FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Esta tese apresenta alguns resultados sobre dois temas importantes para a teoria da informaÃÃo quÃntica: entrelaÃamento quÃntico e algoritmos quÃnticos Com respeito ao entrelaÃamento à estabelecida uma relaÃÃo entre a negatividade e os menores principais de matrizes Hermitianas o que permite analisar o entrelaÃamento para estados de dois qubits e estados puros de trÃs e quatro qubits usando os menores principais Foi proposta tambÃm uma nova medida para o cÃlculo do entrelaÃamento de estados puros de seis qubits usando a negatividade Para ambos os casos o cÃlculo da variaÃÃo do entrelaÃamento de estados parametrizados foi realizado atravÃs de fÃrmulas analÃticas e simulaÃÃes numÃricas Por fim com relaÃÃo aos algoritmos quÃnticos à proposto um algoritmo de busca capaz de achar o mÃnimo de uma funÃÃo realizando apenas uma mediÃÃo ao final do algoritmo O algoritmo à descrito e um exemplo de utilizaÃÃo do mesmo no cÃlculo do perÃodo de uma funÃÃo periÃdica à apresentado / This thesis presents some results about two important subjects of the quantum information theory: quantum entanglement and quantum algorithms. Regarding the entanglement, a relationship between negativity and minors principals of Hermitian matrices was stablished, allowing the analysis of the entanglement of two qubits states, three and four qubits pure states, using the minors principals. It was also proposed a new measure, using negativity, for calculating the entanglement of pure states of six qubits. Finally, with respect to quantum algorithms it was proposed a quantum search algorithm able to finding the minimum of a function by performing only one measurement. The algorithm is described and an example of its usage in the calculation of the period of a periodic function is presented.

Apresentamos nesta tese a primeira geração direta de emaranhamento tripartite entre feixes intensos de luz. Medimos o emaranhamento entre os feixes sinal, complementar e bombeio refletido, produzidos por um Oscilador Paramétrico Ótico (OPO) operando acima do limiar de oscilação. A principal característica do nosso sistema é a diferença entre os comprimentos de onda dos campos (l0 = 532.251 nm, l1 = 1062.102 nm, e l2 = 1066.915 nm). Esta é a primeira medida de emaranhamento entre mais de dois subsistemas produzidos por uma única fonte no âmbito de variáveis contínuas. Para investigar a existência emaranhamento, utilizamos o critério de positividade sob transposição parcial (PPT). Este critério, aplicado a sistemas compostos por estados gaussianos, dispostos em bipartições do tipo 1×(N 1), torna-se necessário e suficiente na demonstração do emaranhamento. Realizamos também a caracterização do emaranhamento produzido quando submetemos os campos a perdas, identificando regiões de parâmetros onde os estados apresentam emaranhamento frágil ou robusto. A fim de garantir que estamos lidando com estados gaussianos, investigamos a estatística das flutuações dos campos, mostrando excelente acordo entre os valores dos momentos de ordem mais alta da fotocorrente medida e os valores esperados para uma distribuição gaussiana. O estudo que apresentamos é um passo importante para a elaboração de uma rede de informação quântica que possibilitará a comunicação entre diferentes sistemas físicos. / We present in this thesis the first direct generation of tripartite entanglement among bright beams of light. We measured the entanglement among signal, idler and reflected pump beams, produced by an Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) operating above the threshold. The main feature of our system is the difference between the wavelengths of the fields (l0 = 532.251 nm, l1 = 1062.102 nm, e l2 = 1066.915 nm). This is the first measurement of entanglement among more than two subsystems produced by a single source, in a continuous variable system. In order to investigate the existence of entanglement, we applied the criterion of positivity under partial transposition (PPT). This criterion, applied to systems composed of Gaussian states, arranged in 1×(N1) bipartition, becomes necessary and sufficient to demonstrate entanglement. We also characterized the entanglement when the fields are submitted to losses, identifying regions of parameters where the states have fragile or robust entanglement. To ensure that we are dealing with Gaussian states, we investigate the statistics of the fields, showing excelent agreement among values of higher order moments of the photocurrent measured and expected values for a Gaussian distribution. The present study is an important step in the development of a quantum information network formed by different physical systems.

