Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-05-20T12:34:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Victor Cunha Barreto da Silva.pdf: 939873 bytes, checksum: 0560f6c0e388fe841eecb6e10bcdc4e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-20T12:34:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Victor Cunha Barreto da Silva.pdf: 939873 bytes, checksum: 0560f6c0e388fe841eecb6e10bcdc4e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The existence of a general theory of environmental law is still a relatively unexplored by Brazilian jurists. Although already discuss the existence of an environmental legal system, the characteristics of this system, individuals who compose it, its object and application methods are still little issues faced by the doctrine. The difficulty that the lawyer has to handle the concepts and institutions environmental law reflects the inadequacy of the practical tools , e.g. civil action , class action , injunction environmental impact study prior to impose appropriate parameters is an effective damage prevention ecological , either the repair or restoration of natural losses already studied. A hopelessness tools in environmental protection grows alarmingly, particularly among environmentalists, who no longer believe in the law as a means to contain the impulse developmental ravaging , pollutes and appropriate , in order to reduce the horizon of survival of future generations on the planet earth . In this backdrop, gutter noted that environmental law has very recent formation , precisely compared with study and improvement of the general theory of private law, whose ancient principles , concepts and institutes underwent thorough reflection, by notable jurists , leading the solid ideas about what they mean / represent to the right and to the dynamics of social relations . Therefore, it is more than necessary doctrinal effort on the general theory of law environment, in order to explain the existence of a Legal System Environmental studying their core ideas, such as " Polution", " Caution", " Criminal Liability of Corporations" , so that such logical categories are better fatically identified and legally interpreted, providing coherence to society , regarding the application of the environmental legal body . Face of this, the purpose of the study suggested herein is not to dwell on sectors or divisions that can be established within the environmental law, as the discipline of water, soil , flora or waste . Instead, look to characterize released figures equate problems , formulate solutions relating to the whole area of environmental law - will study a theme common to most of the standards of environmental law or general relations of use / exploitation of ecological assets . / A existência de uma teoria geral do direito ambiental ainda é um tema pouco explorado pelos juristas brasileiros. Embora já se discuta a existência de um sistema jurídico ambiental, as características desse sistema, os sujeitos que o compõem, seu objeto e métodos de aplicação ainda são questões pouco enfrentadas pela doutrina. A dificuldade que o jurista tem de manejar os conceitos e institutos direito ambiental reflete na insuficiência dos instrumentos práticos, e.g. ação civil pública, ação popular, mandado de segurança ambiental, estudo prévio de impacto, para impor, parâmetros adequados seja para uma efetiva prevenção de danos ecológicos, seja para promover a reparação ou restauração de prejuízos naturais já apurados.A desesperança nas ferramentas de proteção ambiental cresce de forma assustadora, especialmente entre os ambientalistas, que já não crêem no direito como meio de conter o impulso desenvolvimentista que devasta, polui e apropria, de forma a diminuir o horizonte de sobrevivência das futuras gerações sobre o planeta terra. Nesse pano de fundo, calha observar que o Direito Ambiental possui formação bastante recente, notadamente se comparado com estudo e aperfeiçoamento da teoria geral do direito privado, cujos milenares princípios, conceitos e institutos foram submetidos a minuciosa reflexão, por parte de notáveis jurisconsultos, conduzindo a idéias sólidas, sobre o que significam/representam para o direito e para a dinâmica das relações sociais. Portanto, é mais do que necessário esforço doutrinário sobre a teoria geral do direito do meio ambiente, a fim de explicar a existência de um Sistema Jurídico Ambiental, estudando as suas idéias nucleares, como ¿Poluição¿, ¿Precaução¿, ¿Responsabilidade Penal da Pessoa Jurídica¿, a fim de que tais categorias lógicas sejam melhor, faticamente identificadas e juridicamente interpretadas, oferecendo coerência para a sociedade, no tocante à aplicação do corpo jurídico ambiental. Deste modo, a finalidade do estudo ora sugerido não é se debruçar sobre setores ou divisões que se possam estabelecer dentro do direito ambiental, como a disciplina da água, do solo, da flora ou dos resíduos. Ao contrário, o olhar lançado pretende caracterizar figuras, equacionar problemas, sugerindo a formulação de elementos teóricos, que atravessem, transversalmente, todo o domínio do direito ambiental. Isto posto, será estudada uma temática comum à generalidade das normas de direito ambiental ou à generalidade das relações de uso/exploração de bens ecológicos.

