Cette thèse porte sur l’usage du terme σήμερον (« aujourd’hui ») en Luc-Actes (vingt-deux occurrences), dans la correspondance paulinienne (Romains 11.8 ; 2 Corinthiens 3.14, 15) et dans l’épître aux Hébreux (1.5 ; 3.7, 13, 15 ; 4.7 [à deux reprises] ; 5.5 ; 13.8). Elle accorde une importance particulière à la possibilité de l’influence de l’ « aujourd’hui » du Deutéronome dans le Nouveau Testament. Deux hypothèses principales sont au cœur de cette étude. D’une part, celle de la thématisation, dans le Deutéronome comme dans les trois corpus néotestamentaires envisagés, du mot « aujourd’hui » : dans chaque cas, ce terme acquiert le statut de thème théologique à part entière. En effet, ses divers emplois démontrent un travail de réflexion sur « l’aujourd’hui ». D’autre part, celle d’une influence deutéronomique commune : les trois écrivains néotestamentaires sont conscients des attaches théologiques de l’aujourd’hui deutéronomique. Ils transposent volontairement et diversement ce motif vétérotestamentaire à la lumière de l’événement Jésus-Christ. En fin d’enquête, on constate que l’aujourd’hui lucanien, l’aujourd’hui paulinien et l’aujourd’hui de l’épître aux Hébreux, tout en conservant des accents qui leur sont propres, contribuent tous à mettre en valeur les mêmes concepts théologiques clés, parmi lesquels figurent l’accomplissement de l’Écriture, l’eschatologie en cours de réalisation, l’avènement du salut, l’annonce de la bonne nouvelle et la proclamation de la parole de Dieu. / This dissertation examines the use of the term σήμερον (“today”) in Luke-Acts (22 occurrences), the Pauline letters (Romans 11:8; 2 Corinthians 3:14, 15) and the Epistle to the Hebrews (1:5; 3:7, 13, 15; 4:7 [twice]); 5:5; 13:8). It gives special attention to the possible influence of the Deuteronomic “today” in the New Testament. Two main hypotheses are at the heart of this study. First, the word “today,” in Deuteronomy as well as the three New Testament corpora under consideration, becomes a theological theme of its own. In effect, it is argued that its various occurrences reveal the presence of reflective work on “the today.” Second, in the minds of the three New Testament authors who give attention to this motif, there seems to be an awareness of certain theological associations that are bound up with the Deuteronomic “today.” In diverse manners, they intentionally transpose this Old Testament motif in the light of the Christ event. By the end of this investigation, it becomes apparent that Luke’s today, Paul’s today and the today of the Epistle to the Hebrews, while each possessing unique characteristics, all contribute to emphasize the same key theological concepts, such as the fulfillment of Scripture, an inaugurated and progressively realized eschatology, the coming of salvation, the heralding of the good news and the proclaiming of God’s Word.

<p>Проблем аутобиографије и аутобиографског текста у српској књижевности средњег века комплексан је и у науци недовољно истражен. Иако интересовање за аутобиографске текстове старе српске књижевности није ново, досадашња бављења овом темом имала су за циљ само да прикупе и делимично опишу те текстове, без покушаја њиховог систематског сагледавања и тумачења у контексту српске и византијске књижевне традиције, а готово увек без одговарајуће теоријске аргументације.<br />Дефинишући аутобиографију, савремене теорије у први план стављају појмове идентитета, индивидуалности и субјективитета. Ови појмови, међутим, захтевају темељно преиспитивање када је реч о средњем веку, који није познавао индивидуалност у данашњем смислу речи. Штавише, средњи век суочава нас са индивидуумом који се плаши своје оригиналности, који се боји да буде ,,он сам&ldquo;.<br />Отуда је, према средњовековном погледу на свет, писац само ,,инструмент&ldquo;, продужена рука Бога; он је стваралац који ће све добро, тачно и истинито приписати дејству Духа, а своје ауторство признати једино у одступањима и погрешкама. Топос скромности којим средњовековни писци себе одређују као &ldquo;грешне&ldquo;, &ldquo;недовољне&ldquo;, &ldquo;недостојне&ldquo;, &ldquo;последње од свих&ldquo;, којим признају своје незнање и неспособност да пишу о одређеној теми, конституисао се најпре као израз монашке смерности, да би се у ХIV и XV веку ово опште место задржало као обична &ldquo;декорација књижевног карактера&ldquo;.