Diploma thesis with the title "Waldorf school and motivation in teaching" focuses on differences in pupil´s motivation to learn English language at standard schools and Waldorf schools. Theoretical part includes fundamental information about pedagogy of Waldorf, methods of English language teaching at Waldorf schools, motivation and its role in class. The work implies findings of research made on achievement motivation and preferential motivation at standards schools and Waldorf schools. The data have been collected using questionnaires in June 2014.

Acredita-se que a apropriação de uma língua estrangeira pelo sujeito através do ensino pode ser medida pela a aquisição de determinado grau de proficiência na língua-alvo, por meio de materiais e abordagens que possibilitem um ensino/aprendizagem bem-sucedido. Entendemos por bem-sucedido aquele procedimento que coloca o aprendiz em posição de intérprete historicizado (ASSOLINI, 2013, 2010), ou seja, aquele sujeito que ultrapassa a suposta literalidade dos sentidos, desprendendo-se da relação termo a termo. Isto posto, este trabalho objetiva: 1) analisar a forma como os recursos disponíveis no material didático oferecido pela Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo, por meio do programa São Paulo Faz Escola são discursivizados pelo sujeito-professor de inglês em escolas públicas do Estado de São Paulo; 2) descrever e analisar recortes desse material didático relacionando-os à fala dos sujeitos-professores. O corpus desta análise foi constituído por entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com quatro professores da rede pública do estado paulista, assim como por recortes do material didático referido, buscando estabelecer relações entre o discurso dos sujeitosprofessores e esse material. A Análise de Discurso de matriz francesa (pêcheuxtiana) e as ciências da educação formam nosso arcabouço teórico-metodológico, por possibilitarem relações críticas com a linguagem de maneira ampla, e com o ensino de língua inglesa e o material didático, de forma particular. Os resultados das análises discursivas indicam que: 1) alguns sujeitos (se) silenciam ao falarem sobre o material didático; acreditam que (se) silenciando, esquivando-se, deixariam de significar tal material; 2) alguns sujeitos questionam o material didático, mas, apesar de tal inquietação, ocupam a posição de sujeitos enunciadores de dizeres e práticas preestabelecidas que não lhes fazem sentido; 3) a experiência dos sujeitos-professores, na sala de aula, não corresponde as suas formações imaginárias a respeito do aluno, da escola, nem do material didático; 4) assujeitados ideologicamente, não (se) percebem como profissionais capazes de ocupar a posição de intérpretes-historicizados, condição basilar para que tenham voz e se constituam como autores de seu próprio dizer. Palavras-chave: Material didático. Ensino de língua inglesa. Análise de discurso. / It is believed that foreign language acquisition can be assessed by the acquisition of a certain level of proficiency in the target language by means of usage of any material and approaches, allowing successful teaching/learning process. By well-succeeded, we understand the procedure in which the learner puts him/herself in a position of interpreter-historicized, defined by Assolini (2013, 2010) as the subject who goes beyond literality, free from term-to-term, or word-to-meaning relationships. This work aims at: 1) analyzing the ways through which the subject-teacher of English as a foreign language in public schools in the State of São Paulo puts the teaching material into discourse; 2) describing and analyzing sections of that material, offered by State Government, referred to in the interviews with subject-teachers. This study is based on the perspective of French Discourse Analysis, adopting the views of the philosopher Michel Pêcheux and the Social-Historical Theory of Literacy Acquisition. We understand that those theories allow critical relationships with language in a broad way, and more specifically, with English Language Teaching and its materials. The corpus of this analysis consists of selected excerpts from semistructured interviews with four state public school teachers, as well as sections of material offered by the State government, seeking correlations between the subject-teachers discourse and the teaching material. Our results lead to some observations: 1) some subjects resort to silence, attempting to avoid comments about the teaching material; 2) others, although incredulous about the offered material, assume the position of broadcasters of meaningless practices from that material; 3) teachers experience in the classroom do not correspond to their representation of the subject-learner, school or teaching material; 4) ideologically subjected, teachers do not see themselves as professionals capable of assuming position of interpreter-historicized, a basic condition to be aware of their own voice, authorship and subjectivity.

