first part was dedicated to the study of arbitration and arbitration agreements and of arbitral awards, so as to set the bases for this dissertation, highlighting the main characteristics that eventually have reflections in enforcement. Afterwards, the enforcement of national and foreign arbitral awards was analysed, along with the possibility of rendering partial awards and how their enforcement is carried out. Furthermore, the necessity of recognising a foreign award prior to its enforcement in Brazil was acknowledged. Subsequently, the enforcement of preliminary measures granted by arbitrators and the possibility of an arbitrator granting coercive and supportive measures were demonstrated. In addition to that, awards passed with no fixed amount and the necessity of the fixation of such amount prior to their enforcement in court were analysed. In its third stage, this dissertation was dedicated to reviewing defence mechanisms for the debtor in proceedings for the enforcement of arbitral awards and further objections thereto, namely the motion to set aside arbitral award. The possibility of the objection to enforcement be utilised as a setting aside mechanism was confirmed, as long as the limitation period of ninety days set forth in law is observed, which is also applied to the enforcement of partial awards. Eventually, the enforcement of extrajudicial deeds in which an arbitration clause is inserted was analysed, and the conclusion was that the filing of a motion to stay enforcement in order to discuss the merits of the case was found to be inadmissible, as in that scenario, initiating arbitral proceedings is necessary.

Užsienyje priimtam arbitražo sprendimui pripažinimas Lietuvos Respublikoje yra būtina sąlyga tam, kad būtų galima priversti pralaimėjusiąją šalį jį įvykdyti tuo atveju, jeigu kitoje valstybėje priimtas sprendimas yra nevykdomas, o turtas, iš kurio gali būti išieškoma, yra Lietuvos Respublikoje. Pirmoje magistro baigiamojo darbo dalyje siekiama atskleisti arbitražo sprendimo ir užsienio arbitražo sprendimo sąvokas. Nustačius šias sąvokas, toliau analizuojama užsienio arbitražo sprendimo pripažinimo samprata, trumpai aptariamas jos atskyrimas nuo užsienio arbitražo sprendimo vykdymo sąvokos. Galiausiai aptariama specifinė teisės doktrinos diskusija, ar Niujorko konvencija gali būti taikoma tik galutiniams užsienio arbitražo sprendimams, ar ir negalutinių sprendimų rūšims, visų pirma, tarpiniams (procesiniams) sprendimams dėl laikinųjų apsaugos priemonių taikymo. Antroje darbo dalyje pirmiausia aptariami užsienio arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimą reglamentuojantys teisės šaltiniai ir jų teisinė galia Lietuvos Respublikoje, be abejonės, ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas 1958 metų Niujorko konvencijai dėl užsienio arbitražų sprendimų pripažinimo ir vykdymo. Vėliau analizuojama šiuo metu esanti užsienio arbitražų sprendimų pripažinimo procedūra Lietuvos Respublikos teismuose bei galimi tvarkos pasikeitimai, jeigu Lietuvos Respublikos Seime būtų priimtas Civilinio proceso kodekso pakeitimo ir papildymo įstatymo projektas. Paskutinėje dalyje aptariamos 2007 – 2010 metų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The recognition of the foreign arbitral awards in the Republic of Lithuania is the main requirement for the enforcement of the foreign arbitral award in case the respondent fails to execute the award of the arbitral tribunal in goodwill. Firstly, the author seeks to disclose the concepts of the arbitral award and foreign arbitral award. In accordance with the before mentioned terms, the notion of the recognition foreign arbitration award is analized and distinguished from the concept of the enforcement of the foreign arbitral awards. Finally, the discussion of whether the New York Convention may be applied only to the final foreign arbitral awards is revealed. In the second part of the mater thesis the law governing the recognition of foreign arbitral awards is analized. Special attention is given to the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. Later analysis reflects the proceedings of the recognition of foreign arbitral awards before the courts of the Republic of Lithuania as well as possible changes, if the Lithuanian Parliament adoptes the amendments of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Lithuania. The final section deals with the recent case law of the Court of Appeal of Lithuania and the Supreme Court of Lithuania on matters of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. At the end of the theses the final conclusions indicate significant problems of the recognition of the... [to full text]

