Nous présentons dans ce mémoire deux travaux expérimentaux basés sur la formation d'images jumelles par des photons jumeaux : la mise en évidence d'un paradoxe de Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) sur des paires uniques d'images jumelles, et la réalisation d'une expérience d'imagerie fantôme temporelle quantique. Les photons intriqués générés par amplifications paramétrique du bruit quantique permettent la formation d'images à la distribution de photons analogue dans le plan image, et symétrique dans le plan de Fourier : les images jumelles. Dans un premier chapitre nous proposons une description préalable de ces images jumelles, basée sur l'étude des propriétés des faisceaux jumeaux, ainsi que leur acquisition par des caméras EMCCD dans un régime de comptage de photons. Dans le second chapitre, nous mettons en évidence un paradoxe EPR sur des paires uniques d'images jumelles, sans aucun recours à des moyennes temporelles ou propriétés issues de l'ensemble des images. Nous montrons que les intercorrélations de seules deux paires d'images jumelles, l'une acquises dans le plan image et l'autre dans le plan de Fourier, sont suffisantes pour obtenir un degré de paradoxe élevé.Dans le dernier chapitre, nous montrons une expérience d'imagerie fantôme temporelle quantique. Dans cette expérience, les images jumelles sont utilisées pour multiplexer spatialement un signal temporel non répétable. Lorsque l'acquisition de ce signal cause la perte de sa résolution temporelle, les corrélations dues aux photons jumeaux permettent sa reconstitution. / We present in this thesis two experimental works based on the formation of twin images by twin photons : evidence of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox on single pairs of twin images, and the demonstration of quantum temporal ghost imaging.Entangled photons generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion are used to generate images with a similar distribution of photons in the image plane, or symmetrical in the Fourier plane: the twin images. In a first chapter, we propose a description of the twin images, based on the study of the properties of twin beams, and their acquisition by EMCCD cameras in the photon counting regime.In the second chapter we provide a test of the EPR paradox in single pairs of twin images, without any temporal averaging or properties issued of a set of several images. We show that the intercorrelations of only two pairs of twin images, the first one acquired in the image plane and the other one in the Fourier plane, are sufficient to obtain a high degree of paradox.In the last chapter, we show an experiment of quantum temporal ghost imaging. In this experiment, twin images are used to spatially multiplex a nonreproducible time signal. Although it is acquired without temporal resolution, the photons correlations allow its retrieval.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regiane Aparecida.pdf: 1187901 bytes, checksum: b637bcaefc952d1ee86519999fc34121 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-25 / The implementation of processes of Quantum Computation as well as the transmission and quantum information control in realistic physical systems, must take in account the effects of the coupling of the systems with the environment, represented by thermal reservoirs. In this work it is considered the study of the effects of the environment in the quantum properties of each modes in a system of weakly coupled bosonics ones (the electromagnetic modes in the coupled cavities). It is applied an alternative method, based on effective non Hermitian Quadratic Hamiltonian, in order to understand how to determine the time evolution of the Wigner function of the system under study; the technique of Wigner funtion propagator and a specific solution is presented. In addition, the time evolution of the non symmetric second moments is exactly determined for the special case of initial general Gaussian states for both modes, in the presence of thermal reservoir. It is analyzed as the squeezing and the purity of each mode as well as the entanglement among them evolve in time under dissipation, compared to the case of reservoir absence. For this purpose, it is briey considered some techniques applied the study of the quantum information and measures of quantum correlations for quantum multipartite systems, here only applied to a bipartite system. This work is concluded with some numerical analysis of the quantum properties in terms of initial state parameters and gives some future perspective in order to generalize our results. / A implementação de processos em Computação Quantica bem como a transmissãoo e controle de informação quantica em sistemas fisicos realistas, precisam levar em consideração os efeitos do acoplamento do sistema com o ambiente, representado por reservatórios térmicos. Neste trabalho considera-se o estudo do efeito do ambiente nas propriedades quânticas de cada modo em um sistema de modos bosônicos fracamente acoplados (os modos eletro-magnéticos na cavidade acoplada). É aplicado um méetodo alternativo, baseado no Hamil-toniano Quadrático efetivo não Hermitiano, afim de compreender como determinar a evolução temporal da função de Wigner do sistema sob estudo; é apresentada a técnica do propagador da função de Wigner e a solução especifica. Além disso, a evolução temporal dos segundos momentos não-simetrizados é determinada exatamente para o caso especial de estados iniciais gerais Gaussianos para ambos os modos, na presença do reservatório térmico. Analisa-se como a compressão e a pureza de cada modo bem como o emaranhamento entre eles evoluem no tempo sob dissipação, comparado ao caso da ausência de reservatório. Para esse propósito, são brevemente consideradas algumas técnicas aplicadas ao estudo da informação quântica e medidas de correlação quântica para sistemas quânticos de muitas partes, sendo aqui somente aplicado a sistemas de duas partes. Este trabalho é concluido com uma análise numérica das propriedades quânticas em termos dos parâmetros do estado inicial e algumas perspectivas futuras são apresentadas afim de generalizar estes resultados.

