The research is based on the European Directive aimed at harmonising standards for construction products. Harmonised standards remove technical barriers to trade allowing manufacturers to sell their products anywhere in the European Economic Area (EEA) provided the product complies with the standard and has affixed the CE marking. This should lead to greater competition in all EEA markets. A review of relevant literature covered three distinct areas; developments of the European Union and the Construction Products Directive (CPD), the UK construction industry and materials sector and strategic management concentrating on market barriers and entry strategies. The research combined these areas together by investigating the impact of the CPD on the UK construction product manufacturers specifically considering the strategic decisions of the UK brick industry. As there was little previous empirical research into this area, data was generated through exploratory interviews with manufacturers and bodies involved with the UK implementation of the Directive, through a self-completion postal questionnaire survey with manufacturers from six product groups and by a case study approach used to examine the UK brick industry. The research demonstrated that the Directive is having little impact to date on the strategic decisions of UK construction product manufacturers. Also, there are a disturbing number of producers that were not aware of the Directive and its possible implications. By applying previous research findings to the UK brick industry, conclusions were drawn highlighting the specific nature of this industry and identifying specific characteristics that influence its competitiveness. The Directive and the UK brick industry have never previously been examined in such a manner and areas for further research have been suggested.

This thesis focuses on European copyright legislation and its impact on national laws. The aim is analysis and description of EU legislation and relevant case of the CJEU as well as comparative study of Czech Republic, UK and Ireland. The structure of this thesis is composed by five chapters. The introductory chapter concentrates on the concept copyright and its international aspects. There is brief description of copyright and its main features with regard to the relevant international treaties. Moreover, there is analysis of differences between copyright law and authors right system. Consequential chapter deals with a development of digital technologies. It considers an influence of such technologies as the WWW on the copyright protection. This chapter closely describes an international legal instrument, which were amended in the course to respond the challenges posed by such technologies on copyright law. The third chapter covers the European Union legislation and it splits into 6 Sections. The explanation is focused on secondary law of the EU, upcoming EU legislation in field of copyright law as well as liability of the ISSP under existing EU law. The fourth chapter provides closer examination of the EU case law delivered by the CJEU. Especially, it focuses on the enforcement of copyright and...

The thesis deals with current legal regulation of incidence contentions, which can occur in the enforcement proceedings. The thesis consists of 3 chapters. The introductory chapter of the thesis deals with the introduction of the basic terminology, historic background, attributes of civil procedure and differences betweenen forcement proceedings and exekutory proceedings. It is essential to bear in mind that for a very purpose of this thesis a term "enforcement proceedings" refers to the civil execution on the one hand, and the enforcement procedure on the other. Among others, folowing disputes have been tackled: disputes about enforcement, exclusive contentions and last, but not least Third-Party Debtor disputes. Disputes which emerge from both types of civil enforcement proceedings are currently not regulated in the Execution Law and must therefore be governed by the rule of Civil Procedure. Principal diferences among certain types of disputes consist in particular in the phase of proceedings in which each dispute shall be addressed. While disputes about enforcement shall be settled in the phase of enforcement proceedings, the others shall then be transfered back in to the phase of adversarial proceedings. Second chapter deals with disputes about enforcement and its characteristics. Third chapter...

The proposal of ACTA which tried to establish new international standards for the intellectual property rights enforcement has gained extraordinary amount of attention among the academic and general public and particularly in the European Union caused many concerns and criticisms. This paper attempts to put ACTA in the broader context of the intellectual property legal framework. ACTA's foundations are described, its content discussed in detail and the most frequently mentioned deficiencies and possible risks critically evaluated.

This paper deals with the problematics of private enforcement with main focus on the legislation comprised in the act no. 262/2017 col. on Compensation of Damages in the Area of Competition Law in the context of the evolution of the approach of the European Union and the Czech Republic towards private enforcement. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the new law on legal status of persons, who have suffered harm caused by competition law infringement, when claiming for compensation for his or hers loss. The author of the paper critically evaluates the way the European law was transposed into the Czech legal environment and its real impact on the legal relationships in the area of private enforcement of competition law. The author examines in detail the newly established framework of limitation periods which differs significantly from those of the general civil law both before and after its recodification. The Act on Compensation of Damages in the Area of Competition Law does not comprise transitional provisions concerning limitation periods. Therefore the intertemporal conflicts of the new act with other civil law acts are dealt with in depth. Consequently the area of compensation for loss is discussed. Within this area the author analyses the problematics of presumption of existence...

<p> Arizona police officers are required by the Arizona Police Officer Standards and Training board to complete continuing training on an annual basis. Police continuing training has traditionally been offered as lecture-based classroom training. Online training offers an alternative method of providing training. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of an online version of a police training class to a classroom-based version of the same course. Participants consisted of sworn police officers employed by the Phoenix Police Department and taking the department&rsquo;s Domestic Violence Investigation (DVI) course. The study compared student learning outcomes between the two course versions, as well as student attitudes and perceptions of training. </p><p> The study utilized a descriptive research design with a mixed methods approach. Research questions investigated the attitudes and perceptions of participants, compared student learning outcomes between the two course versions, and asked whether educational level and previous experience with online learning was linked to positive learning outcomes in the DVI course. Quantitative data consisted of demographic questionnaires, a 45-question assessment of the likelihood of success in online learning, a 10-question pre-test, and a 10-question post-test. Qualitative data was obtained through interviews with six participants who had taken the DVI course. </p><p> The results of the study indicated participants in the online version of the DVI course performed as well or better on the post-test than their counterparts in the classroom. Participants interviewed for the study enjoyed the online presentation of the course, and supported the development of additional online training options within their department. Positive student learning outcomes for the online DVI course provide support for the development of online police training programs.</p><p>

