Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:19:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NereidaMSMB.pdf: 4489801 bytes, checksum: 5aea35aa405484c6430ca21d742deaa7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-15 / This present dissertation has as its aim of study an analysis of the environmental policy and the urban development at the Periperi Hill. Such analysis arose due to concerns related to the disordered occupation in that Hill and also due to the environmental problems caused by this occupation. By opening roads and developing areas for housing and mineral extraction activities, man has altered considerably the landscape natural balance in that hill and caused among other difficulties, grave environmental problems, such as the erosin at the hill coast, deforestation, obstruction and pollution of the Verruga River. Therefore, in 1998 it was decreed by the Municipal Public Power that Periperi Hill became an Environmental Preservation Area with a Unit of Conservation known as Periperi Hill Municipal Park, an environmental policy implemented at the Hill that aims to hinder this occupation and to protect areas that are of great environmental importance to the city. It looking at what is now exposed and aiming to consider the Periperi Hill s environmental policy and the relationship of the occupation process, that this present work has the objective of understanding how the expansion of the city s urban network in Vit?ria da Conquista BA and the mineral activities cause an influence in the process of environmental degradation at the Periperi Hill / Esta disserta??o tem como objeto de estudo a an?lise da pol?tica ambiental e o desenvolvimento urbano na Serra do Periperi. Tal an?lise partiu de preocupa??es concernentes a ocupa??o desordenada na Serra e aos problemas ambientais advindos dessa ocupa??o. Ao construir loteamentos e estradas, e realizar atividades mineradoras o homem alterou consideravelmente o equil?brio natural da paisagem na Serra e ocasionou entre outras coisas, graves problemas ambientais, como a eros?o das encostas da serra, desmatamentos, assoreamento e polui??o do Rio Verruga. Assim em 1998 a Serra do Periperi foi decretada por parte do Poder P?blico Municipal como ?rea de Preserva??o Ambiental com uma Unidade de Conserva??o denominada Parque Municipal da Serra do Periperi essa pol?tica ambiental implementada na Serra visa coibir essa ocupa??o e proteger ?reas que s?o de extrema import?ncia ambiental para a cidade. Diante do exposto, visando refletir sobre a pol?tica ambiental na Serra do Periperi e as rela??es do processo de ocupa??o que o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de compreender como a expans?o da malha urbana da cidade de Vit?ria da Conquista BA e as atividades mineradoras influenciaram nos processos de degrada??o ambiental na Serra do Periperi