nÃo hà / Esta pesquisa se propÃe analisar a prÃtica do uso de tecnologias digitais por professores graduados no curso de Letras-InglÃs na modalidade a distÃncia e presencial da UFC Virtual. A investigaÃÃo parte de um questionamento central segundo o qual a formaÃÃo docente em EAD poderia influenciar o ensino da lÃngua inglesa com tecnologias digitais e isto se refletiria na prÃtica docente quando o profissional estivesse formado e atuando em escola pÃblica preferencialmente. Hà muitos estudos sobre a formaÃÃo deste novo docente vindo da EAD de lÃngua inglesa (FURTADO, 2015; SALES, 2015; SILVA, 2015), porÃm, quase nenhuma pesquisa no Brasil jà investigou a atuaÃÃo do professor graduado em EAD (MONTEIRO, 2009) visto que os primeiros formados datam de 2 a 3 anos nas universidades brasileiras que ofertam esse curso. Algumas possibilidades e recomendaÃÃes retiradas do Projeto PolÃtico PedagÃgico do curso de Letras/InglÃs em EAD da UFC Virtual e do curso de Letras/InglÃs noturno da UFC foram contrastadas, bem como a apresentaÃÃo de alguns modelos de integraÃÃo tecnolÃgico-pedagÃgica que poderiam ser incorporados pelos professores de lÃngua inglesa, como o CPCT, de Misha e Koehler (2006) e o SAMR, de Ruben Puentedurra (2009). ApÃs a anÃlise da triangulaÃÃo dos dados obtidos com as duas categorias de professores (questionÃrio prÃvio, observaÃÃo de aulas, entrevista semiestruturada e notas de campo) e sob referencial teÃrico e metodolÃgico dos estudos em CALL e letramento digital: (CHAPELLE, 2010; LARSENâFREEMAN, 2000; BELSHAW, 2011; BUZATO, 2016; LEFFA, 2008), dos modelos de integraÃÃo tecnolÃgico-pedagÃgica (VOOGT; KNEZEK, 2008; PUENTEDURRA, 2009) e de barreiras internas (BARCELOS, 2001; 2003; 2004; MIRANDA, 2005; SILVA, 2010; GILAKJANI 2012) e externas (ERTMER, 1999 PELGRUM, 2001), foi observado que os quatro professores participantes da pesquisa se mostraram aptos a utilizar tecnologia de forma satisfatÃria, embora em um nÃvel menor de acordo com os modelos, dentro dos seu espectro de possibilidades e dificuldades em seus locais de trabalho. TambÃm nÃo houve nenhuma diferenÃa considerÃvel nas aulas e nas respostas dos instrumentos entre os professores graduados nas duas modalidades, a nÃo ser uma maior originalidade do uso de diferentes ferramentas dos professores provenientes da EAD. Conclui-se, portanto, que os usos (e seus porquÃs) sÃo plenamente orientados pela qualidade da formaÃÃo recebida, com maior influÃncia de disciplinas especÃficas e seus professores, pelas atividades do AVA (no caso dos professores vindos da EAD) e pela vontade e intenÃÃo do professor em pesquisar e se manter atualizado quanto ao uso detecnologias digitais em suas aulas de inglÃs. Ademais, quanto aos professores pesquisados as barreiras externas foram mais limitadoras da integraÃÃo tecnolÃgica do que as barreiras internas, as quais atingiram os quatro professores da mesma forma, suplantadas com mais sucesso atravÃs do domÃnio tÃcnico e originalidade do professor. A pesquisa vem a contribuir com a investigaÃÃo da formaÃÃo de professores de lÃnguas, formaÃÃo em EAD e em sua mediÃÃo de qualidade, nos estudos de barreiras no ensino e na aprendizagem de lÃnguas e nos estudos em CALL e em lÃnguÃstica aplicada com Ãnfase em modelos para integraÃÃo pedagÃgico-tecnolÃgica. / This research intends to analyze the practice of the use of digital technologies by teachers graduated in the course of English language teaching degree in the online and by attendance modality of UFC Virtual. The research starts from a central question which questions if the teacher training course in distance learning could influence the teaching of the English language with digital technologies and if this would be reflected in the teaching practice when the professional was trained and acting in public schools preferably. In Brazil, almost no research has investigated the performance of the teacher already graduated in distance learning (MONTEIRO, 2009), although there are many studies about the formation of this new teacher coming from English-speaking training course in distance learning (FURTADO, 2015; SALES, 2015; SILVA, 2015). That may be explained because the first graduates date from 2 to 3 years in the Brazilian universities that offer this kind of modality. Some possibilities and recommendations taken from the Pedagogical Political Project of the English language teaching training course of the UFC Virtual and the UFC (night shift) English language teaching training course were contrasted, as well as the presentation of some models of technological-pedagogical integration that can be incorporated English teachers such as CPCT by Misha and Koehler (2006) and SAMR by Ruben Puentedurra (2009). After analyzing the triangulation of the data obtained with the two types of teachers (previous questionnaire, observation of classes, semi-structured interview and field notes), and under theoretical and methodological reference of studies in CALL e digital literacy: (CHAPELLE, 2010; LARSENâFREEMAN, 2000; BELSHAW, 2011; BUZATO, 2016; LEFFA, 2008), pedagogical-technological integration models (VOOGT; KNEZEK, 2008; PUENTEDURRA, 2009) internal barriers (BARCELOS, 2001; 2003; 2004; MIRANDA, 2005; SILVA, 2010; GILAKJANI 2012) and external barriers (ERTMER, 1999 PELGRUM, 2001). It was observed that the four teachers were able to use technology in a satisfactory way, although at a lower level according to the models, within their range of possibilities and difficulties in their working places. There was also no significant difference in classroom and instrument responses between teachers of both modalities, except for greater originality in the use of different tools from teachers graduated in distance learning modality. It was concluded, therefore, that the uses (and their whys) are fully guided by the quality of the training received, with greater influence of specific disciplines and their teachers, by the AVA activities (in the case of the teachers who graduated in distance education) and by will andintention of the teacher in researching and keeping up to date on the use of digital technologies in their English classes. In addition, the external barriers were much more restrictive of the technological integration than the internal barriers, which reached the four teachers in the same way, more successfully overcome through the technical mastery and originality of the teacher. The research contributes to the areas of language teacher training, distance learning training and its quality measurement, studies of barriers in language teaching and learning, and studies in CALL and applied linguistics with emphasis on models for pedagogical-technological integration.