Diferentemente do que ocorre na área pública, na qual tanto a Corte Internacional de Justiça (CIJ) quanto a Dispute Solution Board (DSB) da OMC estão aptas a solucionar os conflitos internacionais públicos, na área jurídica privada não é viável, no mundo contemporâneo, imaginar a existência de um modelo supranacional e global para a solução de litígios privados internacionais que se guiasse por normas processuais próprias e aplicasse normas materiais unificadas internacionalmente. Assim, cada país estabelece seu poder jurisdicional dentro de seu próprio território e nos limites postos pelo direito internacional, de modo que, atualmente, exceto nos casos em que se convencionar a solução do conflito pela via da arbitragem, será sempre um tribunal nacional que decidirá o litígio de caráter internacional. Haverá, evidentemente, casos em que as decisões proferidas em tribunais nacionais não apresentarão aptidão para garantir a efetivação dos interesses tutelados, fazendo-se necessário que parte ou a totalidade dos efeitos práticos da sentença sejam produzidos em outros sistemas jurídicos, ocasião em que, salvo convenções e tratados internacionais, haverá a necessidade de seu reconhecimento, por meio do processo de homologação, para que possa ser executada. Busca este trabalho demonstrar que nem todos os efeitos da sentença dependem do procedimento de homologação para que se manifestem. Por outro lado, a Lei de Arbitragem, ao equiparar em efeitos laudos arbitrais a sentenças estatais, consequentemente impõe ao laudo arbitral estrangeiro o seu reconhecimento por meio do processo de homologação pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça, para que, só então, possa ser executado. Tal medida legislativa parece desconsiderar a distinção entre sentença judicial e laudo arbitral, este de natureza privada, que não decorre da prestação jurisdicional de um Estado, mas sim proferido por pessoas despidas de qualquer autoridade pública, cujo poder jurisdicional provém de convenção privada das partes. Em resposta a essa situação, propõe-se este trabalho demonstrar a diferença entre laudo e sentença, no intuito de eliminar a exigência legal da homologação dos laudos arbitrais estrangeiros pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça, sem contudo retirar-lhes os efeitos, o que se daria pela limitação das matérias de defesa no processo de execução de títulos executivos extrajudiciais / Differently of what it happens in the public area, in the which both the International Court of Justice (CIJ) and the Dispute Solution Board (DSB) of OMC are capable to solve the public international conflicts, in the private juridical area it is not viable, in the contemporary world, to imagine the existence of a supranational and global model for the solution of private international litigations guided by own procedural norms and applied material norms internationally unified. Thus, each country establishes its jurisdictional power inside its own territory and into the limits put by the international law, so that, now, except in the cases that the solution of the conflict is stipulated by the means of arbitration, it will always be a national court that will decide the international litigations. There will be, evidently, cases in which the pronounced decisions by national courts wil not present aptitude to guarantee the efectiveness of the tutored interests, being necessary that part or the totality of the practical effects of the sentence are produced in other juridical systems, occasion in that, except for conventions and international agreements, there will be the need of its recognition, through the approval process, so that it can be executed. This work aims to demonstrate that not all the effects of the sentence depend on the approval procedure to be shown. On the other hand, the Law of Arbitration, when matching in effects arbitral awards to public sentences, consequently imposes to the foreign arbitral award its recognition by the means of the approval process by the Superior Tribunal of Justice, so that, only then, it can be executed. Such a legislative measure seems to disrespect the distinction between judicial sentence and arbitral award, this of private nature, that doesnt elapse from the jurisditional rendering of a State, but is pronounced by people without any public authority, whose jurisdictional power comes from the private convention of the parts. In response to that situation, this work intends to demonstrate the difference between arbitral award and sentence, in the intention to eliminate the legal demand of the approval of the foreign arbitral awards by the Superior Tribunal of Justice, without however removing their effects, what would de done by the limitation of the defense matters in the process of execution of extrajudicial executive titles.

Esta dissertação almeja contemporizar o estudo da arbitragem com as novidades tecnológicas advindas dos avanços constantes da informática. A dissertação é dividida em oito capítulos, sendo cada um excetuados o introdutório e o conclusivo dedicado a enfrentar uma questão relativa ao campo de estudo selecionado. Os temas abordados são: (i) Convenção arbitral eletrônica; (ii) Sede da arbitragem virtual; (iii) Questões jurídicas advindas de um procedimento informatizado; (iv) O documento eletrônico como fonte de prova; (v) O computador como perito ou expert witness; e (vi) A sentença arbitral eletrônica. Na conclusão final é salientada a compatibilidade das novas tecnologias com a arbitragem, recomendando-se, no entanto, uma adaptação cultural dos usuários da arbitragem e das normas que regem esse meio de solução de controvérsias. / This dissertation seeks to bring the study of arbitration up to speed with the constant innovations that take place in the realm of computer technology. The dissertation is split into eight chapters with each chapter, short of the first and last, dedicated to handling a question related to the field of study. The topics analyzed herein are: (i) Electronic arbitral clause; (ii) Seat of the virtual arbitration; (iii) Judicial quandaries resulting from high-tech procedures; (iv) The e-document as a source of evidence; (v) The computer as a judicial assistant or expert witness; and (vi) The electronic arbitral award. In the final conclusion emphasis is given to the compatibility between these novel technologies and arbitration, despite an adaptation of both the cultural and legal background that permeate this method of dispute resolution being recommendable.

Esta dissertação almeja contemporizar o estudo da arbitragem com as novidades tecnológicas advindas dos avanços constantes da informática. A dissertação é dividida em oito capítulos, sendo cada um excetuados o introdutório e o conclusivo dedicado a enfrentar uma questão relativa ao campo de estudo selecionado. Os temas abordados são: (i) Convenção arbitral eletrônica; (ii) Sede da arbitragem virtual; (iii) Questões jurídicas advindas de um procedimento informatizado; (iv) O documento eletrônico como fonte de prova; (v) O computador como perito ou expert witness; e (vi) A sentença arbitral eletrônica. Na conclusão final é salientada a compatibilidade das novas tecnologias com a arbitragem, recomendando-se, no entanto, uma adaptação cultural dos usuários da arbitragem e das normas que regem esse meio de solução de controvérsias. / This dissertation seeks to bring the study of arbitration up to speed with the constant innovations that take place in the realm of computer technology. The dissertation is split into eight chapters with each chapter, short of the first and last, dedicated to handling a question related to the field of study. The topics analyzed herein are: (i) Electronic arbitral clause; (ii) Seat of the virtual arbitration; (iii) Judicial quandaries resulting from high-tech procedures; (iv) The e-document as a source of evidence; (v) The computer as a judicial assistant or expert witness; and (vi) The electronic arbitral award. In the final conclusion emphasis is given to the compatibility between these novel technologies and arbitration, despite an adaptation of both the cultural and legal background that permeate this method of dispute resolution being recommendable.