Recentemente, uma implementação de um conjunto universal de portas lógicas de um e dois qubits para computação quântica usando estados de spin de pontos quânticos de um único elétron foi proposta. Estes resultados nos motivaram a desenvolver um estudo teórico formal do correspondente modelo de dois spins colocados em um campo magnético externo e acoplados por uma interação mútua de Heisenberg dependente do tempo. Nós então consideramos a assim chamada equação de dois spins, a qual descreve sistemas quânticos de quatro níveis de energia. Uma útil propriedade dessa equação é que o correspondente problema para o caso de campos magnéticos externos paralelos pode ser reduzido ao problema de um único spin em um campo externo efetivo. Isso nos permite gerar uma série de soluções exatas para a equação de dois spins a partir de soluções exatas já conhecidas da equação de um spin. Com base neste fato, nós construímos e apresentamos neste estudo uma lista de novas soluções exatas para a equação de dois spins para diferentes configurações de campos externos e de interação entre as partículas. Utilizando algumas destas soluções obtidas, estudamos a dinâmica da entropia de emaranhamento dos respectivos sistemas considerando diferentes estados de spins inicialmente separáveis. / Recently, an implementation of a universal set of one- and two-qubit logic gates for quantum computing using spin states of single-electron quantum dots was proposed. These results motivated us to develop a formal theoretical study of the corresponding model of two spins placed in an external magnetic field and coupled by a time-dependent mutual interaction of Heisenberg. We then consider the so-called two-spin equation, which describes four-level quantum systems. A useful property of this equation is that the corresponding problem for the case of parallel external magnetic fields can be reduced to the problem of a single spin in an effective external field. This allows us to generate a series of exact solutions for the two-spin equation from the already known exact solutions of the one-spin equation. Based on this fact, we construct and present in this study a list of new exact solutions for the two-spin equation for different configurations of external fields and interaction between particles. Using some of these solutions obtained, we study the dynamics of the entropy of entanglement of the respective systems considering different initially separable spins states.

Orientador: Marcos Cesar de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T01:00:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Steinhoff_FrankEduardodaSilva_D.pdf: 2714393 bytes, checksum: d1256ecbace356f03551217989caaae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A presente tese é um conjunto de resultados relativos à não-classicalidade e ao emaranhamento, que são conceitos fundamentais da física quântica contemporânea. Começamos desenvolvendo uma representação de quasiprobabilidade para sistemas discretos baseada em conjuntos de bases mutuamente não-viesadas, que é uma construção relacionada a um pilar da teoria quântica: o princípio de complementaridade. O conjunto de estados clássicos em nossa representação de quasiprobabilidade já está presente em muitos cenários relacionados, tanto de abordagens fundamentais, bem como práticas e a noção de classicalidade obtida é, portanto, bem-justificada. Um resultado profundo resulta de nossa representação: para qubits, as unidades básicas da teoria da informação quântica, o princípio de complementaridade proíbe a presença de conjecturadas configurações além da física quântica. Assim, a existência de tais objetos superquânticos implicaria uma violação da complementaridade, uma violação que exigiria uma reformulação total das bases conceituais da física quântica. Apresentamos, em seguida, um outro resultado sobre a detecção de não-classicalidade em termos de quantidades observáveis disponíveis na prática. O método está relacionado à noção de não-classicalidade induzida pela tarefa de criação de emaranhamento, que gera uma definição de classicalidade simples mas geral para sistemas físicos arbitrários. Por fim, apresentamos uma nova classe de emaranhamento não-destilável, um fenômeno não-intuitivo em teoria de emaranhamento de difícil caracterização. A construção teórica é baseada em sistemas atualmente utilizados em experimentos de ótica quântica, abrindo assim a possibilidade de implementação prática dos estados emaranhados não-destiláveis em sistemas de variáveis contínuas / Abstract: The present thesis is a collection of results concerning nonclassicality and entanglement, which are fundamental concepts in contemporary quantum physics. We start developing a quasiprobability representation for discrete systems based on sets of mutually unbiased basis, which is a construction related to one pillar of quantum theory: the complementarity principle. The set of classical states in our quasiprobability representation is already present in many related scenarios, both from foundational as well as practical approaches and the notion of classicality obtained is thus well-justified. A deep result follows from our representation: for qubits, the basic units of quantum information theory, the complementarity principle forbids the presence of conjectured configurations beyond quantum physics. Hence, the existence of such superquantum objects would imply a violation of complementarity, a violation that would demand a total reformulation of the conceptual