Background Histone methylation is thought to be central to the epigenetic mechanisms that maintain and confine cellular identity in multi-cellular organisms. To examine epigenetic roles in cellular homeostasis, we conditionally mutated the histone 3 lysine 4 methyltransferase, Mll2, in embryonic stem (ES) cells, during development and in adult mice using tamoxifen-induced Cre recombination. Results In ES cells, expression profiling unexpectedly revealed that only one gene, Magoh2, is dependent upon Mll2 and few other genes were affected. Loss of Mll2 caused loss of H3K4me3 at the Magoh2 promoter and concomitant gain of H3K27me3 and DNA methylation. Hence Mll2, which is orthologous to Drosophila Trithorax, is required to prevent Polycomb-Group repression of the Magoh2 promoter, and repression is further accompanied by DNA methylation. Early loss of Mll2 in utero recapitulated the embryonic lethality found in Mll2-/- embryos. However, loss of Mll2 after E11.5 produced mice without notable pathologies. Hence Mll2 is not required for late development, stem cells or homeostasis in somatic cell types. However it is required in the germ cell lineage. Spermatogenesis was lost upon removal of Mll2, although spermatogonia A persisted. Conclusion These data suggest a bimodal recruit and maintain model whereby Mll2 is required to establish certain epigenetic decisions during differentiation, which are then maintained by redundant mechanisms. We also suggest that these mechanisms relate to the epigenetic maintenance of CpG island promoters.

Background Histone methylation is thought to be central to the epigenetic mechanisms that maintain and confine cellular identity in multi-cellular organisms. To examine epigenetic roles in cellular homeostasis, we conditionally mutated the histone 3 lysine 4 methyltransferase, Mll2, in embryonic stem (ES) cells, during development and in adult mice using tamoxifen-induced Cre recombination. Results In ES cells, expression profiling unexpectedly revealed that only one gene, Magoh2, is dependent upon Mll2 and few other genes were affected. Loss of Mll2 caused loss of H3K4me3 at the Magoh2 promoter and concomitant gain of H3K27me3 and DNA methylation. Hence Mll2, which is orthologous to Drosophila Trithorax, is required to prevent Polycomb-Group repression of the Magoh2 promoter, and repression is further accompanied by DNA methylation. Early loss of Mll2 in utero recapitulated the embryonic lethality found in Mll2-/- embryos. However, loss of Mll2 after E11.5 produced mice without notable pathologies. Hence Mll2 is not required for late development, stem cells or homeostasis in somatic cell types. However it is required in the germ cell lineage. Spermatogenesis was lost upon removal of Mll2, although spermatogonia A persisted. Conclusion These data suggest a bimodal recruit and maintain model whereby Mll2 is required to establish certain epigenetic decisions during differentiation, which are then maintained by redundant mechanisms. We also suggest that these mechanisms relate to the epigenetic maintenance of CpG island promoters.

Cytokine steuern die Kommunikation von verschiedenen Zelltypen untereinander und regulieren deren Überleben, Differenzierung und Wachstum. Kommt es zu einer Deregulation der Expression von Cytokinen oder deren Rezeptoren, kann es zu autoimmunen oder malignen Erkrankungen kommen. Ein besonderes Beispiel der aberranten Cytokinexpression ist das klassische Hodgkin Lymphom. Die malignen Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) Zellen des Hodgkin Lymphoms stammen ursprünglich aus Keimzentrums B-Zellen ab, haben aber ihren B-Zell Phänotyp verloren. Des Weiteren exprimieren sie eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen Cytokinen und Cytokinrezeptoren, die ursprünglich nicht in einem Genexpressionsprogramm von B-Zellen vorkommen. In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei dieser Cytokin-Rezeptorsysteme (IL-21/IL-21R und CSF-1/CSF1R) hinsichtlich ihrer Funktionen für die HRS Zellen des Hodgkin Lymphoms charakterisiert. Die Expression des T-Zell assoziierten Cytokins IL-21 konnte in dieser Arbeit erstmals in HRS Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Für die Expression des myeloiden CSF1R zeigen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit eine neuartige Regulation durch ein Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) Element, welche zu einem bis dahin unbekannten mRNA Transkript des Protoonkogens CSF1R in den HRS Zellen führt. Sowohl für IL-21 als auch für CSF1R konnte in der Doktorarbeit die Expression und Funktionalität des jeweilig korrespondierenden Rezeptors (IL-21R) bzw. Cytokins (CSF-1) nachgewiesen werden. Die Bedeutung dieser B-Zell fremden Gene für die HRS Zellen lag hauptsächlich in der Stimulation von Wachstum und Überleben und der Induktion von wichtigen Signalwegen (z.B. STAT3). Die Ergebnisse der Dissertation können als Ausgangspunkt für neue Strategien in der Diagnostik und der spezifischeren Therapie von Hodgkin Lymphom Patienten dienen. Der außergewöhnliche Mechanismus der Genregulation des CSF1R Gens über ein endogenes LTR Element kann in anderen Tumorentitäten ebenfalls ein Grund für die Aktivierung von Onkogenen sein. / Cytokines in the human body are responsible for cell-cell communication and regulate survival, differentiation and proliferation of different cell types. Deregulation of expression levels of cytokines might contribute to autoimmune diseases or tumor growth. One of the most prominent examples of aberrant cytokine expression is the classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. The malign Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of classical Hodgkin Lymphoma are derived from germinal centre B cells, however they lost their B cell-specific phenotype. Moreover they express a huge variety of cytokines and cytokine receptors, normally not expressed in B cells. Two of these cytokine-receptor systems (IL-21/IL-21R and CSF-1/CSF1R) and their expression and function in HRS cells are subject of this dissertation. The expression of the T cell-associated cytokine IL-21 has been shown for the first time in HRS cells. The results for the myeloid-specific proto-oncogene CSF1R identified a unique, so far unknown mRNA transcript, expressed due to activation of a long terminal repeat (LTR) element. For both, IL-21 and CSF1R, the expression and functionality of the corresponding receptor (IL-21R) or cytokine (CSF-1), respectively, was demonstrated in this dissertation. Protection from apoptosis, proliferation and stimulation of several pathways are the main functional consequences of auto- and paracrine stimulation of HRS cells with either IL-21 or CSF-1. These results might lead to new diagnostic and more specific treatment strategies for Hodgkin Lymphoma patients. Regarding the unusual expression of CSF1R via LTR activation this mechanism might also be the reason for oncogene activation in several other tumor entities.