Orientador: Carlos Ourivio Escobar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T17:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rigolin_GustavoGarcia_D.pdf: 2659522 bytes, checksum: 04f0cc5c9d3d83caae7857516ee7a413 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Nesta tese estudamos em detalhes uma das características da Mecânica Quântica que mais destoa de nosso senso comum: o Emaranhamento Quântico. Apresentamos uma revisão dos principais resultados obtidos no entendimento do emaranhamento, em especial do emaranhamento bipartite. Definimos formalmente o que é um estado quântico emaranhado e, em seguida, apresentamos maneiras de qualificar e quantificar este emaranhamento. Mostramos uma nova maneira de se discernir entre estados emaranhados e não emaranhados agindo apenas localmente em um dos constituintes do sistema. Apresentamos dois limitantes inferiores que nos permitem estimar o grau de emaranhamento de qualquer estado Gaussiano de dois modos. A partir de uma generalização do protocolo de teletransporte de um q bit para N q bits, criamos uma medida de emaranhamento para sistemas multipartites que possui fácil interpretação física. Estudamos também as implicações do emaranhamento na dedução das relações de incerteza de Heisenberg para sistemas de partículas idênticas. Investigamos uma possível relação entre caos e emaranhamento bipartite, onde obtemos um decréscimo no emaranhamento conforme o sistema se torna mais caótico. Finalizamos essa tese apresentando um estudo sobre o comportamento do emaranhamento a temperaturas finitas, em especial para um sistema de dois qbits descritos pela Hamiltoniana de Heisenberg xYZ / Abstract: In this dissertation we study in details one of the most astonishing features of Quantum Mechanics which totally departs from our common sense: Quantum Entanglement. We review most of what is known in the study of entanglement, specially bipartite entanglement. We formally define entanglement and, whereupon, present how to qualify and quantify entangled states. We show a novel way to distinguish between entangled and non-entangled states acting locally onto one of the constituents of the system. Then, we present two lower bounds for the entanglement of formation for arbitrary two-mode Gaussian states. Generalizing the teleportation protocol to N qubits, we create a multipartite measure of entanglement which has a simple physical interpretation and is easily computed from the state describing the system. We also study the implications of entanglement in deducing uncertainty relations for identical particles. In addition to this, we investigate the influence of chaos on the degree of bipartite entanglement in spin chains. We show that chaos decreases entanglement. We end this dissertation presenting a study about the behavior of entanglement at finite temperatures, focusing at two qubits interacting via the Heisenberg xYZ Hamiltonian / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

This project is a comprehensive investigation into the application of the exchange interaction, particularly with the realization of the SWAP^1/n quantum operator, in quantum information processing. We study the generation, characterization and application of entanglement in such systems. Given the non-commutativity of neighbouring SWAP^1/n gates, the mathematical study of combinations of these gates is an interesting avenue of research that we have explored, though due to the exponential scaling of the complexity of the problem with the number of qubits in the system, numerical techniques, though good for few-qubit systems, are found to be inefficient for this research problem when we look at systems with higher number of qubits. Since the group of SWAP^1/n operators is found to be isomorphic to the symmetric group Sn, we employ group-theoretic methods to find the relevant invariant subspaces and associated vector-states. Some interesting patterns of states are found including onedimensional invariant subspaces spanned by W-states and the Hamming-weight preserving symmetry of the vectors spanning the various invariant subspaces. We also devise new ways of characterizing entanglement and approach the separability problem by looking at permutation symmetries of subsystems of quantum states. This idea is found to form a bridge with the entanglement characterization tool of Peres-Horodecki's Partial Positive Transpose (PPT), for mixed quantum states. We also look at quantum information taskoriented 'distance' measures of entanglement, besides devising a new entanglement witness in the 'engle'. In terms of applications, we define five different formalisms for quantum computing: the circuit-based model, the encoded qubit model, the cluster-state model, functional quantum computation and the qudit-based model. Later in the thesis, we explore the idea of quantum computing based on decoherence-free subspaces. We also investigate ways of applying the SWAP^1/n in entanglement swapping for quantum repeaters, quantum communication protocols and quantum memory.

