Orientadores: Kyoko Furuya e Marcos César de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T10:42:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Missori_RicardoJose_D.pdf: 12608973 bytes, checksum: 25d2abc254d2688f7a4225e0cd2bc6aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nesta tese, apresentamos dois resultados para a geração de emaranhamento, ambos envolvendo a interação entre átomos e radiação. Na primeira parte, propomos um esquema para geração de estados emaranhados envolvendo os estados eletrônicos de dois íons separados espacialmente, cada qual aprisionado em uma cavidade. Um átomo propagante, que cruza essas cavidades, é responsável pela geração de estados emaranhados do tipo Bell entre os dois íons. Mostramos que para tempos específicos de interação, a geração dos estados emaranhados é não-probabilística. Propostas de átomo e íons, candidatos a implementação do esquema experimental, também são apresentadas. Já segunda parte deste trabalho, investigamos um modelo para a interação de dois campos quânticos ortogonalmente polarizados com uma nuvem de átomos de quatro níveis do tipo-X. Consideramos, para nosso esquema, situações físicas onde os átomos funcionam efetivamente como sendo de dois níveis. Assim, dentro de uma aproximação linearizada do campo, nosso Hamiltoniano efetivo bilinear, que representa a interação átomos-campo, passa a depender da diferença de população entre os dois níveis do ensemble de átomos. Após uma medida condicionada nos átomos, mostramos que os dois modos do campo ficam em estados emaranhados não-Gaussianos, diferentemente do que foi considerado em alguns trabalhos recentes na literatura que abordamos. Como a compressão abaixo do limite de ruído na polarização linear pode ser usada como indicadora de emaranhamento na polarização circular, nós podemos usar a variância das quadraturas, combinada com o critério de inseparabilidade para variáveis contínuas, para complementar o nosso estudo sobre o esquema experimental. / Abstract: In this thesis, we present two results of entanglement generation, both involving atom-radiation interaction. In the first part, we consider a scheme for generation of entangled states involving electronic states of two distant ions, each one placed in a cavity. A flying atom, that crosses these cavities, is responsible for the generation of entangled states of the Bell-type between the two ions. We show that for specific times of interaction, the entangled states are generated and in a non-probabilistic way. We also present a realistic proposal of candidates for atoms and ions for an experimental implementation of this scheme. In the second part of this work, we investigate a model for the interaction of two orthogonally polarized quantum fields with a cloud of X-like four-level atoms. We consider, in our scheme, a physical situation where the atoms act effectively like two-level atoms. Thus, in a linearized approximation for the field, we derive a bilinear effective Hamiltonian representing the atom-field interaction, which depends on the difference of population between the ensemble of two-level atoms. After a conditional measurement in the atomic system, we show that the two field modes ends up in a non-Gaussian entangled states, differently from what has been considered in some recent works in the literature. Since the squeezing below the noise limit in the linear polarization can be used as an indicator of entanglement in the circular polarization, we can use the variances in the quadratures, combined with the inseparability criterion for continuum variables, to complement our study of the experimental scheme. / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Orientadores: Marcos César de Oliveira, José Antonio Roversi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T18:09:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_LeandroRaffhaeldaSilva_M.pdf: 1052767 bytes, checksum: ba43e3c505552cd553899affee52bea4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Resumo: Estudamos a estrutura de estados que saturam a desigualdade de subaditividade forte da entropia de von Neumann. Isto foi feito rearranjando a forma das medidas apresentadas na desigualdade, de tal maneira que o teorema de Petz pudesse ser utilizado. Após a aplicação de um mapa de recuperação, vemos que os estados resultantes requerem que o emaranhamento de formação para um estado