<br />Ипак, иако је за човека средњег века оригиналност била грех таштине, то не значи да средњовековни уметници нису били способни да створе оригинална дела, нити да су књижевна дела настала у епохи средњег века лишена особености и креативног приступа. Упркос томе што средњовековни аутори нису тежили сопственом изразу, већ су следили традицију раније формирану у одговарајућем жанру, ипак можемо говорити о њиховом индивидуалном стилу. Индивидуалност уметника огледала се, углавном, у инвентивности с којом је писац приступао наслеђеним навикама и у оплемењивању традиционалних поступака.<br />Једна од основних претпоставки нашег истраживања била је да у епохи средњег века социјални идентитет готово у потпуности потискује лични идентитет, те да је средњовековни човек био сведен на функцију коју је имао у друштву, односно, да се право на писање аутобиографије у средњем веку заснива на темељу социјално признате важности. Прихватили смо, при том, мишљење већине изучавалаца да је за средњовековље најприкладнији појам ,,културне фигуре&ldquo;, којим су означени тзв. идеални типови људске егзистенције, а који се, између осталог, исказују у језику књижевности и писмености оног времена.<br />Имајући у виду чињеницу да поетиком средњовековне књижевности доминира начело жанра, а не начело ауторства, те да је управо жанр најзначајнији фактор који одређује шта ће писац рећи о себи и о свом животу, трагали смо за аутобиографским фрагментима у повељама, посланицама, записима и натписима, и житијима из XIV века.<br />Будући да је основна карактеристика средњовековне аутобиографске књижевности фрагментарност (подаци које аутор оставља о себи расути су у текстовима различитих жанрова) један од основних циљева нашег истраживања био је да се утврди каква је веза аутобиографског фрагмента с главним текстом. Такође, као својеврстан аутобиографски поступак, а у складу с поетичким начелима средњовековне књижевности, анализирали смо сваку иновативну и оригиналну употребу општих места и библијских цитата, указујући на широке могућности увођења оригиналног садржаја у задате обрасце.<br />У научној литератури посвећеној делима српске средњовековне књижевности појединим текстовима 14. века приписан је атрибут ,,аутобиографског дела&ldquo;, док су неки чак означени као ,,праве аутобиографије&ldquo; (нпр. Улијарска повеља приписана краљу Милутину и Реч Душанова уз Законик). У неким случајевима, међутим, такво атрибуирање је потпуно неоправдано, па смо у раду покушали ревалоризовати уврежена мишљења.<br />Коначно, један од циљева нашег истраживања био је да установимо шта је основна функција аутобиографских фрагмената у делима српске средњовековне књижевности: чување од заборава, оживљавање прошлости, или, пак, пишчево представљање сопственог религиозног и духовног развоја? У сваком случају, на примеру српских списа XIV века показује се да се аутобиографски принцип не мора схватити искључиво као принцип самоисказивања, већ и као одраз духа епохе у објективном сведочанству појединца.</p> / <p>Problem autobiografije i autobiografskog teksta u srpskoj književnosti srednjeg veka kompleksan je i u nauci nedovoljno istražen. Iako interesovanje za autobiografske tekstove stare srpske književnosti nije novo, dosadašnja bavljenja ovom temom imala su za cilj samo da prikupe i delimično opišu te tekstove, bez pokušaja njihovog sistematskog sagledavanja i tumačenja u kontekstu srpske i vizantijske književne tradicije, a gotovo uvek bez odgovarajuće teorijske argumentacije.<br />Definišući autobiografiju, savremene teorije u prvi plan stavljaju pojmove identiteta, individualnosti i subjektiviteta. Ovi pojmovi, međutim, zahtevaju temeljno preispitivanje kada je reč o srednjem veku, koji nije poznavao individualnost u današnjem smislu reči. Štaviše, srednji vek suočava nas sa individuumom koji se plaši svoje originalnosti, koji se boji da bude ,,on sam&ldquo;.