Em 1993, Bennett propôs um protocolo de teletransporte de um estado quântico por meio de dois canais de comunicação de natureza distinta: Um canal clássico, formado por duas vias clássicas de informação, e um canal quântico, formado por um par de sistemas entrelaçados. Após algumas implementações bem-sucedidas no domínio de variáveis discretas, em 1998 surge uma versão de variáveis contínuas do protocolo [1]. No mesmo ano, Furusawa et al. realizam o teletransporte quântico incondicional baseado em variáveis contínuas do campo [2]. Recentemente, o emaranhamento no domínio de variáveis contínuas entre feixes intensos de luz com diferentes cores foi medido [3, 4, 5]. Neste trabalho relatamos os avanços na implementação do protocolo de teletransporte entre campos intensos de cores distintas. Depois de alguns esforços, conseguimos construir um oscilador paramétrico óptico (OPO) que se apresentou como uma fonte razoável de feixes intensos emaranhados. Os equipamentos necessários para a execução do protocolo foram construídos e instalados. Seguiram-se vários testes para garantir o funcionamento combinado de todas as partes. Entre eles, a teleportação de um estado de vácuo não deslocado, onde obtivemos resultados promissores. Após ajustes de configuração e desenvolvimento de técnicas de análise de dados para fornecer a produção, detecção e análise de estados deslocados do campo, o protocolo foi executado com esse tipo de estados. Alcançamos uma fidelidade de 45% para um estado de entrada deslocado, enquanto que a fidelidade considerando apenas as variâncias chegou a 60%. Para comprovar sucesso de nosso protocolo de teletransporte quântico, estão previstas algumas otimizações e alterações na operação do OPO, através das quais esperamos superar em breve a marca de 50% de fidelidade, correspondente ao limite clássico. / In 1993, Bennett et al. [6] proposed a teleportation protocol of a quantum state by means of two communication channels of distinct natures: A classical channel, formed by two classical information pathways, and a quantum channel, formed by a pair of entangled systems. After some successful implementations in the discrete variables domain, in 1998 arises a continuous variables version of the teleportation protocol [1]. In the same year, Furusawa et al. accomplish the unconditional quantum teleportation based on continuous variables of the field. [2]. Recently, entanglement in the continuous variables domain between bright beams of light with different colors was measured [3, 4, 5]. In this work we report the advances on the teleportation protocol implementation between bright fields of distinct colors. After some struggle, we managed to build an Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) witch presented it self as a reasonable source of entangled bright beams. The setup required for the execution of the protocol was built and installed. This was followed by several tests to ensure the combined working of all parts. The teleportation of a nondisplaced vacuum state was one of the performed tests, on wich we achieved promising results. After setup adjustments and the developing of data analysis techniques to provide the production, detection and analysis of displaced states of the field, the protocol was run with this kind of states. We reached a fidelity of 45% for a displaced input state, while the fidelity considering only the variances was up to 60%. To prove the success of our quantum teleportation protocol, some optimizations and changes in the operation of the OPO are in plan, whereby we expect soon to surpass the 50% fidelity benchmark, corresponding to the classical limit.

Foi proposta uma experiência na qual seria possível produzir um emaranhamento quântico de feixes de fótons com diferentes frequências, movendo-se em uma mesma direção, controlado por meio de um campo magnético externo. Nessa experiência, a interação entre o campo magnético e fótons é realizada por intermédio de elétrons, que interagem tanto com os fótons quanto com o campo magnético externo. Foi desenvolvida uma teoria que descreve processos físicos. Derivamos medidas de emaranhamento de informação e de Schmidt para um sistema geral de dois qubits e a medida residual para um sistema geral de três qubits. Usando a informação obtida da análise dos sistemas de dois e de três quase-fótons, calculamos medidas de emaranhamento. Criamos um programa para cálculo numérico, nesses casos, através do qual construímos gráficos de dependência das medidas de emaranhamentos em feixes de dois e de três fótons. Os resultados obtidos nos permitem ver como a medida de emaranhamento depende dos parâmetros, que caracterizam o sistema em questão. Por exemplo, se ambas as polarizações dos fótons coincidem, então, nenhum emaranhamento ocorre. O emaranhamento acontece apenas se as polarizações do fóton forem opostas. / An experiment is proposed which can produce a quantum entanglement of photon beams having different frequencies and moving in the same direction. The experiment is controlled by an external magnetic field. In this experiment, the interaction between the photons and magnetic field is carried out by means of electrons interacting both with the photons and the external magnetic field. A theory is developed which describes physical processes in this experiment. The meausre of entanglement of information and the measure of Schmidt are calculated for the general system of two qubits, as well as the residual measure for general system of three qubits. Using the information obtained from the analysis of the systems of two and three quasi-photons, we have calculated the entanglement measures in such cases. A computer program is created for numerical calculations in such cases which enables one to construct the graphs of dependence for entanglements of measures in bundles of two and three photons. The results allow us to see how the entanglement measure depends on the parameters that characterize the system in question. For example, if both polarizations of the photons coincide, then no entanglement takes place. The entanglement occurs only if the polarization of the photon are opposite.

