Background: The increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) is considered one of the most important public health problems worldwide and especially in Latin American (LA) countries. Although the systematic surveillance of chronic diseases and their risk factors has been recommended, Bolivia has not yet implemented a national strategy to collect and monitor CVRF information. Evidence from previous studies in Bolivia and other Latin American countries has suggested that CVRFs affect women more than men and mestizos more than indigenous people. However, a more accurate and comprehensive picture of the CVRF situation and how ethnicity and gender intersect to affect CVRFs is dearly needed to support the development of health policies to improve population health and reduce inequalities. Objective: to estimate the distribution of CVRFs and to examine intersectional in equalities in Cochabamba – Bolivia in order to provide useful information for public health practice and decision making. The specific objectives are: i) to estimate the prevalence of preventable risk factors associated with CVDs and ii) to assess and explain obesity inequalities in the intersectional spaces of ethnicity and gender. Methods: The data collection procedure was based on the Pan-American version (V2.0) of the WHO STEPS approach adapted to the Bolivian context. Between 2015 and 2016, 10,754 individuals aged over 18 years old were surveyed. The two first stages of the STEPS approach were conducted: a) Step 1 consisted of the application of a questionnaire to collect demographic and lifestyle data; b) Step 2 involved taking measurements of height, weight, blood pressure, and waist circumference of the participants. To achieve objective 1, the prevalence of relevant behavioural risk factors and anthropometric measures were calculated, and then odds ratios/prevalence ratios were estimated for each CVRF, both with crude and adjusted regression models. Regarding objective 2, an intersectionality approach based on the method suggested by Jackson et al. (67) was used to analyse the ethnic and gender inequalities in obesity. Gender and ethnicity information were combined to form four mutually exclusive intersectional positions: i) the dually disadvantaged group of indigenous women; ii) the dually advantaged group of mestizo men; and the singly disadvantaged groups of iii) indigenous men and iv) mestizo women. Joint and excess intersectional disparities in abdominal obesity were estimated as absolute prevalence differences between binary groups, using binomial regression models. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was applied to estimate the contributions of explanatory factors underlying the observed intersectional disparities. Main findings: Our findings revealed that Cochabamba had a high prevalence of CVRFs, with significant variations among the different socio-demographic groups. Indigenous populations and those living in the Andean region showed, in general, a lower prevalence for most of the risk factors evaluated. The prevalence of behavioural risk factors were: current smoking (11.6%); current alcohol consumption (42.76%); low consumption of fruits and vegetables (76.73%); and low level of physical activity (64.77%). The prevalence of metabolic risk factors evaluated were: being overweight (35.84%); obesity (20.49%); abdominal obesity (54.13%); and raised blood pressure (17.5%). It is important to highlight that 40.7% of participants had four or more CVRFs simultaneously. Dually and singly disadvantaged groups (indigenous women, indigenous men, and mestizo women) were less obese than the dually advantaged group (mestizomen). The joint disparity showed that the obesity prevalence was 7.26 percentage points higher in the doubly advantaged mestizo men (MM) than in the doubly disadvantaged indigenous women (IW). Mestizo men (MM) had an obesity prevalence of 4.30 percentage points higher than mestizo women (MW) and 9.18 percentage points higher than indigenous men (IM). The resulting excess intersectional disparity was 6.22 percentage points, representing -86 percentage points of the joint disparity. The lower prevalence of obesity in the doubly disadvantaged group of indigenous women (7.26 percentage points) was mainly due to ethnic differences alone. However, they had higher obesity than expected when considering both genders alone and ethnicity alone. Health behaviours were important factors in explaining the intersectional inequalities, while differences in socioeconomic and demographic factors played less important roles. Conclusion: The prevalence of all CVRFs in Cochabamba was high, and nearly two-thirds of the population reported two or more risk factors simultaneously. The intersectional disparities illustrate that abdominal obesity is not distributed according to expected patterns of structural disadvantages in the intersectional spaces of ethnicity and gender in Bolivia. A high social advantage was related to higher rates of abdominal obesity, with health behaviours as the most important factors explaining the observed inequalities. The information generated by this study provides evidence for health policymakers at the regional level and a baseline data for department-wide action plans to carry out specific interventionsin the population and on individual levels.