<br />Otuda je, prema srednjovekovnom pogledu na svet, pisac samo ,,instrument&ldquo;, produžena ruka Boga; on je stvaralac koji će sve dobro, tačno i istinito pripisati dejstvu Duha, a svoje autorstvo priznati jedino u odstupanjima i pogreškama. Topos skromnosti kojim srednjovekovni pisci sebe određuju kao &ldquo;grešne&ldquo;, &ldquo;nedovoljne&ldquo;, &ldquo;nedostojne&ldquo;, &ldquo;poslednje od svih&ldquo;, kojim priznaju svoje neznanje i nesposobnost da pišu o određenoj temi, konstituisao se najpre kao izraz monaške smernosti, da bi se u HIV i XV veku ovo opšte mesto zadržalo kao obična &ldquo;dekoracija književnog karaktera&ldquo;.<br />Ipak, iako je za čoveka srednjeg veka originalnost bila greh taštine, to ne znači da srednjovekovni umetnici nisu bili sposobni da stvore originalna dela, niti da su književna dela nastala u epohi srednjeg veka lišena osobenosti i kreativnog pristupa. Uprkos tome što srednjovekovni autori nisu težili sopstvenom izrazu, već su sledili tradiciju ranije formiranu u odgovarajućem žanru, ipak možemo govoriti o njihovom individualnom stilu. Individualnost umetnika ogledala se, uglavnom, u inventivnosti s kojom je pisac pristupao nasleđenim navikama i u oplemenjivanju tradicionalnih postupaka.<br />Jedna od osnovnih pretpostavki našeg istraživanja bila je da u epohi srednjeg veka socijalni identitet gotovo u potpunosti potiskuje lični identitet, te da je srednjovekovni čovek bio sveden na funkciju koju je imao u društvu, odnosno, da se pravo na pisanje autobiografije u srednjem veku zasniva na temelju socijalno priznate važnosti. Prihvatili smo, pri tom, mišljenje većine izučavalaca da je za srednjovekovlje najprikladniji pojam ,,kulturne figure&ldquo;, kojim su označeni tzv. idealni tipovi ljudske egzistencije, a koji se, između ostalog, iskazuju u jeziku književnosti i pismenosti onog vremena.<br />Imajući u vidu činjenicu da poetikom srednjovekovne književnosti dominira načelo žanra, a ne načelo autorstva, te da je upravo žanr najznačajniji faktor koji određuje šta će pisac reći o sebi i o svom životu, tragali smo za autobiografskim fragmentima u poveljama, poslanicama, zapisima i natpisima, i žitijima iz XIV veka.<br />Budući da je osnovna karakteristika srednjovekovne autobiografske književnosti fragmentarnost (podaci koje autor ostavlja o sebi rasuti su u tekstovima različitih žanrova) jedan od osnovnih ciljeva našeg istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi kakva je veza autobiografskog fragmenta s glavnim tekstom. Takođe, kao svojevrstan autobiografski postupak, a u skladu s poetičkim načelima srednjovekovne književnosti, analizirali smo svaku inovativnu i originalnu upotrebu opštih mesta i biblijskih citata, ukazujući na široke mogućnosti uvođenja originalnog sadržaja u zadate obrasce.<br />U naučnoj literaturi posvećenoj delima srpske srednjovekovne književnosti pojedinim tekstovima 14. veka pripisan je atribut ,,autobiografskog dela&ldquo;, dok su neki čak označeni kao ,,prave autobiografije&ldquo; (npr. Ulijarska povelja pripisana kralju Milutinu i Reč Dušanova uz Zakonik). U nekim slučajevima, međutim, takvo atribuiranje je potpuno neopravdano, pa smo u radu pokušali revalorizovati uvrežena mišljenja.<br />Konačno, jedan od ciljeva našeg istraživanja bio je da ustanovimo šta je osnovna funkcija autobiografskih fragmenata u delima srpske srednjovekovne književnosti: čuvanje od zaborava, oživljavanje prošlosti, ili, pak, piščevo predstavljanje sopstvenog religioznog i duhovnog razvoja? U svakom slučaju, na primeru srpskih spisa XIV veka pokazuje se da se autobiografski princip ne mora shvatiti isključivo kao princip samoiskazivanja, već i kao odraz duha epohe u objektivnom svedočanstvu pojedinca.</p> / <p>The problem of autobiographies and autobiographical texts in the medieval Serbian literature is complex and has not been researched enough scientifically. Although the interest in autobiographical texts in the old Serbian literature is not new, prior dealings with this topic only aimed at collecting and partly describing those texts, without attempting to systematically consider and interpret them in the context of Serbian and Byzantine literary tradition. What&rsquo;s more, they almost always lack appropriate theoretical argumentation.