Depuis l'entrée en vigueur de la directive européenne sur l'Evaluation Environnementale Stratégique (Directive 2001/42/CE), tous les plans et programmes en lien avec l'aménagement de territoires doivent être soumis à une évaluation environnementale ex ante. Cependant, il n'existe pas de démarche formalisée permettant de réaliser de telles évaluations. Ce travail de thèse propose donc d'élaborer une méthodologie d'évaluation environnementale d'un territoire dans son ensemble. Dans cet objectif, la première étape du travail de thèse a consisté à identifier et analyser les différents outils et méthodes mobilisables pour conduire une évaluation environnementale de territoires. Une comparaison approfondie de ces outils a permis de mettre en avant les potentialités de l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV). Toutefois, l'ACV est une approche dite « orientée produit », c'est-à-dire conçue pour évaluer l'impact d'un bien ou d'un service répondant à une fonction donnée, elle ne permet pas en tant que telle l'analyse d'un territoire dans son ensemble. Le cœur de la thèse s'articule donc autour de l'adaptation du cadre méthodologique de l'ACV pour mettre en œuvre des ACV dites « territoriales ». Quatre obstacles méthodologiques ont été identifiés et des propositions ont été formulées afin de les lever un à un, i.e. (i) définir l'unité fonctionnelle, (ii) déterminer les frontières du système, (iii) collecter les données et (iv) quantifier des indicateurs pertinents dans un contexte d'aide à la décision local. Une des principales adaptations proposée concerne la prise en compte du caractère multifonctionnel d'un territoire. Les diverses fonctions du territoire ne sont plus une donnée d'entrée du système étudié comme dans une ACV classique (à travers la définition de l'unité fonctionnelle), mais sont désormais le résultat d'un processus d'évaluation qui quantifie concomitamment des services rendus et des impacts environnementaux. Cette méthode d'analyse ayant été élaborée, nous l'avons appliquée à un cas d'étude, le territoire du Bassin de Thau, situé en France sur le littoral méditerranéen, afin d'analyser l'intérêt (méthode d'évaluation transversale, multicritère et globale), la faisabilité (en termes de collecte de données) et la robustesse (sensibilité à la méthode d'évaluation des impacts) d'une telle démarche. / Since the implementation of the European directive (EC/2001/42) on strategic environmental assessment, an ex ante evaluation is required for all plans and programmes related to land planning issues. However, there is no uniform methodology available to conduct such assessment. In order to tackle this issue, the task accomplished during this PhD is the development of an environmental assessment method of a territory as a whole. The first step has been to identify and analyze different tools and methods used to perform the environmental assessment of territories in order to compare them. The results show that Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most promising tool even if it is a “product-oriented” tool (i.e. designed to assess the environmental impacts of good or service that meets the requirements of a given function). Thus, our main contribution was to adapt the LCA framework to territorial systems and create a new approach, called “territorial LCA”. Four major methodological bottlenecks have been identified and proposals have been made to overcome them, i.e., (i) functional unit definition, (ii) boundary selection, (iii) data collecting, and (iv) the refinement of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment phase in order to provide useful indicators for decision making in a local context. One of the main adaptations is the consideration of the territorial multifunctionality. The various functions provided by a territory are not an input of the studied system like in a conventional LCA (through the functional unit definition), but are now the results of an assessment method which provides two kinds of indicators, i.e. indicators of services provided by the territory (land use functions) and indicators of environmental impacts generated by the territory. The last step was to implement the territorial LCA framework on a case study, the territory of Bassin de Thau, located on the French mediterranean coast, in order to evaluate its value (assessment method that is transversal, multicriteria and global), its feasibility (regarding data collection) and its robustness (sensitivity to the environmental impact assessment method).