tripartido e para um estado bipartido sejam iguais, ou em outras palavras, exige a existência de monogamia do emaranhamento de formação. Também foram analisadas as implicações da relação de subaditividade na desigualdade de processamento de dados quântica. Nós vemos que o limitante existente na relação anterior é estendido à desigualdade de processamento de dados, mas com uma forma diferente. Manipulando o limitante nós conseguimos escreve-lo como sendo a diferença entre o fluxo resultante de informação localmente inacessível na primeira fase do processamento de dados e o fluxo resultante no segundo estágio do processo. Isto mostra que a diferença entre a informação coerente em relação a duas partes que estão processando um estado é limitada inferiormente pela diferença desses dois fluxos / Abstract: We studied the structure of states that saturate the bounded strong subbaditivity of von Neumann entropy. This was done by rearranging the form of the measures presented in the inequality, in such a way that the Petz theorem could be used. After the application of a recovery map we see that the resulting states require the entanglement of formation for a tripartite and bipartite case to be equal, or in other words, it requires monogamy of the entanglement of formation. We also analyzed the implications of the bounded relation into the quantum data processing inequality. It is seen that a bound is extended from the strong subbaditivity to the data processing inequality, but with different terms, with further manipulations we show that the bound can be expressed in terms of the net flow of locally inaccessible information in the first stage and the net flow on the second stage. Were the difference between the coherent information relative to two parties in the process of transmitting a state is lower bounded by the difference on the net flows / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 1247649/2013 / CAPES

Recentemente, uma implementação de um conjunto universal de portas lógicas de um e dois qubits para computação quântica usando estados de spin de pontos quânticos de um único elétron foi proposta. Estes resultados nos motivaram a desenvolver um estudo teórico formal do correspondente modelo de dois spins colocados em um campo magnético externo e acoplados por uma interação mútua de Heisenberg dependente do tempo. Nós então consideramos a assim chamada equação de dois spins, a qual descreve sistemas quânticos de quatro níveis de energia. Uma útil propriedade dessa equação é que o correspondente problema para o caso de campos magnéticos externos paralelos pode ser reduzido ao problema de um único spin em um campo externo efetivo. Isso nos permite gerar uma série de soluções exatas para a equação de dois spins a partir de soluções exatas já conhecidas da equação de um spin. Com base neste fato, nós construímos e apresentamos neste estudo uma lista de novas soluções exatas para a equação de dois spins para diferentes configurações de campos externos e de interação entre as partículas. Utilizando algumas destas soluções obtidas, estudamos a dinâmica da entropia de emaranhamento dos respectivos sistemas considerando diferentes estados de spins inicialmente separáveis. / Recently, an implementation of a universal set of one- and two-qubit logic gates for quantum computing using spin states of single-electron quantum dots was proposed. These results motivated us to develop a formal theoretical study of the corresponding model of two spins placed in an external magnetic field and coupled by a time-dependent mutual interaction of Heisenberg. We then consider the so-called two-spin equation, which describes four-level quantum systems. A useful property of this equation is that the corresponding problem for the case of parallel external magnetic fields can be reduced to the problem of a single spin in an effective external field. This allows us to generate a series of exact solutions for the two-spin equation from the already known exact solutions of the one-spin equation. Based on this fact, we construct and present in this study a list of new exact solutions for the two-spin equation for different configurations of external fields and interaction between particles. Using some of these solutions obtained, we study the dynamics of the entropy of entanglement of the respective systems considering different initially separable spins states.