<br />In their definition of autobiography, contemporary theories emphasize the notions of identity, individuality and subjectivity. However, these notions require a thorough reconsideration in relation to the Middle Ages, when individuality was not recognized in today&#39;s sense of the word. Moreover, the Middle Ages present us with the individual afraid of their originality, afraid of being &ldquo;themselves&rdquo;.<br />Thus, according to the medieval view of the world, the writer is just an &ldquo;instrument&rdquo; &ndash; God&rsquo;s extended arm; he is the creator who will ascribe everything good, correct and true to the act of the Holy Spirit. On the other hand, he will be recognized as the author only in alterations and mistakes. Medieval writers use the topos of modesty to define themselves as &ldquo;sinful&rdquo;, &ldquo;inadequate&rdquo;, &ldquo;unworthy&rdquo;, &ldquo;last of all&rdquo;, and to admit their ignorance and incompetence to write about a specific topic. At first, the topos was constituted as an expression of monastic meekness, but in the 14th and 15th century this commonplace remained as an ordinary &ldquo;decoration of literary nature&rdquo;.</p><p>However, even with individuality being the sin of vanity for the medieval person, it means neither that medieval artists were incapable of creating original works nor that the literary works from the Middle Ages lack any distinctiveness and creative approach. Although medieval authors did not aspire to their own expression but followed earlier established traditions in corresponding genres, their individual style can still be a matter of discussion. The individuality of an artist was reflected mainly in his inventiveness which he used to approach inherited habits and in the refinement of traditional devices.<br />One of the basic assumptions of this research was that the social identity almost completely suppresses the personal identity in the Middle Ages, and that the medieval person was reduced to the function they had in the society, that is, that the right to write an autobiography in the Middle Ages was based on socially recognized importance. In addition, the proposition of most researchers that &ldquo;cultural figures&rdquo; is the most appropriate term for the medieval period is acknowledged in the research. This term signifies ideal types of human existence, which are, among other aspects, expressed in the language of literature and literacy of this era.<br />Bearing in mind the fact that the poetics of medieval literature is dominated by the principle of genre rather than the principle of authorship and that the genre is the crucial factor when determining what the writer is going to say about himself and his life, the research focused on autobiographical fragments in charters, epistles, inscriptions and epitaphs, and hagiographies from the 14th century.</p><p>Since fragmentariness is the central feature of medieval autobiographical literature (the facts which author leaves about himself are scattered in texts belonging to different genres), one of the primary aims of this research is to establish the quality of the connection between autobiographical fragments and the main text. In addition, every innovative and original use of topoi and biblical quotations has been analyzed as a particular autobiographical device in accordance with the poetical principles of medieval literature, highlighting a range of possibilities for the introduction of original contents into the given patterns.<br />In the scholarly researches dedicated to the works of medieval Serbian literature, certain texts from the 14th century have been described as &ldquo;autobiographical works&rdquo; while some have even been designated as &ldquo;real autobiographies&rdquo; (e.g., Ulijarska Charter ascribed to King Milutin and Dusan&rsquo;s Reč uz Zakonik). However, in some cases, such attribution is completely unjustified so this research has tried to revalue prevailing opinions.