La gestion intégrée de l'eau à l'échelle des grandes villes est un réel défi. Cependant, la quantification des flux et des impacts environnementaux liés à l'utilisation de l'eau n'est pas encore suffisamment développée. Dans ce contexte, la question de recherche de la thèse est: "comment modéliser le système d'eau urbain complexe d'une mégapole pour l'évaluation de ses impacts sur l'environnement et des services fournis aux usagers de l'eau, dans le cadre de l'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV)?" Le cœur de la thèse est le développement d'un cadre général définissant les flux d'eau et les impacts environnementaux associés aux trois composants principaux du système d'eau urbain, à savoir, les technologies de l'eau, les usagers de l'eau et les ressources en eau. Le modèle proposé de système d'eau urbain (nommé WaLA) se construit à travers une approche modulaire permettant l'interopérabilité des trois composants. Le modèle fournit des indicateurs d'impacts et de services rendus qui peuvent être utiles aux décideurs et aux parties prenantes. Il simplifie l'évaluation des scénarios et diminue la complexité du système tout en assurant sa bonne représentation du point de vue de l'ACV. En plus de cet objectif principal, la thèse vise à raffiner les indicateurs d'impact sur la privation d'eau afin qu'ils soient pertinents pour les systèmes d'eau urbains. Une méthode qui permet d'évaluer la privation d'eau à l'échelle du sous bassin versant en intégrant les effets en aval a ainsi été développée. Cette méthode permet de différencier les impacts selon les points de prélèvements et de rejets dans un même bassin versant. Enfin, le modèle WaLA et les indicateurs associés sont mis en œuvre pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux du système d'eau urbain de la banlieue parisienne (périmètre du Syndicat des Eaux d'Ile-de-France). L'intérêt et l'applicabilité du modèle pour évaluer et comparer des scénarios actuels et prévisionnels sont ainsi démontrés. / To improve water management at the scale of large cities is a real challenge. However, the quantification of flows and environmental impacts linked to water use are not yet sufficiently developed. This is the objective of the thesis: “how to model complex urban water system of a megacity for assessing its environmental impacts in relation to the provided services to water users, within the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework?” The core of the thesis is the development of a generic framework defining water flows and environmental impacts associated with 3 categories of items – i.e., water technologies, water users and water resources – from a LCA point of view. The UWS model (termed WaLA) is built through a modular approach allowing the interoperation of these three components in an integrated way. The model provides indicators of impacts on services which may be useful to decision makers and stakeholders. It simplifies the evaluation of forecasting scenarios and decreases the complexity of the urban water system while ensuring its good representation from a LCA perspective. In addition to this main objective, the thesis also aims at refining water use impact indicators at a relevant scale for UWS. A methodology that assesses water deprivation at the sub-river basin scale in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) integrating downstream cascade effects has been developed. It allows differentiating the withdrawal and release locations within a same river basin. The WaLA model and its associated indicators are applied to assess the environmental impacts of the water system of a Paris suburban area (perimeter of Syndicat des Eaux d'Île-de-France). It shows the interest and the applicability of the model for assessing and comparing baseline and forecasting scenarios.

