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Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti ir įvertinti susirinkimų, pramogų draugijų, spaudos teisinio reguliavimo teorinius bei praktinius aspektus. Magistro baigiamojo darbo chronologinės ribos – 1918 – 1940 metai – visapusiškai sutampa su nepriklausomos Lietuvos valstybės gyvavimo laikotarpiu. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje laiko riba apima parlamentinį laikotarpį, kuomet šalyje buvo kuriamos ir plėtojamos spaudos, draugijų, susirinkimų ir pramogų laisvės, šių teisių reguliavimui buvo kuriama nacionalinė teisinė bazė. Antrojoje darbo dalyje analizuoju autoritarinių nuostatų įsigalėjimą šalies įstatymuose, o vėliau ir Konstitucijoje. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje nagrinėju nepaprastos padėties poveikį nagrinėjamoms laisvėms viso tarpukario laikotarpio metu. Parlamentinio valdymo laikotarpiu teisės aktuose spaudos, draugijų, susirinkimų ir pramogų konstitucinės laisvės buvo reguliuojamos atitinkamų įstatymų, kurie nustatė spaudai, draugijoms, susirinkimams ir pramogoms pareikštinę tvarką, galimybę piliečiams teisinėmis priemonėmis ginti savo teises ir neperžengiant įstatymo ribų naudotis konstitucijų suteiktomis garantijomis. Šalyje įsigalėjus autoritarinei prezidentinei santvarkai draugijų, spaudos, susirinkimų ir pramogų laisvės buvo reguliuojamos atitinkamų naujų įstatymų, kurie suteikė galimybę piliečiams naudotis konstitucijose numatytomis teisėmis ir laisvėmis tik gavus atitinkamus leidimus iš valdžios atstovų ar pareigūnų. Piliečiai neteko galimybės ginti savo teisių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of Master's work is to analyze and evaluate the juridical adjustment of the meetings, entertainment, associations and the press by the theoretical and practical aspects. Chronological range - 1918 - 1940 year – is the independent Lithuania state lifetime. The first part of the work includes the parliamentary term, when the country created and developed the human rights, according to the national law. The second part of the work intended to analyze the authoritarian regulations in national law and eventually in the Constitution. In the third part I analyze the impact to the liberties of the state of emergency through all the inter-war period. During the parliamentary period the press, association and entertainment and meetings have been regulated by the relevant laws. Authorities were trying to create a legal means to defend human rights within the limits of the law to granted constitutional guarantees. Although the constitution declared the liberty of the press, meetings, association and entertainment, the legal regulation of these areas were established by law. When the country has entrenched the authoritarian presidential position the press, meetings, association and entertainment has been regulated by the new laws, which allowed the citizens to use their constitutional rights and freedoms only with appropriate permits from the government representatives or officials. Were denied the opportunity to defend citizen’s rights and the constitutional guarantees dependent... [to full text]

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Este estudo histórico sobre as origens do espetáculo cinematográfico em Porto Alegre investiga as práticas que caracterizaram a exploração comercial do cinematógrafo para fins de entretenimento desde a sua introdução na cidade em novembro de 1896 até a abertura das primeiras salas permanentes especializadas na exibição cinematográfica, em 1908, e que deram início ao processo de sedentarização da atividade exibidora. O cinema não surgiu como um gênero espetacular acabado e tampouco foi uma prática inédita enquanto espetáculo de projeções, mas esteve estreitamente vinculado à tradição dos espetáculos de projeções de lanterna mágica do século XIX, o que explica a extensão da pesquisa a 1861. Entre 1896 e 1908, o cinematógrafo deixou de ser apenas uma nova invenção técnica e uma nova modalidade de projeção de imagens ópticas para se constituir e afirmar como novo gênero espetacular, autônomo de outras práticas culturais que lhe foram anteriores e contemporâneas e com as quais estabeleceu diferentes formas de associação. Ao longo deste período, o cinematógrafo foi explorado comercialmente de modo descontínuo e temporário por diferentes exibidores cinematográficos itinerantes que ocuparam centros de diversões já existentes e criaram espaços especializados de exibição, propondo distintos modos de organização do espetáculo e dos programas. A heterogeneidade da exibição também facultou um acesso diversificado do público ao cinema e possibilitou uma grande variedade nas formas de sua apropriação pelos espectadores, conferindo uma dinâmica ímpar ao processo de afirmação do cinema como gênero espetacular específico e nova prática cultural. / This historical study on the origins of the cinematographic spectacle in Porto Alegre investigates the practices which characterized the commercial exploitation of the cinematographer for entertainment purposes from its introduction in the city in november 1896 to the opening of the first permanent theaters specialized in cinematographic exhibitions, in 1908, which gave start to the process of sedentarization of the exhibiting activity. Cinema did not appear as an accomplished spectacle genre and neither the projection spectacle was a new practice; it was closely linked to the tradition of the magic lantern projection spectacles of the 19th century, as explained by the extension of the research to 1861. Between 1896 and 1908, the cinematograph has shifted from being solely a new technical invention and a new mode of projection of optical images to becoming a new spectacular genre, independent from other cultural practices, previous and contemporary, with which it had established various forms of association. Throughout this period, the cinematograph was commercially explored in a discontinuous and temporary fashion by a number of itinerant cinematographic exhibitors who occupied existing entertainment centers and created specialized exhibition spaces, proposing distinct ways of organization of the spectacle and of the programs. The heterogeneity of the exhibition also allowed diversified access from the public to cinema and introduced a great variety of possibilities for the audience to appropriate it, conferring an unparalleled dynamic to the process of affirmation of cinema as a specific spectacle genre and a new cultural practice.