<br />Finally, one of the aims of this research is to establish the basic function of autobiographical fragments in medieval Serbian literature and see if they were used to preserve memory, resurrect the past or allow the writer to present his own religious and spiritual development? In every case, taking the Serbian writings from 14th century as examples, it is shown that the autobiographical principle does not have to be understood only as the principle of self-expression, but as the reflection of the spirit of an era in an individual&rsquo;s objective testimony.</p>

Este trabalho propõe uma análise de cinco romances do autor moçambicano Mia Couto, publicados no período de 2000 a 2009. Fazem parte do corpus os seguintes títulos: Mar me quer (2000), O último voo do flamingo (2000), A varanda do Frangipani (1996), O outro pé da Sereia (2006) e Antes de nascer o mundo (2009). A proposta consiste em verificar a representação da escrita – a palavra no papel – constituída pelo gênero epistolar – a carta, assim como o diário, o bilhete e o caderno de anotações, elementos constantes nos romances que constituem o corpus do trabalho. A representação da escrita por intermédio dessas formas é recorrente na maioria dos romances de Mia Couto e também elemento partícipe em inúmeros contos, seja como motivo, seja como tema, seja como elemento de constituição. Observou-se a singularidade do autor que, mesmo quando dá ênfase para a escrita, mostra como essa sofre um processo de imbricamento com a oralidade. Tentou-se ficar atento a questões que envolvem as personagens que empregam a escrita. Faz-se necessário destacar a importância do autor e sua obra para a literatura moçambicana, assim como seu ativismo na constituição e divulgação da cultura de seu país, quebrando arquétipos criados sobre o continente africano. Dialogou-se com críticos literários e estudiosos da literatura africana de língua portuguesa, dentre os quais destacamos: Ana Mafalda Leite, Patrick Chabal, Maria Fernanda Afonso, Manuel Ferreira e José Pires Laranjeira. Para dar conta da análise das missivas empregamos Carlos Reis, Michel Foucault e Mikhail Bakhtin. Sobre a realidade moçambicana, contou-se com Valdemir Zamparoni, José Luís Cabaço e João Carlos Colaço. / The present work proposes an analysis of five novels by the Mozambican author Mia Couto published between 2000 to 2009. The corpus embraces the following novels: Mar me quer (2000), O último voo do flamingo (2000), A varanda do Frangipani (1996), O outro pé da Sereia (2006) and Antes de nascer o mundo (2009). The proposal is to examine the representation of writing – the word on paper – consisting of the epistolary genre – letters, as well as diaries, notes, and notebooks, information contained in the novels that composed by the corpus of work. The representation of writing through these forms is indeed recurrent in most of Couto´s novels and also element participant in numerous tales, either as a motive, either as theme, either as constitutive element. It is noted the uniqueness of the author who, even when he emphasizes writing, undergoes a process of imbrication with orality. We tried to pay attention to issues involving the characters who use writing. It is necessary to highlight the importance of the author and his work within the Mozambican Literature, as well as his activism in the creation and dissemination of the culture of his country, breaking archetypes created about the African continent. Dialogue is undertaken with literary critics and Luso-African Literature scholars, among which we name: Ana Mafalda Leite, Patrick Chabal, Maria Fernanda Afonso, Manuel Ferreira and José Pires Laranjeira. For the analysis of missives, are employed theories by Carlos Reis, Michel Foucault and Mikhail Bakhtin. About the Mozambican reality, we counted with authors such as Valdemir Zamparoni, José Luis Cabaço and João Carlos Colaço.

