Investigation of the entrepreneurial potential of the pharmacists of Jönköping. A quantitative case study.

<p>Investigation of the entrepreneurial potential of the pharmacists of Jönköping. A quantitative case study.</p>

Ao longo dos últimos anos, a apicultura vem se destacando no contexto do agronegócio, especialmente após 2002 quando o Brasil passou de país importador a exportador de mel. Este fato deixa claro que existe um potencial para o desenvolvimento da atividade apícola e crescimento do seu mercado. Neste processo de transformação, os indivíduos que deixam de atuar de forma isolada e unem esforços em prol de diminuir as dificuldades individuais encontram maior chance de êxito nos negócios. Dentro desta perspectiva, encontram-se as associações de apicultores que visam produzir resultados melhores para o bem-estar da coletividade, onde não apenas os aspectos econômicos como também os sociais, culturais e ambientais são condições necessárias para se alcançar estes resultados. No entanto, a sustentabilidade apresenta-se como um grande desafio, pois além da compreensão da idéia de equilíbrio entre os aspectos sócio-econômico-ambientais, o desenvolvimento de ações nesse sentido demandam o esforço coletivo. Nesse sentido, pessoas com disposição para empreender podem se tornar agentes influentes no desenvolvimento dessas ações. Para tanto, realizou-se esta pesquisa com os 72 gestores de 18 associações de apicultores com o objetivo de analisar a atuação sustentável das associações de apicultores, bem como a sua relação com o potencial empreendedor e a atuação cooperada dos gestores das mesmas. Embora tenha sido observado que os gestores são indivíduos empreendedores, a apicultura é exercida como uma atividade secundária o que caracteriza a falta de profissionalização no setor. Além disso, as associações de apicultores são pequenas, informais, com pequena produção de mel, comercialização restrita e poucas ações na dimensão da sustentabilidade, estando muito mais voltada para o aspecto econômico. Adicionalmente, os gestores percebem que falta consciência coletiva e capacitação associativista entre os associados, o que reflete a fragilidade das associações estudadas. Porém, apesar dessas dificuldades, as ações das associações analisadas indicam algumas possibilidades para que as mesmas possam alcançar desenvolvimento sustentável. / Over the past years, beekeeping has been standing out in the agribusiness context, especially after 2002, when Brazil changed its honey importer position to the exporter one. This fact makes it clear that there is a potential to the beekeeping activity development and its growing market. In this process of transformation, people leave the isolated way of acting and gather strength to minimize the individual difficulties and to find a bigger chance of succeeding in business. Therefore, we find beekeepers associations that aim to produce better results for the well being of the collectiveness, in which economic aspects as well as social, cultural and environmental ones are a required condition to reach these results. However, sustainability shows itself as a big challenge because beyond the comprehension of the balance among social, economic and environmental aspects, the development of actions in this direction requires collective efforts. In this way, it’s possible that people willing to undertake become influent agents in these actions development. Therefore, this research was applied to the managers of 18 beekeepers associations, aiming to analyze the sustainable performance of their associations as well as its relation to the manager’s entrepreneurial potential and cooperative performance. Although it was observed that the managers are entrepreneurs, the beekeeping is performed as a secondary activity which characterizes the lack of professionalism in the sector. Besides, the beekeeping associations are small, informal, with small honey production, restricted commercialization and a few actions in sustainability dimensions, being much more oriented to economic aspects. In addition, the managers realize they lack collective consciousness and associative capacity among the associates which reflects the studied associations’ fragility. Despite the difficulties, these association’s actions indicate a few possibilities to those who search for sustainable development.