The aim of the study was to evaluate experiences of working with delinquent adolescents among supportive actors in Västmanland. A qualitative method and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data for the analysis. A convenience sampling method in combination with a purposive sampling method were used to choose the participants for the study. The study included six participants distributed among three different support actors in Västmanland. The participants operate in the undertaking of delinquent adolescents within social services, non-institutional care and institutional care. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by a manifest content analysis. Three categories were found in the analysis as ”Views of working with delinquent adolescents”, ”Obstacles in the undertaking of delinquent adolescents” and ”Possibilities in the undertaking of delinquent adolescents”. The results showed that support actors had positive experiences of working with delinquent adolescents, both when it comes to achieved results but also in terms of relationships between staff and adolescents. Education and personal characteristics were explained as crucial factors to handle the supportive work of delinquent adolescents. In addition, the results showed that support actors are hindered in their work with delinquent adolescents due to secrecy and a perceived lack of consensus between professionals such as personnel within social services, the police and schools. Increased cooperation between professionals and various actors was shown as an opportunity when it comes to achieve behavioural change for delinquent adolescents. Keywords: Juvenile delinquency, Obstacles, Possibilities, Propensity for violence, Youth violence

Bakgrund. Pornografi har visat sig vara korrelerat med flera sexuella riskbeteenden bland unga. Pornografikonsumtion blir allt vanligare bland unga, men litet är känt om hur kön, socioekonomisk bakgrund och etnicitet påverkar ungas pornografikonsumtion. Syfte. Att undersöka om unga pojkars och flickors socioekonomiska- och etniska bakgrund påverkar deras pornografikonsumtion Metod. En deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ ansats har använts med registerdata från enkäterna Liv och Hälsa Ung från Region Sörmland. Enkäten delas ut till unga i årskurs 7, 9 och årskurs 2 på gymnasiet. År 2020 svarade 3923 ungdomar (94,3%) på frågan om de konsumerat pornografi de senaste 3 månaderna. Datan analyserades i en logistisk regressionsanalys. Huvudresultat. Pojkar konsumerade betydligt mer pornografi jämfört med flickor (p =<0,001 ). Svensk bakgrund, att inte känna oro för familjens ekonomi, att inte ha en närstående som haft missbruk av alkohol, narkotika, mediciner eller spelat om pengar samt att inte ha en närstående som haft psykisk sjukdom eller psykisk funktionsnedsättning minskade oddsen att konsumera pornografi. Att ha två vårdnadshavare som arbetade ökade oddsen för att konsumera pornografi. Modellen i sin helhet var endast signifikant vid könsspecifika analyser. Slutsats. Socioekonomisk och etnisk bakgrund påverkar oddsen för att konsumera pornografi. Dock påverkade helt olika variabler pojkars och flickors konsumtion. / Background.  Pornography has shown a correlation with sexual riskbehaviours among adolecents. Consumption of pornography is becoming increasingly more common among adolecents, but little is known about how gender, socioeconomic background and etnicity affects the consumption of pornography among adolecents. Purpose To investigate if socioeconomic- and ethnical background affects pornography consumption among adolecents. Method. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed based on data from the Liv och Hälsa Ung questionnaire from Sörmland region. The questionnaire is handed out to all adolecents in grade 7, 9 and second grade of high school. In 2020 a total of 3923 (94,3%) adolecents answered the question regarding pornography consumption the last three months. Data was analysed in a logistic regression analysis. Results. Boys consumed considerably more pornography compared to girls (p =<0,001 ). Being born in Sweden, not worrying about the economy of the family, not having a close person who have had an addiction to alcohol, narcotics, medication or have been gambling for money and to not have a close one who have had mental illness or mental disability decreased the odds of consuming pornography. To have two caregivers who where working increased the odds of consuming pornography. The model as a whole was only significant in the gender specific analyses. Conclusion. Socioeconomic- and ethnical background affects the odds of consuming pornography. Different variables affected the consumption of girls and boys.