As cidades brasileiras redefinidas pelo processo de industrialização são configuradas pela lógica dialética capitalista de ocupação das terras urbanas, ou seja, por um lado concentra trabalhadores no entorno das fábricas e outros locais de trabalho e ao mesmo tempo provoca sua segregação espacial em áreas que apresentam problemas de saneamento. A industrialização baseada em baixos salários determinou muitas características do ambiente construído, no qual a concentração de riquezas atrai, facilita e se apropria dos serviços urbanos, em detrimento da maioria empobrecida da população privada dos benefícios destes serviços. É o rápido processo de urbanização que fragiliza o Estado no seu papel de provedor da universalização do atendimento à população com água tratada, resíduos e esgotos coletados e destinados adequadamente. Assim, impossibilitado de atender a todos por igual, reproduz nos grandes centros a degradação ambiental dos mananciais hídricos e a exclusão da população menos favorecida. Este é o contexto no qual se constitui o palco desta pesquisa. É aqui, que situamos o problema a ser analisado e respondido, ao longo deste trabalho, centrado especificamente em uma sub-bacia pertencente à bacia hidrográfica do arroio Dilúvio, situada na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Esta abordagem enfatiza a necessidade de conhecer e compreender as relações entre as percepções e práticas da população face à precariedade da ação do Estado (administração pública municipal) relativa à gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos nas zonas de baixadas do arroio Mãe D’água, com atenção a dois aspectos principais: quais os fatores que contribuem para o descarte inadequado de resíduos sólidos nessas regiões; nos moradores se observam dificuldades de acesso às informações sobre as questões pertinentes a gestão de resíduos implantada pelo poder público, impossibilitando a população local de participar e tomar decisões conjuntas? Para a análise destas questões a estratégia de pesquisa empregada foi o estudo de caso, realizado na mencionada sub-bacia hidrográfica Mãe D’água, na qual foram coletados dados provenientes da aplicação de questionários (a uma amostra de 464 moradores dos domicílios da região), da observação direta da autora, análise de documentos e entrevistas com agentes públicos relacionados à questão dos resíduos sólidos do município. A partir da análise de quatro caracterizações (da área em estudo, socioespacial, ambiental e gestão) verificam-se resultados diferenciados no que diz respeito às condições de vida entre a população, residente em áreas de baixada ou ao longo do arroio Mãe D’água e os demais habitantes localizados mais afastados destas áreas. A população das áreas menos favorecidas mostra uma tendência negativa na sua qualidade de vida, como por exemplo: escolaridade, renda familiar, doenças na família, irregularidades na ocupação e uso do solo, bem como, no uso da água e na destinação do esgoto domiciliar. No que diz respeito à questão das informações disponibilizadas pelo poder público aos moradores, para que contribuam com alternativas para a solução dos problemas da gestão municipal de resíduos, não existe distinção territorial, ou seja, toda a população da região carece de informações que subsidiem sua participação e promova a gestão compartilhada de resíduos sólidos domiciliares. Assim, alternativas são criadas pela população no sentido de minimizar os problemas decorrentes dos resíduos descartados inadequadamente e/ou não coletados pelo serviço público municipal. / The Brazilian cities redefined by the process of industrialization are configured by the dialectics capitalistic logic of urban lands occupancy, which is, by one side it concentrates workers around the factories and other places of work and at the same time it causes the spatial segregation in areas which present with sanitation issues. The industrialization based on low incomes has determined many characteristics of the built ambient, in which the concentration of richness attracts, facilitates and appropriates from the urban services, even when the majority of the poor population does not seize from the benefits of these services. It is the quick process of urbanization that frails the State in its role to provide the global attending to the population with treated water, residues and sewer, collected and destined properly. Thus, being impossible to attend to everybody equally, it reproduces, in large centers, the environmental degradation of the hydric sources and the exclusion of the less favorable population. This is the context which constitutes the field of this research. It is here where we place the problem to be analyzed and answered, throughout this paper, focused specifically on a sub-basin belonging to the hydrographic basin of the Dilúvio streamlet, placed in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State. This approach emphasizes the necessity of knowing and understanding the relationships between the perception and practices of the population facing the State actions’ uncertainty (municipal public administration) related to the administration of urban solid residues in the Mãe D’água streamlet lowlands zones, with attention to two main aspects: what are the factors contributing to the inadequate discard of solid residues in these regions?; is it possible to observe difficulties, on the residents, to access information about the pertinent questions to the administration of residues implanted by the public power, making it difficult for the local population to participate and take decisions together? For the analysis of these questions, the strategy of research implanted was the case study, performed in the mentioned Mãe D’água hydrographic sub-basin, where data were collected from the application of questionnaires (to a sample of 464 residents of the region), the direct observation from the author, analysis of documents and interviews with public agents related to the question of solid residues in the municipal district. From the analysis of four characterizations (the area in study, socialspatial, environmental and administrative) different results are shown in what makes respect to life conditions among the population, living in lowlands areas or along the Mãe D’água streamlet and the other inhabitants located off these areas. The population of the less favorable areas shows a negative tendency in its quality of life, for example: level of study, family income, diseases in the family, irregularities in the occupancy and use of the soil, as well as in the use of water and the destination of the home sewer. In what makes respect to the matter of available information by the public power to the residents, in order to contribute with alternatives for the solution of problems with the administration of municipal district residues, there is no territorial distinction, which is, all the population from the region needs information which may promote their participation and shared administration of home solid residues. Therefore, alternatives are created by the population, aiming at minimizing the problems from the residues which are discarded inadequately and/or are not collected by the municipal district public service.