Le thème central de cette thèse cumulative est l’étude de l’intrication multi-partite quantique pour des systèmes de dimension finie. Nous avons developpé un algorithme numérique basé sur un problème d’optimisation semi-définie, qui permet de décider si un état est intriqué ou pas en un nombre fini d’itérations. Cet algorithme est une extension d’algorithmes déjà connus qui ne permettent pas de conclure lorsque l’état en question est séparable. Dans notre cas, si l’état est séparable, l’algorithme permet d’obtenir une décomposition de l’état en une mixture d’états séparables. Ces résultats ont été obtenus en exploitant la correspondance entre le problème de l’intrication et le problème des moments tronqués (truncated moment problem). Nous avons aussi développé une nouvelle manière d’exprimer l’état partiellement transposé d’un état symétrique de plusieurs qubits, simplifiant par la-même nombre de résultats bien connus en théorie de l’intrication.Cette nouvelle manière d’écrire le critère de transposée partielle unifie différentes interprétations et formulations alternatives dudit critère, et fait partie intégrante de notre algorithme d’optimisation semi-définie.Nous avons aussi étudié en détails les propriétés géométriques des états intriqués de deux qubits : nous avons pu répondre à la question de savoir à quelle distance un état pur est de l’enveloppe convexe des états symétriques et séparables, en donnant une formule explicite de l’état symétrique et séparable le plus proche — la distance étant celle de Hilbert-Schmidt. Pour les états mixtes nous avons pu obtenir et une borne supérieure numérique et une borne inférieure analytique pour cette distance. Pour un plus grand6nombre de qubits, nous nous sommes intéressés à la boule des états absolument classique,c’est à dire des états symétriques de plusieurs qubits qui restent séparables sous n’importe quelle transformation unitaire. Nous avons trouvé une borne inférieure analytique pour le rayon de cette boule autour de l’état maximallement mixte ainsi qu’une borne supérieure numérique, cette dernière ayant été obtenue en cherchant un état intriqué aussi proche que possible de l’état maximallement mixte.La représentation tensorielle d’un état symétrique de plusieurs qubits, autrement dit de l’état d’un spin j, nous a permis d’étudier des propriétés de l’intrication en nous basant sur le spectre du tenseur (valeurs propres du tenseur). Le caractère défini du tenseur est relié à l’intrication de l’état qu’il représente, donnant la possibilité de détecter la présence d’intrication à l’aide de la valeur propre minimale du tenseur. Toutefois, les valeurs propres du tenseur sont autrement plus compliquée à calculer que les valeurs propres matricielle, rendant l’analyse numérique plus délicate. La relation entre la valeur propre minimale du tenseur et la quantité d’intrication présente dans l’état a aussi été étudiée.Il en ressort que les deux quantités sont étroitement corrélées pour des systèmes de petite taille, c’est à dire jusqu’à six qubits. L’étude de ces corrélations a nécessité une méthode indépendante pour jauger de la quantité d’intrication présente dans un état. Pour cela nous avons amélioré des méthodes numériques pour déterminer la distance entre un état et l’ensemble composé des états symétriques et séparables, en utilisant une combinaison d’algorithmes d’optimisation quadratique et d’optimisation linéaire. La représentation tensorielle des états symétriques de plusieurs qubits a aussi été utilisée pour définir formellement une nouvelle classe de tenseurs, appellés "regularly decomposable tensors",qui correspond à l’ensemble des états symétriques et séparables de plusieurs qubits. / The main topic of this compilation thesis is the investigation of multipartite entanglement of finite dimensional systems. We developed a numerical algorithm that detects if a multipartite state is entangled or separable in a finite number of steps of a semi-definite optimization task. This method is an extension of previously known semi-definite methods, which are inconclusive when the state is separable. In our case, if the state is separable, an explicit decomposition into a mixture of separable states can be extracted. This was achieved by mapping the entanglement problem onto the mathematically well studied truncated moment problem.Additionally, a new way of writing the partially transposed state for symmetric multi-qubit states was developed which simplifies many results previously known in entanglement theory. This new way of writing the partial transpose criterion unifies different interpretations and alternative formulations of the partial transpose criterion and it is also a part in the aforementioned semi-definite algorithm.The geometric properties of entangled symmetric states of two qubits were studied in detail: We could answer the question of how far a given pure state is from the convex hull of symmetric separable states, as measured by the Hilbert-Schmidt distance, by giving an explicit formula for the closest separable symmetric state. For mixed states we could provide a numerical upper and analytical lower bound for this distance.For a larger number of qubits we investigated the ball of absolutely classical states, i.e.~symmetric multi-qubit states that stay separable under any unitary transformation. We found an analytical lower bound for the radius of this ball around the maximally mixed symmetric state and gave a numerical upper bound on this radius, by searching for an entangled state as close as possible to the maximally mixed symmetric state.The tensor representation of a symmetric multi-qubit state, or spin-$j$ state, allowed us to study entanglement properties based on the spectrum of the tensor via tensor eigenvalues. The definiteness of this tensor relates to the entanglement of the state it represents and, hence, the smallest tensor eigenvalue can be used to detect entanglement. However, the tensor eigenvalues are more difficult to determine than the familiar matrix eigenvalues which made the investigation computationally more challenging.The relationship between the value of the smallest tensor eigenvalue and the amount of entanglement in the state was also investigated. It turned out that they are strongly correlated for small system sizes, i.e.~for up to six qubits. However, to investigate this correlation we needed an independent way to gauge the amount of entanglement of a state and in order to do so we improved existing numerical methods to determine the distance of a state to the set of separable symmetric states, using a combination of linear and quadratic programming.The tensor representation of symmetric multi-qubit states was also used to formally define a new tensor class of regularly decomposable tensors that corresponds to the set of separable symmetric multi-qubit states.