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier comment, entre 1527 et 1555, l’affermissement de l’épître en vers à l’intérieur du champ poétique s’est produit par une diminution paradoxale de son statut, depuis le prestige de l’héroïde ovidienne jusqu’à la forme modeste et familière dépréciée par Du Bellay dans la Deffence et Illustration de la langue Françoise (1549). Lieux de construction d’une figure auctoriale affirmée, les recueils d’auteur ont constitué le medium privilégié de cette « personnalisation » du genre épistolaire. Dans une première partie, une analyse diachronique révèle qu’aux balbutiements imprimés de l’épître personnelle (1527-1532) succède une période d’hégémonie éditoriale du modèle familier (1532-1549), avant que la diffusion imprimée de l’épître ne soit corrélée à la défense d’une poétique « marotique » (1549-1555). La deuxième partie examine les représentations de l’épître personnelle à l’intérieur du corpus : celle-ci s’affirme en exhibant sa modestie, que ce soit par la revendication d’un intertexte récent, par l’élaboration d’un decorum soulignant la marginalité du poète ou par la mise en œuvre d’une poétique du sermo. La troisième partie articule les approches matérielle et poétique pour monter comment la dispositio des sections épistolaires donne à voir le surgissement d’une familiarité débordant les principes de composition chronologiques et hiérarchiques, en même temps qu’elle exprime la singularité de cette nouvelle poétique épistolaire. / This dissertation offers to uncover how, between 1527 and 1555, the establishment of the French verse epistle as a poetic genre paradoxically happened through a diminishing of its status, from the prestigious Ovidian héroïde to the “low” familiar type criticized by Du Bellay in his Deffence et Illustration de la langue Françoise (1549). It argues that the marotique-type printed collections, which are built around the assertion of a strong auctorial figure, played a great part in this transformation, as they proved to be a designated supporting medium for the “personalization” of the epistle. The first part of this thesis analyzes from a diachronic perspective the interplay between the poetic establishment of the genre and its anthologization: this led to the singling out of a first period in which poets explored the genre through the debuting medium of the recueil d’auteur (1527-1532), a second period that consecrated the printed familiar epistle (1532-1549) and a third period during which epistles’ authors redefined the genre in order to challenge Du Bellay (1549-1555). The next part investigates the way printed epistolary collections reflect a specific image of the genre, which asserts itself by highlighting its own modest status, whether this means hiding its Horatian background, emphasizing the humble social status of the poet or elaborating a decorum that revolves around marginality. Finally, a third part analyzes the dispositio of several emblematic epistolary collections, arguing that the order through which the epistles were displayed was orientating the readers’ reception of the genre as well as expressing the singularity of the epistolary poetics elaborated by our authors.

Este trabalho propõe uma análise de cinco romances do autor moçambicano Mia Couto, publicados no período de 2000 a 2009. Fazem parte do corpus os seguintes títulos: Mar me quer (2000), O último voo do flamingo (2000), A varanda do Frangipani (1996), O outro pé da Sereia (2006) e Antes de nascer o mundo (2009). A proposta consiste em verificar a representação da escrita – a palavra no papel – constituída pelo gênero epistolar – a carta, assim como o diário, o bilhete e o caderno de anotações, elementos constantes nos romances que constituem o corpus do trabalho. A representação da escrita por intermédio dessas formas é recorrente na maioria dos romances de Mia Couto e também elemento partícipe em inúmeros contos, seja como motivo, seja como tema, seja como elemento de constituição. Observou-se a singularidade do autor que, mesmo quando dá ênfase para a escrita, mostra como essa sofre um processo de imbricamento com a oralidade. Tentou-se ficar atento a questões que envolvem as personagens que empregam a escrita. Faz-se necessário destacar a importância do autor e sua obra para a literatura moçambicana, assim como seu ativismo na constituição e divulgação da cultura de seu país, quebrando arquétipos criados sobre o continente africano. Dialogou-se com críticos literários e estudiosos da literatura africana de língua portuguesa, dentre os quais destacamos: Ana Mafalda Leite, Patrick Chabal, Maria Fernanda Afonso, Manuel Ferreira e José Pires Laranjeira. Para dar conta da análise das missivas empregamos Carlos Reis, Michel Foucault e Mikhail Bakhtin. Sobre a realidade moçambicana, contou-se com Valdemir Zamparoni, José Luís Cabaço e João Carlos Colaço. / The present work proposes an analysis of five novels by the Mozambican author Mia Couto published between 2000 to 2009. The corpus embraces the following novels: Mar me quer (2000), O último voo do flamingo (2000), A varanda do Frangipani (1996), O outro pé da Sereia (2006) and Antes de nascer o mundo (2009). The proposal is to examine the representation of writing – the word on paper – consisting of the epistolary genre – letters, as well as diaries, notes, and notebooks, information contained in the novels that composed by the corpus of work. The representation of writing through these forms is indeed recurrent in most of Couto´s novels and also element participant in numerous tales, either as a motive, either as theme, either as constitutive element. It is noted the uniqueness of the author who, even when he emphasizes writing, undergoes a process of imbrication with orality. We tried to pay attention to issues involving the characters who use writing. It is necessary to highlight the importance of the author and his work within the Mozambican Literature, as well as his activism in the creation and dissemination of the culture of his country, breaking archetypes created about the African continent. Dialogue is undertaken with literary critics and Luso-African Literature scholars, among which we name: Ana Mafalda Leite, Patrick Chabal, Maria Fernanda Afonso, Manuel Ferreira and José Pires Laranjeira. For the analysis of missives, are employed theories by Carlos Reis, Michel Foucault and Mikhail Bakhtin. About the Mozambican reality, we counted with authors such as Valdemir Zamparoni, José Luis Cabaço and João Carlos Colaço.