Orientador: Maria Rita Salzano Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T10:02:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barichello_Luigi_M.pdf: 893142 bytes, checksum: 314cd736f1c3dd247ec41fd49ef4e838 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Com o auxílio da teoria dos discursos de Jacques Lacan, este trabalho pretende pontuar alguns possíveis efeitos do discurso do capitalista sobre a língua inglesa e seu ensino. Fruto da conjugação do discurso científico com o discurso do mestre, o discurso do capitalista teria causado uma mudança significativa na relação do sujeito com o seu saber, o qual foi transformado em objeto-mercadoria. Na sociedade capitalista, não mais figuraria aquilo que Lacan considera o impossível dos discursos - seu real - o que faria com que tais objetos possibilitassem um suposto acesso do sujeito à sua causa perdida, ao seu mais-de-gozar. Aventamos que a língua inglesa, a qual poderia se constituir como um possível saber para o sujeito, tenha se tornado atualmente mais um desses objetos. Questionamos, portanto, se as incidências desta organização discursiva particular não estariam elidindo a possibilidade de um encontro singular e único do sujeito com essa língua estrangeira no âmbito do seu ensino e aprendizagem / Abstract: Based on Jacques Lacan discourses theory, this work intends to present some possible effects of the Capitalist Discourse over the English language and the foreign languages teaching and learning processes. Originated from a blend of the Scientific Discourse with the Masters Discourse, the Capitalist Discourse would have caused a significant change in the relationship between the Subject and his unconscious knowledge, which would have been turned into an object, a good. In the capitalist society, the impossible of the discourses their real - would not exist anymore, and this change, according to Lacan, would allow the Subject to acquire a supposed access to his lost cause. We propose that the English Language, which could be figured as a possible knowledge to the Subject, has become one of these objects nowadays. Therefore, considering the learning and teaching processes, we question if the incidences of this specific discourse arrangement could avoid the creation and the existence of a singular and unique meeting between the Subject and this foreign language. / Mestrado / Lingua Estrangeira / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