Este estudo histórico sobre as origens do espetáculo cinematográfico em Porto Alegre investiga as práticas que caracterizaram a exploração comercial do cinematógrafo para fins de entretenimento desde a sua introdução na cidade em novembro de 1896 até a abertura das primeiras salas permanentes especializadas na exibição cinematográfica, em 1908, e que deram início ao processo de sedentarização da atividade exibidora. O cinema não surgiu como um gênero espetacular acabado e tampouco foi uma prática inédita enquanto espetáculo de projeções, mas esteve estreitamente vinculado à tradição dos espetáculos de projeções de lanterna mágica do século XIX, o que explica a extensão da pesquisa a 1861. Entre 1896 e 1908, o cinematógrafo deixou de ser apenas uma nova invenção técnica e uma nova modalidade de projeção de imagens ópticas para se constituir e afirmar como novo gênero espetacular, autônomo de outras práticas culturais que lhe foram anteriores e contemporâneas e com as quais estabeleceu diferentes formas de associação. Ao longo deste período, o cinematógrafo foi explorado comercialmente de modo descontínuo e temporário por diferentes exibidores cinematográficos itinerantes que ocuparam centros de diversões já existentes e criaram espaços especializados de exibição, propondo distintos modos de organização do espetáculo e dos programas. A heterogeneidade da exibição também facultou um acesso diversificado do público ao cinema e possibilitou uma grande variedade nas formas de sua apropriação pelos espectadores, conferindo uma dinâmica ímpar ao processo de afirmação do cinema como gênero espetacular específico e nova prática cultural. / This historical study on the origins of the cinematographic spectacle in Porto Alegre investigates the practices which characterized the commercial exploitation of the cinematographer for entertainment purposes from its introduction in the city in november 1896 to the opening of the first permanent theaters specialized in cinematographic exhibitions, in 1908, which gave start to the process of sedentarization of the exhibiting activity. Cinema did not appear as an accomplished spectacle genre and neither the projection spectacle was a new practice; it was closely linked to the tradition of the magic lantern projection spectacles of the 19th century, as explained by the extension of the research to 1861. Between 1896 and 1908, the cinematograph has shifted from being solely a new technical invention and a new mode of projection of optical images to becoming a new spectacular genre, independent from other cultural practices, previous and contemporary, with which it had established various forms of association. Throughout this period, the cinematograph was commercially explored in a discontinuous and temporary fashion by a number of itinerant cinematographic exhibitors who occupied existing entertainment centers and created specialized exhibition spaces, proposing distinct ways of organization of the spectacle and of the programs. The heterogeneity of the exhibition also allowed diversified access from the public to cinema and introduced a great variety of possibilities for the audience to appropriate it, conferring an unparalleled dynamic to the process of affirmation of cinema as a specific spectacle genre and a new cultural practice.