Submitted by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-03-14T13:04:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Augusto Cesar de Figueiredo.pdf: 38206719 bytes, checksum: d6802287a4c043eb149492c00929cab6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-03-14T16:07:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Augusto Cesar de Figueiredo.pdf: 38206719 bytes, checksum: d6802287a4c043eb149492c00929cab6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T16:07:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Augusto Cesar de Figueiredo.pdf: 38206719 bytes, checksum: d6802287a4c043eb149492c00929cab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-11 / As rodovias constituem importante instrumento para o desenvolvimento do Estado do Mato Grosso, sendo o modal mais utilizado para efetuar a logística de escoamento da produção bem como efetua a interligação entre os municípios. O crescimento do Estado de Mato Grosso acima da média nacional gerou a necessidade de uma grande demanda por infraestrutura, e em especial, por adequações e melhorias no sistema viário. Atualmente, o Governo tenta minimizar esta conjuntura através da execução de várias obras rodoviárias a fim de melhorar a trafegabilidade e consequentemente estruturar a sua logística do transporte. Paralelamente, esta escolha pelo transporte rodoviário acarreta impactos ambientais significativos embora a Engenharia Rodoviária tenha avançado no que diz respeito a tecnologia de construção e o conceito de preservação ambiental. A maioria das obras rodoviárias, durante a sua fase executiva, não possuem um rigor e uma metodologia apropriada para minimizar e controlar os impactos gerados principalmente aos processos ligados à dinâmica superificial e em especial as instabilizações dos taludes provenientes dos cortes. Os Estudos acerca dos EIA/RIMA previstos no Artigo 10 da Lei 6.938/81 da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente objetivando o Licenciamento Ambiental são extremamente abrangentes e genéricos e não se constituem como ferramenta adequada para o correto monitoramento ambiental dos processos do meio físico durante o processo executivo destas rodovias. Diante desta realidade, este trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo subsidiar procedimentos metodológicos com o intuito de analisar e aplicar a Instrução de Proteção Ambiental (IPA-08), a fim de servir de ferramenta técnica para a avaliação dos impactos ambientais nos taludes de corte presentes na rodovia em execução e provocados pelas modificações no meio físico e em particular nos processos da dinâmica superficial, gerados na área de influência direta (AID). Para tanto, adotou-se como área de estudo um segmento pertencente a duplicação da rodovia BR-163/364/MT - Rosário Oeste ao Posto Gil com o intuito de acompanhar e inspecionar os impactos na área delimitada objetivando avaliar o desempenho do trecho rodoviário em estudo. Nesse trabalho foram apresentados como resultados a delimitação da área de estudo, sua compartimentação e caraterização geotécnica, a caraterização e apresentação das instabilizações nos taludes de corte assim como uma análise e proposta de aplicação da IPA-08 como forma de controle preventivo e corretivo. / The highways are an important tool for the development of the State of Mato Grosso, the most widely used modal to make the production flow logistics and makes the interconnection between the municipalities. The growth of the State of Mato Grosso above the national average generated the need for a large demand for infrastructure, and in particular for adjustments and improvements in the road system. Currently, the Government tries to minimize this situation through implementation of various road works to improve the trafficability and consequently structure their transport logistics. In parallel, this choice by road transport entails significant environmental impacts although the Road Engineering has advanced with regard to construction technology and the concept of environmental preservation. Most road works during their execution phase, not of a rigor and an appropriate methodology to minimize and control the impacts generated primarily to surface water resources ephemeral, intermittent and perennial directly influenced by the construction. Studies on the EIA / RIMA provided for in Article 10 of Law 6938/81 of the National Environmental Policy aiming Environmental Licensing are extremely comprehensive and generic and does not constitute as a proper tool for the proper environmental monitoring of surface water resources during executive these highway. Given this reality, this research has the objective to subsidize methodological procedures in order to anlyze and apply the Instruction of Environmental Protection (IPA-08) in order to serveas a technical tool for the evaluation of environmental impacts on cutting slopes present on the road in construction and caused by changes in the physical environment and in particular in the processes of dynamic surface, generated in the area of direct influence (AID). Therefore, it was adopted as the study area belonging to a segment duplication of BR-163/364 / MT - Rosario Oeste Posto Gil for the purpose of monitor and inspect the area bounded on the impacts to evaluate the performance of the road stretch in study. In this work results are presented as the delimitation of the study area, its subdivision and geotechnical characterization, the characterization and presentation of instability in cutting slopes as well as an analysis and proposed application of the IPA-08 as a form of preventive and corrective control.