abstract: Here I develop the connection between thermodynamics, entanglement, and gravity. I begin by showing that the classical null energy condition (NEC) can arise as a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics applied to local holographic screens. This is accomplished by essentially reversing the steps of Hawking's area theorem, leading to the Ricci convergence condition as an input, from which an application of Einstein's equations yields the NEC. Using the same argument, I show logarithmic quantum corrections to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula do not alter the form of the Ricci convergence condition, but obscure its connection to the NEC. Then, by attributing thermodynamics to the stretched horizon of future lightcones -- a timelike hypersurface generated by a collection of radially accelerating observers with constant and uniform proper acceleration -- I derive Einstein's equations from the Clausius relation. Based on this derivation I uncover a local first law of gravity, connecting gravitational entropy to matter energy and work. I then provide an entanglement interpretation of stretched lightcone thermodynamics by extending the entanglement equilibrium proposal. Specifically I show that the condition of fixed volume can be understood as subtracting the irreversible contribution to the thermodynamic entropy. Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, I then provide a microscopic explanation of the 'thermodynamic volume' -- the conjugate variable to the pressure in extended black hole thermodynamics -- and reveal the super-entropicity of three-dimensional AdS black holes is due to the gravitational entropy overcounting the number of available dual CFT states. Finally, I conclude by providing a recent generlization of the extended first law of entanglement, and study its non-trivial 2+1- and 1+1-dimensional limits. This thesis is self-contained and pedagogical by including useful background content relevant to emergent gravity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physics 2020

Spatial and temporal dynamics of polymer chains play critical roles in their rheological properties, which have a significant influence on polymer processing and fabrication of polymer-based (nano) materials. Many theoretical and experimental studies have aimed at understanding polymer dynamics at the molecular level that give rise to its bulk phase properties. While much progress has been made in the field over the past ~60 years, many aspects of polymers are still not understood, especially in complicated systems such as entangled fluids and polymers of different topologies. In addition, the physical properties of biological macromolecules, i.e. DNA, are expected to affect the spatial organization of chromosome in a cell, which has the potential impact on a broad epigenetics research. Here, we propose new methods for simultaneous visualization of diffusive motion and conformational dynamics of individual polymer chains, two most important factors that characterize polymer dynamics, based on a new single-molecule tracking technique, cumulative-area (CA) tracking method. We demonstrate the applicability of the CA tracking to the quantitative characterization of the motion and relaxation of individual topological polymer molecules under entangled conditions, which is possible only by using the newly-developed CA tracking, using fluorescently-labeled linear and cyclic dsDNA as model systems. We further extend the technique to multi-color CA tracking that allows for the direct visualization and characterization of motion and conformation of interacting molecules. We also develop a new imaging method based on recently developed 3D super-resolution fluorescence microscopy technique, which allows direct visualization of nanoscale motion and conformation of the single molecules that is not possible by any other methods. Using these techniques, we investigate spatial and temporal dynamics of polymers at the single-molecule level, with special emphasis on the effect of topological forms of the molecules and the confined geometry on their spatiotemporal dynamics. Our results demonstrate that the new methods developed in this thesis provide an experimental platform to address key questions in the entangled topological polymer dynamics. The research will provide a platform for developing new polymer-based materials and open the possibility of studying spatial organization of DNA in a confined geometry from physics point of view.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21531号 / 理博第4438号 / 新制||理||1638(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)准教授 COLLINS Benoit Vincent Pierre, 教授 堤 誉志雄, 教授 泉 正己 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第13337号 / 論工博第4186号 / 新制||工||1740(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料化学専攻 / (主査)教授 瀧川 敏算, 教授 中村 洋, 教授 古賀 毅 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