This work concerns the shifts in the perception of the figure of Melchizedek in the Old Testament, Intertestamental sources and the New Testament. It explicates three central biblical texts which are speaking about Melchizedek. These texts are: the book of Genesis 14, Psalm 110 and the Epistle to the Hebrews. The work also aims to notice perceiving Melchizedek{\crq}s figure in non-biblical sources, like Qumran texts, Targums, apocryphs or the testimonies of church fathers. The findings coming from these sources are compared together in the conclusion of the work. Each of traditions is different, so we can not make unambiguous conclusion about figure of Melchizedek. Some non-biblical Melchizedekian traditions still continue, some others have disappeared entirely.

Este trabalho propõe uma análise de cinco romances do autor moçambicano Mia Couto, publicados no período de 2000 a 2009. Fazem parte do corpus os seguintes títulos: Mar me quer (2000), O último voo do flamingo (2000), A varanda do Frangipani (1996), O outro pé da Sereia (2006) e Antes de nascer o mundo (2009). A proposta consiste em verificar a representação da escrita – a palavra no papel – constituída pelo gênero epistolar – a carta, assim como o diário, o bilhete e o caderno de anotações, elementos constantes nos romances que constituem o corpus do trabalho. A representação da escrita por intermédio dessas formas é recorrente na maioria dos romances de Mia Couto e também elemento partícipe em inúmeros contos, seja como motivo, seja como tema, seja como elemento de constituição. Observou-se a singularidade do autor que, mesmo quando dá ênfase para a escrita, mostra como essa sofre um processo de imbricamento com a oralidade. Tentou-se ficar atento a questões que envolvem as personagens que empregam a escrita. Faz-se necessário destacar a importância do autor e sua obra para a literatura moçambicana, assim como seu ativismo na constituição e divulgação da cultura de seu país, quebrando arquétipos criados sobre o continente africano. Dialogou-se com críticos literários e estudiosos da literatura africana de língua portuguesa, dentre os quais destacamos: Ana Mafalda Leite, Patrick Chabal, Maria Fernanda Afonso, Manuel Ferreira e José Pires Laranjeira. Para dar conta da análise das missivas empregamos Carlos Reis, Michel Foucault e Mikhail Bakhtin. Sobre a realidade moçambicana, contou-se com Valdemir Zamparoni, José Luís Cabaço e João Carlos Colaço. / The present work proposes an analysis of five novels by the Mozambican author Mia Couto published between 2000 to 2009. The corpus embraces the following novels: Mar me quer (2000), O último voo do flamingo (2000), A varanda do Frangipani (1996), O outro pé da Sereia (2006) and Antes de nascer o mundo (2009). The proposal is to examine the representation of writing – the word on paper – consisting of the epistolary genre – letters, as well as diaries, notes, and notebooks, information contained in the novels that composed by the corpus of work. The representation of writing through these forms is indeed recurrent in most of Couto´s novels and also element participant in numerous tales, either as a motive, either as theme, either as constitutive element. It is noted the uniqueness of the author who, even when he emphasizes writing, undergoes a process of imbrication with orality. We tried to pay attention to issues involving the characters who use writing. It is necessary to highlight the importance of the author and his work within the Mozambican Literature, as well as his activism in the creation and dissemination of the culture of his country, breaking archetypes created about the African continent. Dialogue is undertaken with literary critics and Luso-African Literature scholars, among which we name: Ana Mafalda Leite, Patrick Chabal, Maria Fernanda Afonso, Manuel Ferreira and José Pires Laranjeira. For the analysis of missives, are employed theories by Carlos Reis, Michel Foucault and Mikhail Bakhtin. About the Mozambican reality, we counted with authors such as Valdemir Zamparoni, José Luis Cabaço and João Carlos Colaço.