Ao longo dos últimos anos, a apicultura vem se destacando no contexto do agronegócio, especialmente após 2002 quando o Brasil passou de país importador a exportador de mel. Este fato deixa claro que existe um potencial para o desenvolvimento da atividade apícola e crescimento do seu mercado. Neste processo de transformação, os indivíduos que deixam de atuar de forma isolada e unem esforços em prol de diminuir as dificuldades individuais encontram maior chance de êxito nos negócios. Dentro desta perspectiva, encontram-se as associações de apicultores que visam produzir resultados melhores para o bem-estar da coletividade, onde não apenas os aspectos econômicos como também os sociais, culturais e ambientais são condições necessárias para se alcançar estes resultados. No entanto, a sustentabilidade apresenta-se como um grande desafio, pois além da compreensão da idéia de equilíbrio entre os aspectos sócio-econômico-ambientais, o desenvolvimento de ações nesse sentido demandam o esforço coletivo. Nesse sentido, pessoas com disposição para empreender podem se tornar agentes influentes no desenvolvimento dessas ações. Para tanto, realizou-se esta pesquisa com os 72 gestores de 18 associações de apicultores com o objetivo de analisar a atuação sustentável das associações de apicultores, bem como a sua relação com o potencial empreendedor e a atuação cooperada dos gestores das mesmas. Embora tenha sido observado que os gestores são indivíduos empreendedores, a apicultura é exercida como uma atividade secundária o que caracteriza a falta de profissionalização no setor. Além disso, as associações de apicultores são pequenas, informais, com pequena produção de mel, comercialização restrita e poucas ações na dimensão da sustentabilidade, estando muito mais voltada para o aspecto econômico. Adicionalmente, os gestores percebem que falta consciência coletiva e capacitação associativista entre os associados, o que reflete a fragilidade das associações estudadas. Porém, apesar dessas dificuldades, as ações das associações analisadas indicam algumas possibilidades para que as mesmas possam alcançar desenvolvimento sustentável. / Over the past years, beekeeping has been standing out in the agribusiness context, especially after 2002, when Brazil changed its honey importer position to the exporter one. This fact makes it clear that there is a potential to the beekeeping activity development and its growing market. In this process of transformation, people leave the isolated way of acting and gather strength to minimize the individual difficulties and to find a bigger chance of succeeding in business. Therefore, we find beekeepers associations that aim to produce better results for the well being of the collectiveness, in which economic aspects as well as social, cultural and environmental ones are a required condition to reach these results. However, sustainability shows itself as a big challenge because beyond the comprehension of the balance among social, economic and environmental aspects, the development of actions in this direction requires collective efforts. In this way, it’s possible that people willing to undertake become influent agents in these actions development. Therefore, this research was applied to the managers of 18 beekeepers associations, aiming to analyze the sustainable performance of their associations as well as its relation to the manager’s entrepreneurial potential and cooperative performance. Although it was observed that the managers are entrepreneurs, the beekeeping is performed as a secondary activity which characterizes the lack of professionalism in the sector. Besides, the beekeeping associations are small, informal, with small honey production, restricted commercialization and a few actions in sustainability dimensions, being much more oriented to economic aspects. In addition, the managers realize they lack collective consciousness and associative capacity among the associates which reflects the studied associations’ fragility. Despite the difficulties, these association’s actions indicate a few possibilities to those who search for sustainable development.