Orientador: Marilda do Couto Cavalcanti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T12:40:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MariaAparecidaCaltabianoMagalhaesBorgesda_D.pdf: 5899230 bytes, checksum: bba5005a30dd547fd022ba2117646a38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a interação que ocorre entre os membros de um determinado grupo de adultos, aprendizes da língua inglesa, focalizando a interrelação entre os momentos de verdade e faz-de-conta em aulas comunicativas. O foco da investigação é uma escola de línguas de São Paulo, capital. A pesquisadora, matriculada como aluna regular, acompanhou e fez parte de um grupo de adultos freqüentando os estágios correspondentes aos níveis 8 e 9 (intermediário), durante o período de junho a novembro de 1994. A presente pesquisa, de natureza etnográfica, utilizou os seguintes instrumentos para coleta de registros: gravação em áudio, notas de campo, diários e entrevistas informais feitas com os alunos participantes do grupo-foco de estudo e com professores responsáveis pelo curso e pelo treinamento dado pela escola. Para análise dos dados, foram utilizados como base teórica, estudos de autores como Widdowson (1978, 1979), Breen e Candlin (1980), Canale. e Swain (1980), Swan (1985), Almeida Filho (1993), entre outros, sobre a abordagem comunicativa, atualmente proposta para o ensino de línguas estrangeiras e trabalhos sobre interação social de Erving Goffman, destacando conceitos de papéis (1981) e preservação da face (1967) para a análise da interação na sala de aula / Abstract: This research aims at discussing some aspects related to the language teaching and learning process, analysing the interaction occurring among a group of adult learners in the English language classroom. Taking into account that the classes are considered communicative, the analysis focuses on the authenticity of the interaction among the group, analyzing some simulated and non-simulated situations. The data were collected in a private language schoollocated in São Paulo. The researcher attended the classes as a regular student from June to November in 1994. Being na ethnographic research, the following procedures were used: the classes were audio recorded, fieldnotes were taken and some informal interviews were made with the participants: teachers and students. The analyses were based on some works of Widdowson (1978, 1979), Breen and Candlin (1980), Canale e Swain (1980), Swan (1985), A1meida Filho (1993) about communicative approach. Studies in the social interaction area, as made by Goffman (1967, 1981), were also aken in account in order to analyze the interaction in the English language classroom / Doutorado / Ensino-Aprendizagem de Segunda Lingua e Lingua Estrangeira / Doutor em Linguística Aplicada

The English language has become an international language and is globally used as a lingua franca. Therefore, there has been a shift in English-language education toward teaching English as an interna-tional language (EIL). Teaching from the EIL paradigm means that English is seen as an international language used in communication by people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. As the approach to English-language education changes from the traditional native-speaker, target country context, so does the role of culture within English-language teaching. The aim of this thesis is to in-vestigate and analyse cultural representations in two Swedish EFL textbooks used in upper-secondary school to see how they correspond with the EIL paradigm. This is done by focusing on the geograph-ical origin of the cultural content as well as looking at what kinds of culture are represented in the textbooks. A content analysis of the textbooks is conducted, using Kachru’s Concentric Circles of English as the model for the analysis of the geographical origin. Horibe’s model of the three different kinds of culture in EIL is the model used for coding the second part of the analysis. The results of the analysis show that culture of target countries and "Culture as social custom" dominate the cultural content of the textbook. Thus, although there are some indications that the EIL paradigm has influ-enced the textbooks, the traditional approach to culture in language teaching still prevails in the ana-lysed textbooks. Because of the relatively small sample included in the thesis, further studies need to be conducted in order to make conclusions regarding the Swedish context as a whole.

Each year a group of university students from English speaking countries go to Chile and work as volunteers under the National Volunteer Centre Program. The purpose of this case study is to examine how a group of novice volunteer teachers describe their experiences in a foreign country and how these experiences shape their understanding of teaching. Participants went through the process of open-ended questionnaires and one-on-one interviews of their experience. This study was sustained in the literature by the domains of volunteerism, English Language Teaching, and volunteerism and ELT, and a socio constructivist and experiential lens was adopted. Even though volunteer teaching abroad is an increasing worldwide trend, there are few studies that combine these areas, showing that the existing blend of volunteerism and English language teaching needs to be further examined. The analysis of the data showed that novice volunteer teachers experience five types of experiences when teaching English: language teaching experiences, language learning experiences, challenges, general experiences, and volunteering experiences. Novice teachers recalled their expectations before teaching and those were maintained, modified, or unfulfilled. Volunteers stated what teaching means to them after working in public schools, they were able to describe diverse language teaching experiences, and make recommendations to future volunteers.