Este estudo histórico sobre as origens do espetáculo cinematográfico em Porto Alegre investiga as práticas que caracterizaram a exploração comercial do cinematógrafo para fins de entretenimento desde a sua introdução na cidade em novembro de 1896 até a abertura das primeiras salas permanentes especializadas na exibição cinematográfica, em 1908, e que deram início ao processo de sedentarização da atividade exibidora. O cinema não surgiu como um gênero espetacular acabado e tampouco foi uma prática inédita enquanto espetáculo de projeções, mas esteve estreitamente vinculado à tradição dos espetáculos de projeções de lanterna mágica do século XIX, o que explica a extensão da pesquisa a 1861. Entre 1896 e 1908, o cinematógrafo deixou de ser apenas uma nova invenção técnica e uma nova modalidade de projeção de imagens ópticas para se constituir e afirmar como novo gênero espetacular, autônomo de outras práticas culturais que lhe foram anteriores e contemporâneas e com as quais estabeleceu diferentes formas de associação. Ao longo deste período, o cinematógrafo foi explorado comercialmente de modo descontínuo e temporário por diferentes exibidores cinematográficos itinerantes que ocuparam centros de diversões já existentes e criaram espaços especializados de exibição, propondo distintos modos de organização do espetáculo e dos programas. A heterogeneidade da exibição também facultou um acesso diversificado do público ao cinema e possibilitou uma grande variedade nas formas de sua apropriação pelos espectadores, conferindo uma dinâmica ímpar ao processo de afirmação do cinema como gênero espetacular específico e nova prática cultural. / This historical study on the origins of the cinematographic spectacle in Porto Alegre investigates the practices which characterized the commercial exploitation of the cinematographer for entertainment purposes from its introduction in the city in november 1896 to the opening of the first permanent theaters specialized in cinematographic exhibitions, in 1908, which gave start to the process of sedentarization of the exhibiting activity. Cinema did not appear as an accomplished spectacle genre and neither the projection spectacle was a new practice; it was closely linked to the tradition of the magic lantern projection spectacles of the 19th century, as explained by the extension of the research to 1861. Between 1896 and 1908, the cinematograph has shifted from being solely a new technical invention and a new mode of projection of optical images to becoming a new spectacular genre, independent from other cultural practices, previous and contemporary, with which it had established various forms of association. Throughout this period, the cinematograph was commercially explored in a discontinuous and temporary fashion by a number of itinerant cinematographic exhibitors who occupied existing entertainment centers and created specialized exhibition spaces, proposing distinct ways of organization of the spectacle and of the programs. The heterogeneity of the exhibition also allowed diversified access from the public to cinema and introduced a great variety of possibilities for the audience to appropriate it, conferring an unparalleled dynamic to the process of affirmation of cinema as a specific spectacle genre and a new cultural practice.

La présente thèse fait l’hypothèse que l’analyse juridique doit permettre de dégager le sens des interventions culturelles de l’État. Par-delà l’extrême diversité des objets dont elles se saisissent, les règles qui composent le droit de l’action culturelle des pouvoirs publics présentent en effet des caractéristiques communes. Leur examen montre que les principes auxquels elles obéissent dessinent les contours d’une figure:celle de l’État culturel. La démonstration s’articule en deux temps. Il est d’abord montré par quels moyens juridiques les dispositifs classiques des interventions culturelles de l’État sont orientés pour renforcer la cohésion nationale : l’État produit des institutions dans le but de mettre les individus en contact avec la culture et de fédérer autour de celle-ci ; il protège dans le même temps les biens et agents indispensables à l’inscription de ces institutions dans la durée. Il est ensuite montré que les réformes de l’État et les modifications du droit applicable dans le secteur culturel n’ont pas vraiment fait plier la logique initiale : les formes juridiques de l’action sont certes plus nuancées, mais elles transforment l’État culturel plus qu’elles ne le remettent en cause. / This thesis assumes that legal analysis should enlighten the global meaning of cultural actions of the State. Beyond the wide variety of objects concerned, rules composing law oncultural activities of public authorities show common features. Their review shows that principles they follow draw the outlines of a figure: the one of the cultural State. The demonstration is organized in two phases. It is first shown what legal mechanisms are concerned when conventional means of cultural interventions of the State are focused tostrengthen national cohesion: the State produces institutions in order to link people withculture and unite around it. In the same time, it protects the property and agents necessaryto assure these institutions in the long term. It is then shown that the State reforms and cultural law changes did not really bend the initial logic: the legal forms of action are certainly more nuanced, but they change the State culture more than they challenge it.

The decades before the Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 witnessed the unprecedented use of a range of different media to disseminate the Protestant message and to shape beliefs and attitudes. By placing these works within their historical context, this thesis explores the ways in which various media – academic discourse, courtly entertainments, printed poetry, public performances, preaching and pedagogical tools – were employed by evangelical and Protestant reformers to persuade and/or educate different audiences within sixteenth-century Scottish society. The thematic approach examines not only how the reformist message was packaged, but how the movement itself and its persuasive agenda developed, revealing the ways in which it appealed to ever broader circles of Scottish society. In their efforts to bring about religious change, the reformers capitalised on a number of traditional media, while using different media to address different audiences. Hoping to initiate reform from within Church institutions, the reformers first addressed their appeals to the kingdom's educated elite. When their attempts at reasoned academic discourse met with resistance, they turned their attention to the monarch, James V, and the royal court. Reformers within the court utilised courtly entertainments intended to amuse the royal circle and to influence the young king to oversee the reformation of religion within his realm. When, following James's untimely death in 1542, the throne passed to his infant daughter, the reformers took advantage of the period of uncertainty that accompanied the minority. Through the relatively new technology of print, David Lindsay's poetry and English propaganda presented the reformist message to audiences beyond the kingdom's elite. Lindsay and other reformers also exploited the oral media of religious theatre in public spaces, while preaching was one of the most theologically significant, though under-researched, means of disseminating the reformist message. In addition to works intended to convert, the reformers also recognised the need for literature to edify the already converted. To this end, they produced pedagogical tools for use in individual and group devotions. Through the examination of these various media of persuasion, this study contributes to our understanding of the means by which reformed ideas were disseminated in Scotland, as well as the development of the reformist movement before 1560.