foundations of quantum physics. We present then another result concerning the detection of nonclassicality in terms of observable quantities available in practice. The method is related to the nonclassicality notion induced by the task of entanglement creation, imposing a simple but general definition of classicality for arbitrary physical systems. Finally, we present a novel class of bound entanglement, a non-intuitive phenomenon in entanglement theory that is very hard to characterize. The theoretical construction is based on schemes used currently in quantum optical experiments, thus opening a possibility of practical implementation of bound entangled states in continuous variables systems / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Orientadore: Amir Ordacgi Caldeira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T10:34:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DuarteMunoz_OscarSalomon_D.pdf: 2976449 bytes, checksum: 637bc7ead779ce89597e095cc7f2470c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Usamos o modelo "sistema-mais-reservatório" para estudar a dinâmica quântica de um sistema de duas partículas imersas em um reservatório em equilíbrio térmico. Analisamos as consequências, para o caso de duas partículas, de usarmos uma extensão direta do modelo usado para uma partícula. Em particular, enfatizamos que uma modelagem adequada do contratermo é fundamental para obtermos a dinâmica apropriada no limite clássico. Usamos uma extensão do banho de osciladores capaz de induzir um acoplamento efetivo entre as partículas brownianas dependendo da escolha feita para a função espectral dos osciladores que compõem o banho. O acoplamento é não - linear nas variáveis de interesse e impomos uma dependência exponencial nestas variáveis para garantir a invariância translacional do modelo. A dinâmica quântica é estudada através do operador densidade reduzido das duas partículas. Obtivemos a evolução do operador densidade para dois sistemas de interesse: o primeiro deles é formado por duas partículas livres preparadas em um estado inicial gaussiano e o segundo é formado por dois osciladores harmônicos preparados inicialmente em um estado não gaussiano formado pela superposição de pacotes de onda gaussianos. A in uência do ambiente foi observada através da evolução do emaranhamento. Nosso modelo fornece um critério de distância para identicar em que casos um ambiente comum pode induzir emaranhamento. Três regimes foram encontrados: o regime de distâncias curtas, equivalente ao encontrado no modelo sistema-mais-reservatório com acoplamento bilinear, o regime de distâncias longas em que as partículas atuam como se estivessem acopladas com reservatórios independentes, e o regime de distâncias intermediárias em que existe uma competição entre os efeitos de decoerência e indução de emaranhamento / Abstract: We use the system-plus-reservoir model to study the dynamics of a system of two particles that interact with a heat bath in thermal equilibrium. We analyze the effects, for the two particle case, of a direct generalization of the usual model for one brownian particle. We particularly call for attention to the fundamental role of the counterterm in order to obtain the proper dynamics in the classical limit. We use an extension of the bath of oscillators capable of inducing an effective coupling between the brownian particles depending on the choice made to the spectral function of the oscillators components of the bath. The coupling is non-linear in the variables of interest and an exponential dependence is imposed in order to guarantee the translational invariance of the model. The quantum dynamics is studied through the reduce density operator of the two particles. We obtain the evolution of the reduce density operator for two systems of interest: the first one is composed by two free particles initially prepared in a gaussian state and the second one is composed by two harmonic oscillators prepared initially in a non-gaussian state formed by superposition of gaussian packets. The environment in uence is observed through the evolution of entanglement. Our model provides a criterion of distance for identifying in which cases a common environment can induce entanglement. Three regimes are found: the short distance regime, equivalent to a bilinear system-reservoir coupling, the long distance regime in which the particles act like coupled to independent reservoirs and the intermediate regime suitable for the coexistence between decoherence and induced-entanglement / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Ce travail a pour objet d'évaluer l'apport de la physique quantique à la compréhension du phénomène de la conscience. Les modèles « classiques » de la conscience proposés actuellement laissent en suspens deux questions importantes: (a) l'explication de la synchronisation de régions éloignées du cerveau qui semble nécessaire à la construction de percepts conscients ; (b) la question du fossé explicatif qui existe entre l'expérience subjective, relevant de ce que le sujet est capable de ressentir de façon privée, et la description de ses corrélats neurophysiologiques dans le langage de la science, à la troisième personne. Les approches quantiques de la conscience sont systématiquement exposées et critiquées. Le « modèle dissipatif du cerveau »proposé par Vitiello et Freeman semble corroborer les données expérimentales et pourrait ainsi contribuer à résoudre cette dernière question (a). Ce modèle utilise une propriété