To enhance the competitive advantage of Taiwanese companies in global market and search consuming market and decrease production cost, Taiwanese companies tend to invest in Mainland China. The rapidly increase importance of overseas operations can place the success or failure of multinational corporation in the hands of their expatriate workers. In the other hand, international assignment would impact on expatriates¡¦ career development and life a lot. Thus, this subject of this research is to examine the influence of organizational career development programs on expatriate¡¦s entrepreneurship. The results of this research indicate that¡G 1.Personal characteristics have discrepancy on career strategies, self-development management and entrepreneurship, the hypothesis above is supported partially. 2.The characteristics of expatriate have discrepancy on the organizational career development programs and expatriate¡¦s entrepreneurship, the hypothesis above is supported partially. 3.Career strategies have discrepancy on self-development management. 4.Career strategies have discrepancy on expatriate¡¦s entrepreneurship. 5.Self-development. Management have discrepancy on expatriate¡¦s entrepreneurship. 6.Organizational career development. programs have discrepancy on expatriate¡¦s entrepreneurship. 7.There are significant correlation between career strategies and self-development management. 8.There are significant correlation between organizational career development. programs expatriate¡¦s entrepreneurship To sum up, expatriate perceptions of organizational career development. Programs for expatriate would increase entrepreneurship efficiently.

The ceramic industry of Jingdezhen in China can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. Up to the Ming and Qing dynasties, it has become a mature and professionally divided work site handicraft model. Because it has the heritage of the official kiln culture, its status has never changed even though dynasties have changed; it has always been emphasized and supported by the government. However, the competitiveness of Jingdezhen ceramic industry today is far below that of the other ceramic industry community areas in China. In order to clarify the nature of problems of the industry, this study uses the concept and theory of ¡§entrepreneurship¡¨ as well as establishment of the analytical framework to seek the historical context of Jingdezhen ceramic industry development from tradition to the modern. This study also compares it to the 18th Century rise of the English ceramic industry ¡§The Potteries.¡¨ This study finds that development of the Jingdezhen ceramic industry has not been like ¡¥The Potteries¡¨ ceramic industry of England because the social environment and industrial economic system is not conducive to the appearance of entrepreneurs, who can use entrepreneurship to optimize the internal and external conditions of the industry to create success. Such research results can not only help readers understand the current industrial situation in Jingdezhen, but can also help the government or corporate units to reevaluate the appropriateness of their developmental strategies.

Due to global market competition, to increase business advantage and to reduce the producing cost, more and more companies branch in overseas countries. Therefore, it¡¦s important if the dispatched personnel could follow the policy of the company and create business advantage. Overseas personnel have to face different culture and people. How they adapt to multi-culture would be effected by their personality, background, and experience. If overseas personnel could adapt to multi-culture well would lead to good operation of business policy. Therefore, do the Overseas personnel s have sharp observation on their entrepreneurship, how could they Risk-taking, their determination and locus of control when an enterprise choose Overseas personnel. In the past, Scholars mainly study Personality Traits tocross-cultural adjustment or Personality Traits to entrepreneurship¡¦s effect. However, is overseas personnel¡¦s adaption to the new culture, work, and life effecting their Innovativeness¡BRisk-taking and Proactiveness This research will study the relations between Overseas personnel¡¦s personality, cross-cultural adjustment, and entrepreneurship by using questionnaire. After the empirical research, the findings as follow: 1. Overseas personnel¡¦s personality has significant positive effect on cross-cultural adjustment. 2. Overseas personnel¡¦s personality has some positive effect on entrepreneurship. 3. Overseas personnel¡¦s personality has mediating effect between through personality and entrepreneurship. 4. The correlations between Overseas personnel¡¦s multi-culture adaption and entrepreneurship is partly positive. 5. Overseas personnel¡¦s background has great effect on their personality is partly proofed to be positive. 6. Overseas personnel¡¦s background has great effect on their cross-cultural adjustment is partly proofed to be positive. 7. Overseas personnel¡¦s background has great effect on their entrepreneurship is partly proofed to be positive.