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:28:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMVR.pdf: 1800586 bytes, checksum: c44cb463d61ffeb5394f543684f66e59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-24 / Concern with the effect of oil spills in coastal regions resulting from the production, refining and transport of this product has been one of the priorities of the institutions working with this sector. Consequently, there is a large demand for research on the impacts of by accidents on the environment and, particularly, on natural communities. In the present study, a mesocosm experiment was used to evaluate the effects of a mixture of light Arabian and Russian oil with the chemical dispersant Corexit® 9500, over a coastal plankton community. The experiment was carried out in Rio de Janeiro and lasted 25 consecutive days. Three replicates were used as control, with only seawater, three were treated with 800 mL of petroleum and the other three were treated with the mixture 800 mL of petroleum and 80 mL of dispersant. The chemical alterations in the water were striking, especially the rise in the concentration of organic compounds. The results demonstrated a severe reduction of phytoplankton density, as a result of the addition of oil. There was also a change in the composition of the organism groups, with alteration of dominance of diatoms to phytoflagelates. Similar effect was found for the zooplankton. Both the oil and its mixture with dispersant resulted in a reduction of population densities and changes, or disappearance, of some components. Meroplanktonic organisms had a higher sensitivity to the acute effects of the oil and oil-dispersant mixture than holoplanktonic organisms. Copepods were resistant to the effects of oil and oil-dispersant mixture. Among the herbivores, Acartia lilljeborgi had greater resistance to the acute toxic effect of oil, whereas Pseudodiaptomus acutus was more resistant to the chronic effects of both oil and the mixture. Among carnivores, Oithona hebes appeared as a resistant species to both acute and chronical effects. Mesocosms were shown to be useful for investigating the effects of oil spills on marine environments since standardized laboratory tests with algae and invertebrate test-organisms corroborated the field findings. / A avaliação dos efeitos de derrames de petróleo nas regiões costeiras decorrentes das atividades de produção, refinamento ou transporte deste produto tem sido uma das prioridades das instituições ligadas a este setor e há uma demanda muito grande de pesquisas sobre os impactos ocasionados por estes sobre o ambiente e as comunidades naturais, em particular. No presente estudo a experimentação em mesocosmos foi utilizada para avaliar os efeitos do derrame do petróleo ARLE/URAL e deste tratado com o dispersante químico Corexit® 9500, sobre uma comunidade planctônica costeira. O experimento foi realizado no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil e teve a duração de 25 dias consecutivos (19/06 a 13/07/2002). Os tratamentos foram feitos em triplicata com um volume aproximado de 1,7m3 de água do mar em cada unidade. Foram utilizadas três réplicas como controle, contendo apenas água do mar, três réplicas foram tratadas com 800 mL de petróleo e três outras réplicas foram tratadas com a mistura de 800 mL de petróleo e 80 mL de dispersante. As alterações químicas na água foram marcantes, principalmente em relação ao aumento na concentração dos compostos orgânicos. Os resultados evidenciaram uma redução severa na densidade do fitoplâncton, em decorrência da adição do óleo ou da mistura de óleo e dispersante. Houve também uma mudança na composição dos grupos, com alteração da dominância de diatomáceas para fitoflagelados. Em relação aos grupos zooplanctônicos também foi observado um efeito mais acentuado no tratamento com petróleo e dispersante. Os organismos meroplanctônicos foram mais sensíveis ao petróleo do que os holoplanctônicos. Os copépodes foram dominantes, em todos os tratamentos. A espécie herbívora Acartia lilljeborgi foi mais resistente ao efeito agudo do petróleo, enquanto Pseudodiaptomus acutus foi mais resistente ao efeito crônico Entre os Copepoda carnívoros Oithona hebes foi a espécie mais resistente, tanto ao impacto agudo quanto ao impacto crônico. Os mesocosmos são adequados para a avaliação dos efeitos do derrame de petróleo ou da mistura de petróleo e dispersante, como corroborado pelos estudos de toxicidade com algas e organismos-teste invertebrados, que corroboraram os efeitos observados em campo. A utilização de dispersante químico na etapa de remediação após os derrames necessita ser reavaliada tendo em vista os resultados deste trabalho que indicam que a mistura petróleodispersante é ainda mais tóxica do que o petróleo sozinho.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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