fondamentale de la théorie quantique des champs selon laquelle la brisure spontanée de symétrie au sein d'un système physique donne lieu à l'émergence d'une dynamique collective pour ce système. Les modèles, relavant de la conception du monismeneutre, qui ont développés par Bohm et Hiley, et, plus récemment, par Atmanspacher et Primas, utilisent la théorie quantique pour son pouvoir expressif (concepts de complémentarité et d'intrication) et non comme une théorie de la seule matière pour bâtir une représentation unificatrice du phénomène de la conscience. Ils permettent de dissoudre la question (b) du fossé explicatif. Nous proposons enfin de prolonger et d'appliquer,plus généralement, ce mode de représentation au domaine psychosomatique. / This work aims to assess the contribution of quantum physics to the understanding of the phenomenon ofconsciousness. The "classical" models of consciousness cannat deal with two important questions: (a) thesynchronisation of distant parts of the brain which seems necessary to the construction of conscious percepts;(b) the question of the explanatory gap that exists between subjective experience, which is a private feeling, andthe description of its neurophysiological correlates in the language of science, at the third persan. The quantumalternatives of current models of consciousness are systematically exposed. Vitiello's and Freeman's "dissipativemadel of the brain" seem to corroborate experimental data and could thus contribute to solve question (a). Thismadel appeals to a fundamental property of quantum field theory according to which a spontaneous symmetrybreaking in a physical system (as it happens, the breaking of the rotational symmetry of dipolar molecules of thebrain) gives rise to a collective dynamics for this system. The models, relevant to the neutra! monism conception,that have been developed by Bohm and Hiley and, more recently, by Atmanspacher and by Primas use quantumtheory for its expressive power (concepts of complementarity and entanglement) to build a unifyingrepresentation of the phenomenon of consciousness. They lead to the dissolution of the question (b) of theexplanatory gap. ln the end, we suggest to extend this mode of representation and to apply it, more generally, tothe psychosomatic domain.

Une théorie de gravitation quantique propose de décrire l'interaction gravitationnelle à toutes les échelles de distance et d'énergie. Cependant, comprendre l'émergence de notre espace-temps classique reste un problème toujours ouvert. Cette thèse s'y attaque en gravité quantique à boucles à partir d'outils de l'information quantique.Ceci est fait en plusieurs étapes. La gravité quantique à boucles étant toujours une théorie en cours de développement, un point de vue pragmatique est adopté en étudiant une classe d'état physique du champ gravitationnel, motivée à la fois par des intuitions simples et les résultats de la physique à N corps. Une analyse de la reconstruction de la géométrie à partir des corrélations peut être faite et des leçons peuvent être tirées sur la forme de la dynamique fondamentale. Dans un second temps, la physique des sous-systèmes est analysée en commençant d'abord par évaluer l'entropie d'intrication entre l'intérieur et l'extérieur de la région, permettant ainsi de retrouver la loi holographique de l'entropie des trous noirs et donnant une forme possible des états holographiques de la théorie. Plusieurs dynamiques de la frontière, vu comme un système isolé ou ouvert, sont ensuite analysées, éclairant de nouveau la forme de la dynamique fondamentale. Enfin, la dernière étape de ces recherches étudie la dynamique de la frontière en interaction avec un environnement formé des degrés de liberté (de matière ou gravitationnels) formant le reste de l'Univers et la décohérence sur la frontière qu'il induit. Ceci permet de discuter la transition quantique/classique et de mettre en lumière, dans un modèle donné, les états pointeurs de la géométrie. / A quantum theory of gravitation aims at describing the gravitational interaction at every scales of energy and distance. However, understanding the emergence of our classical spacetime is still an open issue in many proposals. This thesis analyzes this problem in loop quantum gravity with tools borrowed from quantum information theory.This is done in several steps. Since loop quantum gravity is still under construction, a pragmatic point of view is advocated and an ansazt for physical states of the gravitational field is studied at first, motivated from condensed matter physics and simple intuitions. We analyze the proposal of reconstructing geometry from correlations. Lessons on the quantum dynamics and the Hamiltonian constraint are extracted. The second aspect of this work focuses on the physics of sub-systems and especially the physics of their boundary. We begin by calculating the entanglement entropy between the interior and the exterior of the region, recovering the holographic law known from classical black hole physics. Then different boundary dynamics are studied, both in the isolated and open cases, which shed lights again on the fundamental dynamics. Finally, the last aspect of this research studies the dynamics of the boundary interacting with an environment whose degrees of freedom (gravitational or matter) forming the rest of the Universe and especially the decoherence it induces. This allows to discuss the quantum to classical transition and understand, in a given model, the pointer states of geometry.