In southern Africa, as elsewhere, the tendency of Iron Age (CE 200-1900) researchers has been to focus on the more prominent places on the landscape, especially those believed by pioneering archaeologists to have been centres of big states. Consequently, most research foci were accorded to Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Khami, Danamombe and many other places considered as centres (mizinda) of expansive territorial states. However, landscapes away from, and in-between these states and their centres are traditionally viewed as ‘peripheries' where resources that made them prosperous were extracted. The inhabitants of such ‘peripheries' are presented as if they possessed little or no agency. One such area is Mberengwa, a gold-rich area situated between the edges of Mapela, Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Danamombe, and Khami. This thesis explores the archaeology of Chumnungwa, a drystone-walled muzinda located in Mberengwa. Because of abundant gold, and a landscape optimal for cattle production and crop agriculture, Chumnungwa is often marginalised as a docile ‘periphery' of the more powerful and territorial states that surrounded it. Stratigraphic excavations were performed in different parts of the site to recover artefactual and chronological evidence. Indications are that the inhabitants of Chumnungwa exploited locally acquired resources such as gold, iron, and soapstone, but mixed these with resources from distant areas. Cumulatively, this evidence, when assessed in relation to chronology, suggests that Chumnungwa flourished more or less at the same time as Mapela, and the later phases of Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Khami, and Danamombe. As a powerful actor in Mberengwa, Chumnungwa also networked and was therefore entangled not only with local, but also with regional, and inter-regional politicoeconomic processes. This suggests it is only a historical invention that can marginalise some landscapes as ‘peripheral', especially in the absence of research, but once attention is directed to them, multiple layers of agency and entanglement emerge.

A defining feature of quantum many-body systems is the presence of entanglement among their constituents. Besides providing valuable insights on several physical properties, entanglement is also responsible for the computational complexity of simulating quantum systems with variational methods. This thesis explores several aspects of entanglement in many-body systems, with the primary goal of devising efficient approaches for the study of topological properties and quantum dynamics of lattice models. The first focus of this work is the development of variational wavefunctions inspired by artificial neural networks. These can efficiently encode long-range and extensive entanglement in their structure, as opposed to the case of tensor network states. This feature makes them promising tools for the study of topologically ordered phases, quantum critical states as well as dynamical properties of quantum systems. In this thesis, we characterize the representational power of a specific class of artificial neural network states, constructed from Boltzmann machines. First, we show that wavefunctions obtained from restricted Boltzmann machines can efficiently parametrize chiral topological phases, such as fractional quantum Hall states. We then turn our attention to deep Boltzmann machines. In this framework, we propose a new class of variational wavefunctions, coined generalized transfer matrix states, which encompass restricted Boltzmann machine and tensor network states. We investigate the entanglement properties of this ansatz, as well as its capability of representing physical states. Understanding how the entanglement properties of a system evolve in time is the second focus of this thesis. In this context, we first investigate the manifestation of topological properties in the unitary dynamics of systems after a quench, using the degeneracy of the entanglement spectrum as a possible signature. We then analyze the phenomenon of entanglement growth, which limits to short timescales the applicability of tensor network methods in out-of-equilibrium problems. We investigate whether these limitations can be overcome by exploiting the dependence of entanglement entropies on the chosen computational basis. Specifically, we study how the spreading of quantum correlations can be contained by means of time-dependent basis rotations of the state, using exact diagonalization to simulate its dynamics after a quench. Going beyond the case of sudden quenches, we then show how, in certain weakly interacting problems, the asymptotic value of the entanglement entropy can be tuned by modifying the velocity at which the parameters in the Hamiltonian are changed. This enables the simulation of longer timescales using tensor network approaches. We present preliminary results obtained with matrix product states methods, with the goal of studying how equilibration affects the transport properties of interacting systems at long times.