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Aim: The aim of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of how the design of parental insurance affects parents’ attitudes about parental leave. And how political reforms can contribute to equality between women and men. Method: The method had a qualitative inductive approach. The sample involved three couples, three men and three women participated in the study. Respondents aged were 29–56 years. Semi-structured interviews and a qualitative content analysis was used. Results: The results were presented in four main categories social norms, parental decisions, attachment and gender equality. The main findings showed that social norms are a contributing factor to the attitude of the reserved parental day they experienced that it was important to spend time with the child and they wanted to be with the child during the child’s development and that’s affected the attitude to the reserved parental days. Another important factor was that parents experience the reserved days as regulatory and locked. The conclusion is that parental attitudes affect the living conditions of women and children. Women do not have the same rights, obligations and opportunities in life through the attitudes that exist to the reserved days. The reserved days are perceived as mandatory for an equal take-up of parental leave and a negative attitude is created, however the reserved days are considered necessary to create the conditions for both women and men to participate in the care of the child.         Keywords: parental days, parental leave, gender equality, family policy / Syfte: Syftet med studien är att få en djupare förståelse för hur utformningen av föräldraförsäkringen påverkan på föräldrarnas attityder kring föräldraledighet och hur politiska reformer kan bidra till jämställdhet mellan kvinnor och män. Metod: studien hade en kvalitativ induktiv ansats. Urvalet involverade tre par, tre män och tre kvinnor deltog i studien. Respondenter i åldern 29–56 år. Semistrukturerade intervjuer och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes i studien. Resultat: Analysen presenteras i fyra huvudkategorier sociala normer, föräldrars beslut Anknytning och jämställdhet. Resultaten visade att sociala normer är en bidragande faktor till föräldrarnas attityder till de förbehållna föräldradagarna. Föräldrarna upplevde att det var viktigt att spendera tid med barnet och vara delaktig under barnets utveckling och det var en faktor som påverkade attityden till reserverade föräldradagar. En viktig faktor som framkom var att föräldrarna upplever de förbehållna dagarna som låsta och reglerande. Slutsats: föräldrarnas attityder påverkar kvinnors och barns levnadsvillkor. Kvinnor har inte samma rättigheter, skyldigheter och möjligheter i livet genom de attityder som finns till de reserverade dagarna. De reserverade dagarna uppfattas som obligatoriska för ett jämlikt utnyttjande av föräldraledigheten och därmed skapas en negativ attityd, men de reserverade dagarna anses nödvändiga för att skapa förutsättningar för både kvinnor och män att delta i vården av barnet.

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Motivation och tilltro till förmåga har visat sig vara bra indikatorer vid främjandet av träning och vore av intresse att studera hos stillasittande, kontorsarbetande individer. Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att se sambandet mellan motivation och tron på den egna förmågan att utföra fysisk aktivitet i form av motion och träning. Utöver detta studerades även om eventuella skillnader existerar mellan könen. Metod Data som använts för denna studie kommer från den tre-delade randomiserad kontrollerad studien kallad ”Fysisk aktivitet och hjärnhälsa”. Totalt antal deltagare var 207 st kontorsarbetare i ålder 42±20 år varav 73,1% kvinnor. Utöver demografiska variabler användes datainsamlingen från enkäterna svensk version av Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale samt kort, svensk version av Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, fjärde utgåvan. 48 outliers med felaktiga värden togs bort samt 19 multivariata outliers med hjälp av Mahalanobis Distance. De statistiska analyser som användes för att besvara syftet varmultipel regressionsanalys samt MANOVA. För bearbetning av data användes IBM SPSS Statistics 27 med signifikansnivå p = 0,05.  Resultat Den multipla regressionsanalysen inkluderande samtliga motivationsvariabler visade sig statistiskt signifikant relaterad till utfallsvariabeln tilltro till förmåga, F(7,177) = 11,128, p < .001 och den förklarade variansen var 31 % (R² =.306). Signifikanta samband med tilltro till förmåga visades framför allt för inre och integrerad reglering med kontrollvariabler inkluderade (ß=.23 respektive ß=.26). MANOVA visade att skillnaden mellan könen inte var signifikant (F=2,19, p >.05; Wilk’s Λ = .948, partial η² = .052).  Slutsats Inre reglerade motivationsformer verkar ha ett positivt samband med tilltro till förmåga för träning hos kontorsarbetande, stillasittande svenskar. Mer yttre reglerade motivationsformer visar inte signifikanta värden på att en korrelation existerar med tilltro till förmåga. Inga signifikanta skillnader existerade mellan könen för både motivation och tilltro till förmåga till träning / Motivation and self-efficacy has shown to be good indicators for exercise promotion and would therefore be of interest to study in sedentary office workers. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motivation and the belief in one’s ability to perform physical activity such as exercising. In addition, potential differences between genders were analyzed. Method The data used in this study originates from the three-parted randomized controlled trial called ”Physical Activity and Brainhealth”. The total number of participants were 207 office workers, ages 42±20 years of which 73,1% were women. Beyond demographic variables, data collected by the Swedish version of Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale and the short, Swedish version of Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, fourth edition were used. 48 outliers were excluded due to inaccurate values and 19 multivariate outliers were excludedusing Mahalanobis Distance. The statistical analysis performed was a combination of multipleregression analysis and MANOVA. The statistical program used for processing data was IBM SPSS Statistics 27 with a statistical significance p = 0,05. Results The multiple regression analysis that included all variables for motivation showed a statistical significance related to the outcome variable self-efficacy, F(7,177) = 11,128, p < .001 with acoefficient of determination at 31 % (R² =.306). Statistically significant results for a relationship with self-efficacy was shown particularly for intrinsic and integrated regulationswhen control variables were included (ß=.23 and ß=.26). MANOVA did not show significant results regarding differences between genders (F=2,19, p >.05; Wilk’s Λ = .948, partial η² = .052). Conclusion Internally regulated forms of motivation seem to have a positive relationship with selfefficacy for exercise for Swedish sedentary office workers. The more externally regulatedforms of motivation do not display a statistical significance that a correlation with selfefficacy would exist. No statistically significant differences existed between gendersregarding both motivation and self-efficacy for exercising

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Syfte och frågeställningar: Kroppsuppfattning är en central del av individens självuppfattning och har stått i fokus för en del forskningsarbete genom tiden. Denna studie fokuserar på målgruppen som inte har studerats i stor utsträckning, i en miljö där kroppsuppfattning är väldigt betydelsefull. Studien undersöker huruvida kroppsuppfattning hos motionärer på gymanläggningar korrelerar med diet- och vikthistorik och hur kroppsuppfattning relaterar till kön, träningsfrekvens samt ålder och utbildningsnivå. Metod: För att undersöka hur individer på gym upplever sin kroppsuppfattning har en kvantitativ forskningsmetod tillämpats på kvinnor (n= 38) och män (n= 42) via ett enkätformulär, beståendes av validerade enkäter. Deltagarna är medlemmar på Nordic Wellness i åldrarna 18 år och uppåt. Resultat: Resultatet visar att det finns väldigt lite könsskillnader mellan männen och kvinnorna gällande kroppsuppfattning i denna studie. Studien finner en svag korrelation mellan kroppsuppfattning och dietförsök samt viktfluktuation. Det finns dock inget samband mellan kroppsuppfattning, träningsfrekvens och ålder. Utbildningsnivån korrelerar svagt med kroppsuppfattning. Slutsats: Ämnet kroppsuppfattning har i många studier inriktat sig mer på kvinnor än på män och negativ kroppsuppfattning har visat sig uppstå oftare hos den kvinnliga populationen. Tillräckligt med evidensbaserad forskning saknas för sambandet mellan kroppsuppfattning och variablerna utbildningsnivå och träningsfrekvens. Ökad fysisk aktivitet är dock kopplad till bättre kroppsuppfattning och ökad tillfredsställelse. Slutsatsen som dras av denna studie är att populationen känner sig nästan lika nöjda med sina kroppar oavsett kön. En rikare diethistorik samt större viktfluktuation korrelerar med en sämre kroppsuppfattning och vice versa. Det finns inte tillräckligt med statistiskt stöd för att uttala sig om variablerna ålder, träningsfrekvens och utbildningsnivå. Vår spekulation är att fysisk aktivitet samt en hälsosam stabil vikt sannolikt kan agera som räddningsfaktorer för riskgrupper med sämre kroppsuppfattning som till exempel kvinnor. Flera longitudinella studier krävs för att upptäcka om ett riktigt orsakssamband finns mellan variablerna. / Aim: Body image is a central part of an individual's self-perception and has been a popular research field the last decades. This study focuses on a target group that haven’t been studied on a large extent, in an environment where body perception is very important. The study examines if the body image of exercisers at gym facilities correlates with their diet and weight history and how body perception relates to gender, exercise frequency, age and educational level. Method: To investigate how individuals in the gym perceive their body image, a quantitative research survey, including validated questionnaires has been completed by women (n= 38) and men (n= 42). The participants are members of the Swedish gym chain Nordic Wellness aged 18 and up. Result: The results show that there is very little gender difference between men and women in body image. The study results show that repeated diet attempts and weight fluctuation are correlated with a more negative body image. The study finds no correlation between body image and exercise frequency, age or educational level Conclusion: In many studies, the topic of body image has focused more on women than on men and it has been shown that a negative body image affects more often the female population. There is insufficient evidence-based research for the relationship between body image and the level of education and training frequency. Nevertheless increased physical activity is connected to better body image and higher life satisfaction. The conclusion that is drawn from this study is that the population reports almost same levels of body satisfaction regardless their gender. A longer diet history and a higher weight fluctuation correlates with a more negative body image and vice versa. Our speculation is that physical activity and a healthy stable weight may act as a rescue factor for the risk groups with worse body image, for example women. More evidence-based longitudinal research is needed to understand if there is any causality between these factors.