When using quantum key distribution (QKD), one of the trade-offs for security is that the generation rate of a secret key is typically very low. Recent works have shown that using a weak coherent source allows for higher secret key generation rates compared to an entangled photon source, when a channel with low loss is considered. In most cases, the system that is being studied is over a fiber-optic communication channel. Here a theoretical QKD system using the BB92 protocol and entangled photons over a free-space maritime channel with multiple spatial modes is presented. The entangled photons are generated from a spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) source of type II. To employ multiple spatial modes, the transmit apparatus will contain multiple SPDC sources, all driven by the pump lasers assumed to have the same intensity. The receive apparatuses will contain avalanche photo diodes (APD), modeled based on the NuCrypt CPDS-1000 detector, and located at the focal point of the receive aperture lens. The transmitter is assumed to be located at Alice and Bob will be located 30 km away, implying no channel crosstalk will be introduced in the measurements at Alices side due to turbulence. To help mitigate the effects of atmospheric turbulence, adaptive optics will be considered at the transmitter and the receiver. An eavesdropper, Eve, is located 15 km from Alice and has no control over the devices at Alice or Bob. Eve is performing the intercept resend attack and listening to the communication over the public channel. Additionally, it is assumed that Eve can correct any aberrations caused by the atmospheric turbulence to determine which source the photon was transmitted from. One, four and nine spatial modes are considered with and without applying adaptive optics and compared to one another.

Self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots have attracted considerable interest recently, ranging from fundamental studies of quantum optics to advanced applications in the field of quantum information science. With their atom-like properties, quantum dot based nanophotonic devices may also substantially contribute to the development of quantum computers. This work presents experimental progress towards the understanding of light-matter interactions that occur beyond well-understood monochromatic resonant light scattering processes in semiconductor quantum dots. First, we report measurements of resonance fluorescence under bichromatic laser excitation. With the inclusion of a second laser, both first-order and second-order correlation functions are substantially altered. Under these conditions, the scattered light exhibits a rich spectrum containing many spectral features that lead to a range of nonlinear multiphoton dynamics. These observations are discussed and compared with a theoretical model. Second, we investigated the light scattered by a quantum dot in the presence of spectral filtering. By scanning the tunable filters placed in front of each detector of a Hanbury-Brown and Twiss setup and recording coincidence measurements, a \two-photon spectrum" has been experimentally reconstructed for the first time. The two-photon spectrum contains a wealth of information about the cascaded emission involved in the scattering process, such as transitions occurring via virtual intermediate states. Our measurements also reveal that the scattered frequency-filtered light from a quantum dot violates the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. Finally, Franson-interferometry has been performed using spectrally filtered light from quantum dot resonance fluorescence. Visibilities exceeding the classical limit were demonstrated by using a pair of folded Mach-Zehnder interferometers, paving the way for producing single time-energy entangled photon pairs that could violate Bell's inequalities.

This thesis addresses the problem of a form of anomalous decoherence that sheds light into the spectroscopy of blinking quantum dots. The system studied is a two-state system, interacting with an external environment that has the effect of establishing an interaction between the two states, via a coherence generating coupling, called inphasing. The collisions with the environment produce also decoherence, named dephasing. Decoherence is interpreted as the entanglement of the coherent superposition of these two states with the environment. The joint action of inphasing and dephasing generates a Markov master equation statistically equivalent to a random walker jumping from one state to the other. This model can be used to describe intermittent fluorescence, as a sequence of "light on" and "light off" states. The experiments on blinking quantum dots indicate that the sojourn times are distributed with an inverse power law. Thus, a proposal to turn the model for Poisson fluorescence intermittency into a model for non-Poisson fluorescence intermittency is made. The collision-like interaction of the two-state system with the environment is assumed to takes place at random times rather than at regular times. The time distance between one collision and the next is given by a distribution, called the subordination distribution. If the subordination distribution is exponential, a sequence of collisions yielding no persistence is turned into a sequence of "light on" and "light off" states with significant persistence. If the subordination function is an inverse power law the sequel of "light on" and "light off" states becomes equivalent to the experimental sequences. Different conditions are considered, ranging from predominant inphasing to predominant dephasing. When dephasing is predominant the sequel of "light on" and "light off" states in the time asymptotic limit becomes an inverse power law. If the predominant dephasing involves a time scale much larger than the minimum time scale accessible to the experimental observation, thereby generating persistence, the resulting distribution becomes a Mittag-Leffler function. If dephasing is predominant, in addition to the inverse power law distribution of "light off" and "light on" time duration, a strong correlation between "light on" and "light off" state is predicted.