The principal research question addressed in this thesis is how the effectiveness of an environmental legal system can best be evaluated. A legal system is effective if it is achieving or likely to achieve its objectives. For an environmental legal system this means achieving sustainable development. The hypothesis tested in relation to this research question is that the pressure-state-response ("PSR") method of State of the Environment ("SoE") Reporting provides the best available framework for evaluating the effectiveness of an environmental legal system. A subsidiary research question addressed in this thesis is whether the environmental legal system protecting the Great Barrier Reef ("GBR") in north-eastern Australia is likely to achieve sustainable development of it. The hypothesis tested in relation to this research question is that the environmental legal system protecting the GBR is likely to achieve sustainable development of the GBR. The principal method used to address these research questions and test the hypotheses is a case study of the effectiveness of the laws protecting the GBR. Particular emphasis is given in the case study to climate change both because it is now recognised as the major threat to the GBR and is a topic of significant international and national interest. This thesis is intended to contribute, in particular, to the current public and policy debate on responding effectively to climate change by using the GBR as a yardstick against which to measure "dangerous climate change" and, conversely, acceptable climate change. There are five major findings of the research. First, most of the legal writing regarding environmental legal systems is descriptive, explanatory and interpretative rather than evaluative. Second, most legal writers who attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of part or the whole of an environmental legal system implicitly use the PSR method and refer to pressures, conditions, and responses but do not acknowledge this conceptual framework. Third, the best available conceptual and analytical framework for evaluating the effectiveness of an environmental legal system is the PSR method. It is the simplest, most systematic, comprehensive and meaningful framework with the greatest predictive power for evaluating the effectiveness of the total social and legal response to human-induced environmental degradation currently available. Fourth, current practice in SoE reporting, at least in relation to the GBR, is largely descriptive and rarely evaluates the effectiveness of the response. The fifth major finding of this research is that, while there are many effective parts of the response to pressures on the GBR, the current environmental legal system is not likely to be effective in preventing climate change from causing very serious damage to the GBR. Based on what we know at this point in time, particularly the technology that is currently available and current greenhouse gas emissions, the impacts of climate change appear likely to swamp the many good aspects of the legal system protecting the GBR. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide in 2005 were approximately 379 parts per million ("ppm") and rising by 2 ppm per year. Including the effect of other greenhouse gases such as methane, the total concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases was around 455 ppm carbon dioxide equivalents ("CO2-eq") in 2005, although the cooling effect of aerosols and landuse changes reduced the net effect to around 375 ppm CO2-eq. Limiting the total increase in mean global temperature to approximately 1°C requires stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols around 350 ppm CO2-eq. Increasing the net effect of greenhouse gases and aerosols to 450-550 ppm CO2-eq is expected to result in a 2-3°C rise in mean surface temperatures. There are currently no international or national legal constraints to hold greenhouse gas concentrations beneath these levels and they appear likely to be exceeded. These increases in mean global temperatures are expected to severely degrade the GBR by 2030-2040. Even the targets being set by the new Australian Government of reducing Australia's greenhouse gas emissions by 60% by 2050 appear insufficient to protect the GBR. If a 60% reduction in emissions can be achieved globally by 2050 a rise in mean global temperature of around 2.4°C is expected. This indicates the environmental legal system protecting the GBR is not likely to be effective in relation to climate change and, therefore, is failing to reach its objective of sustainable development. Three major recommendations arise from the research. First, legal writers attempting to evaluate the effectiveness of the whole or part of an environmental legal system should use and acknowledge the PSR method. Second, SoE reports should include a stand-alone chapter evaluating the effectiveness of the response. Third, the environmental legal system protecting the GBR should take strong and comprehensive measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions if the objective of sustainable development is to be achieved. Such measures should include setting policy targets for stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations around 350 ppm CO2-eq to limit increases in mean global temperature to 1°C. Policy targets of stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols at 450-550 ppm CO2-eq to limit increases in mean global temperatures to 2-3°C are likely to be too high to avoid severe impacts of coral bleaching to the GBR.

This article is intended to explain core ideas resulting from processes of which Peruvian environmental legal system is derived; it is morean overview rather than a system characterization, as well as a perspective or sampling foresight representing Río +20 process meaning. In that sense, it examines the modern environmental regulations rising context and provides a brief retrospective of Peruvian environmental legal system development and prospective studies within the frame of green economy paradigms and the environmental governance, presenting only three prospective references aschallenges and trends on: Climate and Energy Law, a new legal Framework for a Green Economy and Sustainable Enterprise, and finally, stressing emphatically on mega-cities, Conurbation and Land use Planning issues given little attention usually law renders to this matters. / El ensayo pretende explicar las ideas fuerza de los procesos quedan origen al sistema jurídico ambiental peruano, una reseña antes que una caracterización del sistema, así como una perspectiva o prospectiva muestral a resultas de lo que representa el proceso denominado Río + 20. En ese sentido, da cuenta del contexto en que surge la normativa ambiental nacional moderna, igualmente ofrece una breve retrospectiva del desarrollo del sistema jurídico ambiental peruano y las prospectivas en el marco de los paradigmas de la economía verde y la gobernanza ambiental, mostrando solo tres referentes proyectivos a modo de desafíos y tendencias sobre el derecho climático y derecho energético, el imperativo de un nuevo marco legal parauna economía verde y empresa sostenible; y un gran énfasis al tema de las megaciudades, conurbación y ordenamiento territorial, con énfasis, debido a la poca atención que le suele brindar el derecho.