Repetition has received a bad press in certain streams of theological tradition; this reception has in part been caused by, and has in turn affected, readings of the Letter to the Hebrews, which speaks about repetition in ways unique in the New Testament. The present study addresses the insufficient critical attention paid to repetition in Hebrews, challenging the assumption that it functions uniformly and negatively throughout the letter, and exploring the variety of ways in which Hebrews presents repetition. The plurality of prophetic speech displays God’s manifold kindness in the old covenant; such speech is not opposed to but is fulfilled in Christ’s coming, and its ongoing repetition in the new covenant through citation and exposition serves to promote and explicate that event. Repeated mutual encouragement is essential to persevering in the Christian life and avoiding apostasy. And the regular entry of the Levitical priests into the outer sanctuary of the tabernacle in Heb 9.6 foreshadows the continual access to God achieved through Christ. Where repetition has a negative or contrastive role in the author’s argumentation, it does not cause inefficacy but rather indicates a weakness whose source is elsewhere – and which, moreover, is revealed fully only in the light of the Christ event. The uniqueness of Christ and of his death construed as a sacrifice, developed from concepts of singularity in Day of Atonement and early Christian crucifixion traditions, forms a unifying strand in the letter’s Christology. Rather than functioning in simple opposition to repetition, this singularity corresponds to continuity and eternity, and is developed at times in contrast to, and at times in correspondence with, repetition. The study thus offers a reappraisal of repetition in Hebrews, laying the foundations for renewed appreciation of the importance of repetition for theological discourse and religious life.

The present thesis, Paul's Apostolic Existence. How to understand apostle Paul when he writes about apostle Paul, investigates the issue of why Paul writes so frequently in his epistles about himself and his life. The search starts in 2 Cor 12:1-10 where Paul mentions Christ's answer to his prayer for recovery from sickness: "My grace is sufficient for you, for power is made perfect in weak- ness." This statement becomes the central point of the investigations. Their core part is exegesis of the relevant passages, mostly from Paul's letters to Corinth. The context is broadened by selected texts from the letters to the Philippians and to the Romans. In these texts, the apostle explains to the read- ers his own existence mainly by pointing out his weakness and suffering. The present thesis argues that Paul's motives for writing these texts should be looked for in his theology. He considers his recurring experience of God's power in weakness as instrumental in his mission to preach the gospel. The argument is supported by possibly precise description of the relation between Paul's apostolic existence and his preaching. This will show what benefit these texts can and should bring to their readers.

This dissertation attempts to answer two questions. First, what is the social function of the letter of James? Second, how does James design the structure of the text to align with its communicative goal? This study presumes the letter of James as a member of ancient wisdom literature. Contrary to common (mis)understandings, ancient wisdom literature shows a general tendency in its composition. A legitimate sage collects and evokes old sayings and proverbs. Then, the wisdom is reinterpreted and contemporized for the current situation. Through this process, the sage helps his readers develop a sense of right and wrong, develop moral reasoning skills, and cultivate virtues. I will argue that this pattern, moral formation, is present in the unfolding of James’s letter to his diasporic readers. Regarding the structure of the letter of James, after Dibelius, many attempts have been made to present the letter as a cohesive text with a literary structure, which is unified by a single global theme. In this framework, most of what have been proposed as a structure of the letter is more or less topic (or theme)-based. Unfortunately, however, neither a rigorous definition of topic nor a method for determining it has been clearly stated. The limits of the topic-based approach become problematic when applied to the structure of James whereby diverse topics are scattered here and there throughout the text. Attempts to draw intricate lines between these units through topical or thematic similarities make the structure of James very complicated (e.g., inclusio or chiasm). This study attempts to break this methodological impasse by employing Ruqaiya Hasan’s genre theory developed in a systemic functional framework. James’s letter is delimited in terms of function, not topic or theme. In search for the function of each segment, I explore textual (semantic chain and cohesive harmony), ideational (transitivity, verbal aspect, and voice), and interpersonal meanings (grammatical person and speech functions).