Ao longo dos últimos anos, a apicultura vem se destacando no contexto do agronegócio, especialmente após 2002 quando o Brasil passou de país importador a exportador de mel. Este fato deixa claro que existe um potencial para o desenvolvimento da atividade apícola e crescimento do seu mercado. Neste processo de transformação, os indivíduos que deixam de atuar de forma isolada e unem esforços em prol de diminuir as dificuldades individuais encontram maior chance de êxito nos negócios. Dentro desta perspectiva, encontram-se as associações de apicultores que visam produzir resultados melhores para o bem-estar da coletividade, onde não apenas os aspectos econômicos como também os sociais, culturais e ambientais são condições necessárias para se alcançar estes resultados. No entanto, a sustentabilidade apresenta-se como um grande desafio, pois além da compreensão da idéia de equilíbrio entre os aspectos sócio-econômico-ambientais, o desenvolvimento de ações nesse sentido demandam o esforço coletivo. Nesse sentido, pessoas com disposição para empreender podem se tornar agentes influentes no desenvolvimento dessas ações. Para tanto, realizou-se esta pesquisa com os 72 gestores de 18 associações de apicultores com o objetivo de analisar a atuação sustentável das associações de apicultores, bem como a sua relação com o potencial empreendedor e a atuação cooperada dos gestores das mesmas. Embora tenha sido observado que os gestores são indivíduos empreendedores, a apicultura é exercida como uma atividade secundária o que caracteriza a falta de profissionalização no setor. Além disso, as associações de apicultores são pequenas, informais, com pequena produção de mel, comercialização restrita e poucas ações na dimensão da sustentabilidade, estando muito mais voltada para o aspecto econômico. Adicionalmente, os gestores percebem que falta consciência coletiva e capacitação associativista entre os associados, o que reflete a fragilidade das associações estudadas. Porém, apesar dessas dificuldades, as ações das associações analisadas indicam algumas possibilidades para que as mesmas possam alcançar desenvolvimento sustentável. / Over the past years, beekeeping has been standing out in the agribusiness context, especially after 2002, when Brazil changed its honey importer position to the exporter one. This fact makes it clear that there is a potential to the beekeeping activity development and its growing market. In this process of transformation, people leave the isolated way of acting and gather strength to minimize the individual difficulties and to find a bigger chance of succeeding in business. Therefore, we find beekeepers associations that aim to produce better results for the well being of the collectiveness, in which economic aspects as well as social, cultural and environmental ones are a required condition to reach these results. However, sustainability shows itself as a big challenge because beyond the comprehension of the balance among social, economic and environmental aspects, the development of actions in this direction requires collective efforts. In this way, it’s possible that people willing to undertake become influent agents in these actions development. Therefore, this research was applied to the managers of 18 beekeepers associations, aiming to analyze the sustainable performance of their associations as well as its relation to the manager’s entrepreneurial potential and cooperative performance. Although it was observed that the managers are entrepreneurs, the beekeeping is performed as a secondary activity which characterizes the lack of professionalism in the sector. Besides, the beekeeping associations are small, informal, with small honey production, restricted commercialization and a few actions in sustainability dimensions, being much more oriented to economic aspects. In addition, the managers realize they lack collective consciousness and associative capacity among the associates which reflects the studied associations’ fragility. Despite the difficulties, these association’s actions indicate a few possibilities to those who search for sustainable development.

В работе раскрыты теоретико-методологические и правовые основы развития предпринимательского потенциала молодежи; проведен анализ развития предпринимательства среди молодежи выявлены проблемы развития предпринимательства среди молодежи Свердловской области, разработаны рекомендации. По результатом исследования разработаны программы проведения тренингов для начинающих молодых предпринимателей. / The paper reveals the theoretical, methodological and legal foundations for the development of the entrepreneurial potential of young people; analyzes the development of entrepreneurship among young people; identifies the problems of entrepreneurship development among the youth of the Sverdlovsk region; and develops recommendations. As a result of the research, training programs for young entrepreneurs have been developed.