The constituents of a quantum many-body system can be inextricably linked, a phenomenon known as quantum entanglement. Entanglement can be used as a resource for quantum computing, quantum communication and detecting phase transitions, among others. The amount of entanglement can be quantified via the von Neumann and Rényi entropies, which have their origins in information theory. In this work, the quantum entanglement between subsystems of a one dimen- sional lattice model of fermions is quantified. The von Neumann and Rényi entropies were calculated for two types of subsystems. In the first study, the subsystems were treated as two subsets of particles, and in the second, as two spatial subregions. Finally, by considering particle superselection rules, the amount of entanglement that can actually be accessed as a resource was calcu- lated. In all cases, the quantum entanglement served to detect phase transitions in the model.

Chapter one, “Narrating Entanglement: Posthuman Agency and Subjectivity in Shane Carruth’s Filmography,” considers the resonances of independent filmmaker Shane Carruth’s two SF films, Primer (2004) and Upstream Color (2013) with the ethos of quantum entanglement through close-readings of Primer’s anti-individualistic portrayal of scientific invention and Upstream Color’s metaphorically entangled human-pig character system. Chapter two, “Race and Schrödingers’s Legacy: History is Both Alive and Dead in Hari Kunzru’s White Tears” analyzes the 2017 novel White Tears as a narrative figuration of of the political, racial, and cultural entanglements set in motion by the economic structure of slavery, ultimately arguing that Kunzru’s entangled plotlines and histories critique the entanglement of contemporary U.S. capitalism with its past and present exploitation of black bodies. The third and final chapter, “Problem Child: Untangling the Reproduction Narrative in Lai and Phang’s SF Bildungsromans” uses close readings of two SF bildungsromans, Larissa Lai’s 2002 novel Salt Fish Girl and Jennifer Phang’s 2015 film Advantageous, both of which follow women of color protagonists not permitted to grow up in the ‘right’ ways, to shed light on the instability of a social order simultaneously grounded in the exploitation of marginalized bodies and the illusion of a reproducible, homogenous nation. Ultimately, “Entangled Bodies” uses a literary exploration of quantum entanglement to reveal both the limits of seemingly-totalizing power structures, narrative or otherwise, and the collective possibilities for re-definition that can, in part, be kindled by a favored tool of Western science: the human imagination.

<p>Entanglement are the non-local correlations permitted by quantum theory, believed to play a fundamental role in a quantum computer. We have investigated these correlations in a number of theoretical models for condensed matter systems. Such systems are likely candidates for quantum computing, and experimentally feasible for instance as superconducting qubits. At quantum critical points the ground state of these systems is very complicated, and the entanglement is usually larger than at non-critical points. This entanglement can be used to identify the critical points through what we denote the entanglement signature, even for very small systems. From another perspective, it seems that the entanglement is an essential tool to find an unknown ground state, since this gives rise to a simple decomposition of the state.</p>

<p>Quantum entanglement is employed as a resource throughout quantum information science. However, before entanglement can be put to intelligent use, the issues of its production and detection must be considered. This thesis proposes four schemes for producing the bound entangled Smolin state. Three of these schemes produce the Smolin state by means of general quantum gates acting on different initial states - an all-zero state, a GHZ-state and two combined Bell states. The fourth scheme is based on one-qubit operations acting on two-photon states produced by SPDC. Furthermore, a maximum overlap entanglement witness detecting entanglement in the Smolin state is derived. This witness is measurable in three measurement settings with the maximal noise tolerance p=2/3. Lastly, simplified entanglement witnesses for the 4-, 6- and 8-qubit unitary invariant states are derived. These witnesses are measurable in three measurement settings with noise tolerances p=0.1802..., p=0.1502... and p=0.0751..., respectively.</p>