It is trite to state that law without effective enforcement is of no use to those it seeks to protect. Nevertheless, it must be emphasised that for a law to be effective, there have to be corresponding institutional structures. Enforcement of copyright involves two phases. The first is formulation and enactment of law. The second phase is the implementation of legal provisions that includes interpretation of law and determination of cases by the courts, investigation of copyright violations, prevention of unauthorised exploitation of the rights and the use of sanctions and remedies provided by law. The main problem for rights holders is not so much in written law but in enforcement or lack thereof. Some creative industries in sub Saharan Africa are being threatened due to unauthorised commercial exploitation of copyright protected works. This is despite strengthening of national laws in the region. There are various reasons for the impending demise of such industries, but the crucial factor is lack of or limited enforcement. The thesis looks at the important issue of enforcement from the perspective of the music industry in sub Saharan Africa. Based on an analysis of four sub Saharan countries, namely Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal and South Africa, this thesis illustrates that despite having in place relatively modem copyright laws, these countries still experience high levels of unauthorised commercial use in respect of music. The thesis suggests that a key factor that promotes unauthorised commercial use is lack of effective enforcement." Through a critical analysis, based on the political, social, economic and technological perspectives, the thesis addresses three questions. First, why is copyright enforcement a problem in sub Saharan Africa? Secondly, why has the existing legal regime failed to ensure effective enforcement? Thirdly, what is an effective copyright enforcement regime? Effective enforcement of copyright, from a political, economic, social and technological perspective involves the existence of enforceable law, as well as effective enforcement mechanisms in both private and public sectors. An effective enforcement regime ensures conformity to law, involves a constant review of existing legal regimes and institutional structures (such as enforcement agencies) as well as adoption of new procedures and technologies to reduce incidences of non-compliance. The thesis concludes by suggesting proposals for policy guidelines on enforcement of music copyright in sub Saharan Africa.

Trademarks are a valuable asset of a business and play a crucial role with regards to the quality of goods and its reputation, however, the rise in counterfeiting activities is undermining those benefits. Counterfeiting activities are considered to be the fastest growing phenomenon that focuses solely on reputable international brands ranging from cosmetics, watches, shoes and clothing, to cars and aeroplane parts. It has engulfed the world economy by dealing with fake commodities and intellectual property rights across the board. The PhD thesis looks at the relevant trademark laws in the Gulf Cooperation Council States (GCC) as an effective enforcement mechanism to deal with the rise of counterfeiting activities in the region. The GCC States have been listed among the countries with significant problems in terms of intellectual property protection and enforcement. Thus, the importance and effectiveness of border measures, judicial process, including civil and criminal proceedings in all six Member States are analysed using a combination of comparative, doctrinal, and socio-legal research. The main objective of the thesis is to show the degree to which the GCC States' legislative regimes and their enforcement efforts addresses counterfeiting problems to meet their international treaty obligations.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Accompanying cassette titled: Radar field test. / Bibliography: leaf 18. / by Allen Yee. / B.S.

In the current investment climate, most investor-state disputes are settled through investment arbitration. Investor-state arbitration enables the foreign investor to bring a case before a neutral forum, whose decision is binding and enforceable in countries across the world. In instances where the dispute is governed by an arbitration clause, the clause places the disputing parties under the jurisdiction of an arbitral tribunal. In the event of achieving a victory, the investor may nonetheless come up against the obstacle of state sovereignty, even though the state party has ostensibly waived sovereign immunity from jurisdiction. If a state rejects to comply with an award, then investors must commence a worldwide search (forum-shopping), with a view to retrieving the assets that have been awarded. In instances where the state party is victorious, there is a danger that the award payment will not be made if the foreign investor has already declared bankruptcy. Although there are two Conventions (ICSID and the New York Convention) that facilitate the enforcement of arbitral awards, neither one is sufficient to preclude the emergence of the enforcement issue. In both instances, this issue is damaging as it wastes time and money, ultimately contributing to wider inefficiencies and uncertainties in investor-state arbitration. In addressing themselves to this problem and aspiring to the reduction of the obstacle of sovereign immunity from execution, scholars and practitioners have put forward two practical solutions; firstly, a hybrid sovereignty act has been proposed; secondly, it has been suggested that the World Bank could take punitive action, refusing to provide the state party with further loans until the award is resolved. However, these proposals have, to date, not been practically applied or developed. This thesis has two primary objectives: firstly, it attempts to analyse previous solutions that have been addressed to the enforcement issue of ICSID awards: secondly, it addresses itself to two alternatives: 1) that the ICSID Administrative council can review compliance with awards; 2) that countermeasures can be initiated against the failing state under the law of state responsibility (the ILC Articles on State Responsibility). In concluding, the thesis will consider the various advantages and disadvantages associated with each of the aforementioned solutions, ultimately proposing an approach that is best-suited to upholding the interest of the victorious party at the enforcement stage.