L’objectif principal de notre thèse consiste, dans un premier temps, à inventorier et à classer les caractéristiques entrepreneuriales pour pouvoir ensuite typer les enquêtées selon la perception qu’elles ont de leurs potentialités entrepreneuriales. Outre cet objectif central, le présent travail tente d’analyser les facteurs personnels et contextuels susceptibles de contribuer à l’acquisition et au développement des potentialités entrepreneuriales des créatrices d’entreprise en contexte djiboutien et africain. Aussi, nous avons cherché à comparer les typologies entrepreneuriales des entrepreneures et des non entrepreneures. Afin de répondre plus adéquatement aux objectifs de la thèse, nous avons d’abord effectué une synthèse des principaux travaux relatifs aux paradigmes des traits et des faits de l’entrepreneur pour mieux resituer le modèle conceptuel de Gasse (Gasse et D’Amours, 2000). Dans un second temps, le travail de terrain se focalise sur l’exploitation d’une enquête réalisée auprès de 208 entrepreneures et 100 femmes non entrepreneures djiboutiennes. Dans cette enquête, on a utilisé un questionnaire de 125 items hors facteurs d’identification et articulé autour de 17 dimensions réparties entre 5 axes (motivations, aptitudes, attitudes, intérêts et comportements). Le traitement des données s’est appuyé sur les techniques statistiques descriptives (tris à plat et tris croisés) et multidimensionnelles (analyse des corrélations, analyse en composantes principales, la classification hiérarchique et l’analyse discriminante). Cette étude a été enrichie par des entretiens semi-directifs avec 10 femmes entrepreneures. Les analyses confirment que, comparées aux non entrepreneures, les entrepreneures disposent plus des capacités et des compétences entrepreneuriales. De même, nos résultats indiquent que les potentialités entrepreneuriales sont associées essentiellement au niveau d’instruction et à l’expérience antérieure chez les entrepreneures plus jeunes, et à un ensemble de facteurs environnementaux (cercle familial ou amical, croyance divine, contexte culturel) chez les entrepreneures plus âgées. Ainsi, notre étude tend à montrer l’importance de l’appartenance à un entourage familial et/ou amical de tradition entrepreneurial dans le processus de création d’entreprise. Les résultats issus de ces différentes méthodes d’analyse de données consolident le modèle conceptuel initial et ouvrent des perspectives en termes de pédagogie d’accompagnement de l’entrepreneure africaine souvent soumise aux pesanteurs contextuelles. / The primary aim of this thesis is to first identify and classify entrepreneurial traits so as to distinguish those surveyed on the basis of the perception they have of their entrepreneurial potentialities. Aside from this primary aim, the following work seeks to analyse personal and contextual factors likely to contribute to the acquisition and development of entrepreneurial traits of women entrepreneurs both within Djibouti and Africa at large. We have tried to compare entrepreneurial typologies of those who are entrepreneurs and those who are not. In view of achieving adequately the aims of this thesis, we first establish a synthesis of the main works regarding the paradigms of traits and facts of the entrepreneur so as to better reproduce Gasse’s conceptual model. In the second part of the work, the field work is focused on the exploitation of the findings of a survey conducted among 208 female entrepreneurs and 10 others who were not entrepreneurs. In this survey, a questionnaire, of 125 items excluding identifying factors and based on 17 dimensions distributed among 5 axes (motivations, aptitudes, attitudes, interests and behaviors), was used. Data processing is conducted according to the descriptive statistics techniques (basic sorting and cross sorting) and multi-dimensional ones (correlation analysis, principal component analysis, hierarchal classification, discriminative analysis). The study was strengthened by semi-structured interviews conducted among 10 female entrepreneurs. The results of the analysis confirmed that, unlike non-entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs have more capabilities and entrepreneurial skills. Moreover, results also indicate that entrepreneurial potentialities are mainly linked to the level of education and prior experience among young entrepreneurs and to a host of environmental factors (family circle, circle of friends, religious beliefs, and cultural context) as far as older entrepreneurs are concerned. Therefore, our study tends to show the importance of belonging to a family environment or having a circle of friends with a long-standing entrepreneurial tradition in the process of business creation. The results of these various methods of data processing reinforces the initial conceptual model and open perspectives on ways of assisting Africa’s women entrepreneurship often subjected to contextual burdens.

Thesis aims to find suitable method for the evaluation of entrepreneurial potential of states. Next phase is to create and implement evaluational model using that method. Output of thesis should be model implemented in two software environments - Microsoft Excel and MathWorks MATLAB.

Background: Entrepreneurship potential amongst rural Nama youth should be considered a courageous idea to enhance the motivation and development of the community. At independence in 1990, Namibia developed its own economic and youth policies which were drafted in alignment with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which address concerns about the role rural young people, can play in their own communities. Theoretical Background: This paper explores the role of indigenous entrepreneurship as it pertains to development amongst rural youth in Namibia. It considers the cultural context within which entrepreneurship takes place. To identify and understand the cultural context, the study draws upon the theoretical frameworks of Geert Hofstede, specifically his continuum of individualism/collectivism. The need to continually incorporate new aspects whilst consciously maintaining the traditional, reflects a key African concept, that of "Ubuntu" (unmuntu ngumutu ngabantu). Methodology: An empirical investigation of rural youth in Arandis village was conducted. To explore the significance of entrepreneurship, culture and the notion of Ubuntu in Africa, a comprehensive study of stakeholder views at both a community and national level was also carried out. These investigations were guided by questionnaires, in-depth interviews (supported by story-telling), playback national radio interviews, a panel discussion and a review of Namibian policy documents. Analysis of data also explored practical initiatives and possible forms of enterprise which could contribute to the creation of opportunity for youth in Arandis and in Namibia. Findings: The major findings of this thesis are that: entrepreneurship in Namibia is defined by participants and stakeholders as the efforts made by an individual in accumulating the necessary resources to benefit the community; rural young people in Arandis are potential entrepreneurs (illustrated, by the strong passion they showed to be role models in their community and their strong sense of cultural identity).