Due to the trend of economic globalization, the new challenge that companies are facing when pursuing growth is the need of internationalization talented persons. To maintain the best competitiveness of organization, the key point lies in looking for the most talented employee. How to choose talented persons multi-nationally and how to train internationalization talented persons is one of the keys for the existence of modern enterprises. The ¡§Expatriate¡¨ so called in this study means the one sent by the company to work in the country or area outside homeland. They are likely to be employees with the nationality of their parent company or third country. However, they must be the appropriate and trustworthy middlemen chosen by their parent company. How do enterprises choose such expatriates? What kind of characteristics should successful expatriates have in competence for their tasks? Herein, this study starts from personality and targets on expatriates to probe into the relationship among personality, cultural intelligence and entrepreneurship. The raw data for further research has 2 parts: pre-survey and formal survey. While Convenience Sampling Method was taken, the researcher picked particular interviewees, delivered the questionnaires, and invited for more interviewees to join. Since the objects are geographically wide-spreaded among the world, the survey forms were distributed through the Internet. 260 copies were sent, and 230 recovered. 88% recovery rate has been obtained. Through the statistics methodology, the variables were defined and calculated. The internal relationships among the variables were explored through tools of descriptive statistics, Pearson analysis, SEM model and Variance analysis. The conclusions are as following: 1. There is a positive and significant correlation between the personality and Cultural Intelligence. Stronger ¡§Extraversion¡¨ personality has highest CQ. Comes the ¡§Openness to Experience,¡¨ then the ¡§Agreeableness¡¨. 2. It is obviously positive and significant correlation between personality and entrepreneurship. People with strong ¡§Openness to Experience¡¨ attitude bear stronger willness and capability on entrepreneurship. Follows the ¡§Extraversion,¡¨ then the ¡§Agreeableness¡¨. 3. CQ is obviously positive and significant correlated to entrepreneurship. People with higher CQ bears better capability on entrepreneurship. 4. The study also discovered that the personality has obvious positive influence on entrepreneurship, directly and indirectly. That is, the personality of dispatched personnel would enhance individual entrepreneurship, via the interaction of higher CQ. 5. Personal attributes (e.g. gender, marital status, age, nationality, education level, reason for dispatch, company scale and industry nature) shall play a significant variant role as personality, CQ and entrepreneurship level.

<p>An entrepreneur is an innovator, someone who transforms innovations and ideas intoeconomically viable entities; independent on whether in the process she creates oroperates a firm (Baumol 1993). When these firms are created however, sometimes theydo not achieve a viable sustainability; they often face problems and are forced to gobankrupt. When Bankruptcy occurs the entrepreneur is logically affected not onlyeconomically but also mentally and emotionally. Different situations have differenteffects on the entrepreneur´s emotions.</p><p>Lazarus´ Cognitive Appraisal Theory states that when faced with a problem or situationpeople "appraise" or perceive it in different ways. The Primary Appraisal happens whenthe entrepreneur first comes into the realization of the problem; she can view itdifferently, either as an event that deserves indifference, an opportunity, or as a harmfulthreat. The Secondary Appraisal happens when the entrepreneur analyses what resourceshe has available and what strategy he will proceed to use in order to tackle the situation.Furthermore, during the course of the situation the entrepreneur may come into therealization of new information that might change his way of perceiving things, this iscalled an Appraisal. The Cognitive Appraisal Theory is closely linked to the CopingTheory which talks about how entrepreneurs "cope" or deal emotionally with theiradversities. Coping can be divided into two types, Problem focused and Emotion focusedCoping. Problem focused coping intents on coming up with viable and practical solutionsto improve the situation, whereas Emotion focused intends on externalizing the blame andreacting with a worsened emotional state that does not help the situation in the long run.</p><p>This report is an exploratory research and bases its empirical data on the case studyapproach of five different cases of entrepreneurs leaving in Sweden who had theexperience of engaging in an enterprise that ended up in bankruptcy. During the course ofthis investigation a qualitative method was used and the empirical findings wheregathered by engaging in interviews that were later analyzed and correlated with thetheoretical framework.</p><p>In the Analysis we take apart the information gathered in the interviews and try tocorrelate the events to the theories while at the same time striving to find similarities ordifferences between the subjects. We also try to find patterns that may help us understandmore about the subject and finally allows us to address the problem and achieve thepurpose of this report which is to understand how an entrepreneur copes when faced witha business failure.</p><p>In our conclusion we came to the realization that people tend to follow specific patterns ofemotional reaction that concretely support the pre established theories. This report servesas a base or foundation of a tool for entrepreneurs. We find that if entrepreneurs hadprevious knowledge of ways to deal with failure they might be more prompt to avoid itentirely and consequently this can be an invaluable tool for them..3</p>