Ações de recuperações de áreas degradadas têm sido amplamente empregadas, tanto por exigências legais como por iniciativas de grupos preocupados com a qualidade ambiental, assim não havendo uma padronização destas ações. Surgindo então a necessidade de avaliar se as metodologias empregadas estão alcançando seu objetivo e proporcionando uma auto-sustentação da comunidade florestal formada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a comunidade arbustivo-arbórea de uma área restaurada, por meio de um plantio com alta diversidade, após 18 a 20 anos de sua implantação. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) no município de Iracemápolis estado de São Paulo Sudeste do Brasil (22°35\'S e 47°31\'W). O clima regional é do tipo Cwa segundo a classificação de Köppen, com precipitação variando de 1.100 a 1.700mm por ano. O plantio foi realizado entre 1988 e 1990, em aproximadamente 50ha. Foi realizado um levantamento florístico e fitossociológico de duas áreas com 1,0ha cada, foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com perímetro a altura do peito igual ou maior que 10cm para calculo dos parâmetros fitossociológicos e dos índices de diversidade e de equidade. As espécies amostradas foram classificadas quanto a classe sucessional e a síndrome de dispersão. Foi verificada fisionomia florestal nas duas áreas estudadas. Foram encontrados 2.532 indivíduos vivos, distribuídos em 52,05% na área 1 e 47, 95% na área 2, e estavam distribuídos em 143 espécies, compondo 40 famílias. A altura do dossel foi inferior ao encontrado em remanescentes de FES, porém os índices de diversidade e equidade, bem como a densidade absoluta estiveram entre os valores obtidos para FES. As espécies que apresentaram maior crescimento foram Lafoensia glyptocarpa, Melia azedarach, Pterocarpus violaceus, Centrolobium tomentosum, Cariniana estrellensis, Triplaris americana, Cariniana legalis e Balfourodendron riedelianum na área 1 e Luehea divaricata, Pterogyne nitens, Citharexylum myrianthum e Triplaris americana na área 2. Foram verificados indivíduos com forma de vida vegetais diferentes dos introduzidos assim como espécies arbustivo-arbóreas diferentes das implantadas. A maior parte dos indivíduos regenerantes foi de espécies secundárias iniciais e pioneiras, sendo que as maiores espécies, tanto em altura como em área basal, foram provenientes das espécies plantadas. As duas áreas foram consideradas como restauradas e apresentam características de vegetação secundária. A composição inicial das espécies utilizadas e suas classes sucessionais influenciaram a composição da floresta formada com 18 e 20 anos. A utilização de alta diversidade em plantios de restauração apresenta-se de grande importância para o restabelecimento da estrutura, possibilitando o desenvolvimento dos processos existentes em florestas naturais nas áreas restauradas, especialmente em áreas não conectadas a fragmentos florestais naturais. / Restoration actions in degraded areas have been widely used, as much for legal requirements as for initiatives of groups worried about the ambient quality, in this way not having an standardizing of this actions. Appearing the necessity to evaluate if the employed methodologies are reaching its objective and providing a self-sustentation of the formed forest community. The present work had as objective to describe the community of tree and shrub from restored area, by a high diversity plantation, after 18 and 20 years of your implementation. The study was developed in Semideciduous Seasonal Forests (FES) at Iracemápolis City in São Paulo, Southeastern of Brazil (22°35\'S and 47°31\' W). The regional climate is Cwa, according to Köppen classification, with precipitation varying from 1.100 to 1.700mm per year. The plantation was realized between 1988 and 1990, in approximately 50ha. It was realized a floristic and phytosociological survey from two areas with 1,0ha each, where had been sampled individuals with perimeter at breast height equal or bigger than 10cm for calculate phytosociological parameter and diversity indices of equability. The showed species had been classified according to sucessional class and the syndrome of dispersion. Forest physiognomy was verified in the two studied areas. It has been found 2,532 individuals alive, distributed in 52,05% at area 1 and 47, 95% at area 2, and were distributed in 143 species, composing 40 families. The canopy heights had been less than found in FES remained, however, the diversity and equability index, and the absolute density has been among the value obtained to FES. The species that had presented greater growth had been Lafoensia glyptocarpa, Melia azedarach, Pterocarpus violaceus, Centrolobium tomentosum, Cariniana estrellensis, Triplaris americana, Cariniana legalis and Balfourodendron riedelianum in the area 1 and Luehea divaricata, Pterogyne nitens, Citharexylum myrianthum and Triplaris americana in area 2. Had been verified individuals with different vegetal life forms from introduced species as well as tree and shrub species different from implemented. Most of the regenerate individual was from pioneering and initial secondary species, and the biggest species, in height and in basal area had been coming from the planted species. It is concluded that the two areas are restored and present characteristic of secondary vegetation, the initial composition from used species and respective sucessional class had influenced the forest composition formed with 18 and 20 years. The use of high diversity in plantations of restoration present with high importance to re-establishing of the structure, enabling the development of existing process in a natural forests, especially in areas not connected with fragments of natural forests.

The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made. / Economics / LLD.

LLM / Department of Mercantile Law

The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D.