This thesis is a complexity-informed case study of a language school in Greece, which provides a rich description of how language pedagogy develops in the periphery of the English-using world. In addition, this study demonstrates the feasibility and potential of using Complex Systems Theory (CST) in the study of educational settings. The thesis begins by describing English Language Teaching (ELT) in Greece, thus setting the scene for the empirical investigation. This is followed by a review of ELT literature, with particular reference to theories of language, pedagogy and society, and by an overview of CST, which pragmatically synthesises complex realism and post-modern ways of knowing, and defines a set of principles to guide complexity-informed empirical inquiry. Having conceptualised the language school as a complex system, it is suggested that activity in the school was sustained by multiple intentionalities, i.e., collective, emergent, nested and generative drivers of activity. These included: (a) an imperative to provide certification to learners, (b) some learners’ desire to integrate in transnational discourse communities, (c) the expectation that language learning should lead to increased awareness of ‘English’ culture, (d) competition against the state school system, and (e) the unstated aim of protecting the professional interests of the school’s staff and stakeholders. Intentionalities were associated with specific pedagogical outcomes and cultural outlooks, and their synthesis is defined as a dynamic of intentions. Next, the thesis looks into the learning materials used at the language school, and it is suggested that these generate affordances which impacted pedagogy. The distribution of learning activities in the books was associated with synchronic and diachronic changes in the dynamics of intentions underpinning activity in the school. Complexity-inspired conceptual instruments, such as an ‘affordance landscape’ and ‘attractors’, are developed to describe the influence of the learning materials, and it is suggested that the learning resources used at the language school made transmissive and communicative pedagogy more likely. The empirical component of the study concludes by describing prototypical instruction sequences that typified ELT in the language school, which evidenced traces of transmissive and communicative pedagogy. Some sequences (e.g., Reading and Vocabulary, and Transmissive Grammar) evidenced transmissive influences, which were associated with local pedagogical traditions, whereas others, such as Process-Based Writing, were more closely aligned with the communicative ideology that is mainstream in ELT. The thesis concludes by synthesising the findings with insights from the CST literature. In doing so, it demonstrates the theoretically generative potential of a complexity-informed inquiry, which can help to formulate understandings of ELT that are sensitive to the interface between systems and their environments, while providing ontologically coherent accounts of structure and agency, and of behaviours that are neither completely random nor entirely predictable.

With the growing number of students from China who study abroad, many initially struggle to engage with native English speakers due to limited opportunities to develop oral English skills within their homeland (Gu and Maley, 2008). The reasons why Chinese students' may exhibit varied levels of motivation to engage with others when they study abroad is not well understood. This thesis has employed MacIntyre's "Willingness to Communicate" pyramid model (MacIntyre et al., 1998) as a theoretical model to underpin this study. An 18 month longitudinal study was carried out upon a group of 24 tertiary students from China who were undertaking an undergraduate degree in Britain. Qualitative data were gathered by means of carrying out 60 interviews employing a multi-lingual platform. The study sought to understand the factors which may influence the reasons for the changes in students' Willingness to Communicate and Communicative self-confidence as they studied in Britain and also to identify any additional variables influencing them. The results of this research showed there to be a wide range of factors influencing Chinese students' L2 communicative behaviour. Some of these factors were linked to their home and education background in China. Others were linked to how they responded to others in English within differing communicative contexts. This study concluded that Willingness to Communicative within a Chinese context to be a complex phenomena as Chinese students may respond to interlocutors in differing ways. Hence, this study has contributed to our understanding of Chinese learners of English in that a wide range of variables have been identified, which may impact upon Chinese students' communicative behaviour. The model which MacIntyre and his associates formed, was found to be a helpful model in comprehending Chinese student's L2 communicative behaviour. However, this study has developed MacIntyre's model by identifying other culturally specific factors which were not covered. This research has also enhanced our comprehension of Chinese students' communicative behaviour within authentic English speaking environments, with both native and non native English speakers. Finally, this study has highlighted that there are significant cognitive factors which also impact upon Chinese students' Willingness to Communicate, suggesting the need to undertake additional future research in order to further investigate this area.

Intercultural competence (IC) as an essential part of conceptualization of the cultural dimension in FLT has been promoted by educationalists as the most preferred type of competence. One of the challenges of incorporating IC into FLT is to move from the recognition of IC as a model of teaching (Byram, Nichols and Stevens, 2001) to the development of practical applications. This can be due to the fact that teachers do not have sufficient knowledge of the theory behind the concept and consequently, have difficulties to implement the curriculum requirements with regards to IC into their teaching. The purpose of this study was to investigate how teachers of English in upper secondary schools in Sweden interpret the concept of IC and, accordingly, what is their view of culture in English language teaching. In order to answer the research question, I used an exploratory investigation by adopting a qualitative research method in form of semi-structured interviews. The results are similar to the previous studies (Lundgren, 2002; Larzén, 2005) and suggest that teachers lack theoretical background and central guidance with regards to IC and do not always integrate language and culture into an intercultural model of the English language pedagogy.