<p>Investigation of the entrepreneurial potential of the pharmacists of Jönköping. A quantitative case study.</p>

<p>Introduction: One is under continuous influence of commercials and advertisements each day, it has reached to such a level that the end customer are blocking today’s channels. Therefore the authors of this thesis argue that mainstream marketing approaches are getting old, TV commercials and traditional advertisements are not as effective as it has been. For instance, in 1965 one could reach 80% of a mainstream target audience with three advertisements spots. Accordingly, in 2002, one needed 127 spots to reach the same percentage. Organizations need new ways to reach through the clutter in the market. Therefore, guerrilla marketing is interesting. The purpose of this thesis is to examine guerrilla marketing.</p><p>Methodology: The authors wanted to examine the phenomenon of guerrilla marketing and therefore decided to use a qualitative approach to construct a deep and profound picture. In order to fulfill the purpose, the authors of this thesis conducted 7 interviews with profound respondents from both Sweden and the USA.</p><p>Results: According to the empirical findings guerrilla marketing is a faster and more innovating way of marketing, which meets the end customer with new creative ways. Comparing to traditional marketing, guerrilla marketing creates attention with a smaller budget and can often result in free publicity in other media. Further the overall opinion of guerrilla marketing is positive, since a lot of the feedbacks for the different campaigns have been positive, although in some organizations guerrilla marketing could meet some criticism and conservatism. The connection between our empirical findings and the frame of reference is a fact; guerrilla marketing is very much about communicating a message using several senses to make sure that if will stay with the end customers. Although, initially smaller companies used guerrilla marketing but today it is clear that companies of all sizes can use it, it is more depending on the position in the market.</p><p>To conclude, when the authors started the work on this thesis they were in the consensus that guerrilla marketing was a method or an approach, although today it is clear. Guerrilla marketing is more than that; it is a state of mind, openness to innovation and creativity within marketing. One can use it as a compliment to other traditional campaigns, in order to create word of mouth or publicity in other media.</p>

<p>Entrepreneurs are often perceived to be creative and risk taking (Kreuger, 2002). The purpose of this paper is to investigate entrepreneurs’ response to a failure namely a bankruptcy. People react differently to a bankruptcy and tend to blame different things as the cause. Some blame themselves while others blame things out of their control. These differences can have an impact on the learning process and how easy the entrepreneur moves on after the failure. These findings can be used for situations when dealing with failures and entrepreneurial activities.</p><p>There is no single theory already existing for this topic, therefore several theories have been looked at and used for the analysis. The theories can be divided into five main areas: entrepreneurship, failure, entrepreneurial response to failure, factors affecting responses to failure and learning. Entrepreneurship is treated as the creation of new economic activity (Davidsson, 2004) and entrepreneurial traits (Kreuger, 2002) are considered in the analysis. Locus of control is an important trait since it shows the ability of the entrepreneur to think that they are in control of the environment. (Rotter, 1966) In order to explain the cause of a bankruptcy people tend to use certain attributions. Locus of causality refers to whether a person blames internal or external causes and stability whether these causes are changeable in the future or not. (Martinko, 1995) Several factors will influence the response to a bank-ruptcy and in this thesis motivation for the start-up, culture and separation of the company are looked upon. After a failure an entrepreneur can learn false lessons (McGrath & Cardon, 1997) and stop any entrepreneurial activities. However failure can also be positive if something true has been learnt. (Wiklund, 2006)</p><p>This report is an exploratory type of study and a case study was conducted where five cases were used with entrepreneurs that have run companies that have gone bankrupt. A qualitative method was used and the empirical findings were gathered trough interviews which were then analysed with the support from the theoretical framework.</p><p>In the analysis new models were created that showed patterns we found comparing the in-terviews. It also includes discussion about how culture affects the blaming factors of fail-ure. The factors that an entrepreneur is blaming the failure on are much depending on to what degree they possess entrepreneurial traits. This paper also suggest that how personally an entrepreneur takes his/her failure depends mostly on how financially dependent they were on their company and also how experienced they were from failure. Another finding was also that all the participants agreed that it is not a supportive business culture in the Jönköping region. Another conclusion is that entrepreneurs that blame their failure on in-ternal factors learn more from it, but this learning can be less significant due to earlier ex-perience from failure.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 467 p. : maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 446-464).

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Lincoln University, 2009. / Also available via the World Wide Web.