Pathological changes to tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, mechanics, and architecture promote cancer progression and metastasis. Exploration of tumor-ECM interactions using in vitro matrix-mimetic culture systems has largely been restricted to naturally-derived matrix materials that permit limited experimental control. Such study of a novel lung adenocarcinoma model in Matrigel™ (MG) has suggested key matrix cues that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. In this thesis work, synthetic hydrogel scaffolds based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) featuring high experimental control and modular bioactivity were used to study matrix influences on the EMT-prone model line 344SQ. Encapsulation of 344SQ cells in PEG hydrogels modified for cell adhesivity and cell-mediated enzymatic degradability induced formation of lumenized, polarized spheres mimicking the epithelial phenotype observed in three-dimensional MG. Tuning matrix stiffness, adhesive ligand concentration, and ligand spatial presentation altered epithelial morphogenesis. Exploration of the EMT phenotype of PEG-encapsulated 344SQ cells revealed TGFβ-initiated changes in morphology, polarity, expression levels of EMT marker genes and their epigenetic controller, and the organization of cell-secreted ECM. Notably, a potent role for adhesive ligand was illuminated as matrices with low PEG-RGDS concentration even in the absence of TGFβ induced formation of spheres with a post-EMT phenotype by several of these measures. A matrix-invasive phenotype was also revealed by altering matrix structural parameters and tuned with incorporation of an alternative protease-cleavable sequence. Finally, the influence of cell-cell contacts was explored by covalent incorporation of cadherin proteins into the matrix. Matrix-tethered E- and -N-cadherin affected 344SQ sphere development in otherwise non-cell-adhesive matrices and modulated polarity and the degree of TGFβ response. Further, in 344SQ with a knockdown of the essential polarity-determining protein Scribble, matrix-tethered cadherin influenced the formation of a phenotype with partially normalized epithelial polarity with corresponding differences in membrane localization of cell-expressed E-cadherin. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the utility of the more experimentally controllable PEG system in studying ECM influences on cancer progression with findings providing greater insight into stromal biomechanical, biochemical, and cell-cell factors that mediate lung adenocarcinoma epithelial morphogenesis and EMT. These contributions help advance the state of the field towards a goal of developing new metastasis-targeting cancer therapeutics.

Acute injury of major epithelial organ systems (kidney, liver, lung, etc.) is collectively a principal cause of death worldwide. Regenerative medicine promises to meet these human health challenges by harnessing intrinsic cellular processes to repair or replace damaged tissues. Epithelial morphogenesis is a hard-wired, multicellular differentiation program that dynamically integrates microenvironmental cues to coordinate cell fate processes including adhesion, migration, proliferation, and polarization. Thus, epithelial morphogenesis is an instructive mode of tissue assembly, maintenance, and repair. Three-dimensional epithelial cell cultures in natural basement membrane (BM) extracts produce hollow, spherical cyst structures and have indicated that the BM provides the critical cell adhesion ligands to facilitate cell survival, stimulate proliferation, and promote polarization and lumen formation. However, the utility of natural BMs for detailed studies is generally limited by lot-to-lot variations, uncontrolled cell adhesive interactions, or growth factor contamination. The goal of this thesis was to engineer bioartificial extracellular matrices (ECM) that would support and modulate epithelial cyst morphogenesis. We have engineered hydrogels, based on a multi-arm maleimide-terminated poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG-4MAL), that present cell adhesive molecules and enzymatic degradation substrates and promote polarized epithelial cyst differentiation in vitro. To investigate the influence of matrix physical and biochemical signals on cyst morphogenesis, we independently varied the polymer weight percentage (wt%), the density of a cell adhesion ligand (RGD), and crosslink degradation rates of the hydrogels. Then, we evaluated functional outcomes including Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK II) epithelial cell survival, proliferation, cyst polarization, and lumen formation. We found that cell proliferation, but not cell survival, was sensitive to the polymer wt%, which is related to elastic modulus and crosslink density. This result defined a working range of PEG-4MAL concentration (3.5% - 4.5%) that promotes robust proliferation. Analysis of mature cysts indicated that 4.0% and 4.5% gels produced cysts resembling those typically grown in type I collagen gels while 3.5% gels produced cysts with higher incidence of inverted polarity and multiple lumens. Perturbation of matrix degradability using a slow-degrading crosslink peptide or matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors showed that the rate of matrix degradation exerts major influence on cyst growth in PEG-4MAL gels. We employed 4.0% PEG-4MAL hydrogels with RGD ligand density ranging over 0 – 2000 uM to discover that (1) lumen formation was eliminated in the absence of RGD, (2) extent of lumen formation increased with increasing RGD concentration, and (3) cyst polarity was inverted below a threshold of integrin binding to RGD. Together, these results show that the biochemical and physical properties of the matrix, particularly integrin binding and matrix degradability, effectively modulate establishment of apico-basal polarity and lumen phenotypes in MDCK II epithelial cyst structures. Furthermore, these studies validate PEG-4MAL hydrogels as a powerful culture platform to enable detailed investigation of matrix-directed modulation of epithelial morphogenesis.

The Stubble-stubbloid locus encodes a transmembrane serine protease (Stubble) necessary for the proper formation of sensory bristles, and the morphogenesis of leg and wing epithelia. Genetic and cell biological analysis indicate a role for Stubble in actin cytoskeletal dynamics and cell shape changes in developing epithelia and bristles. Previously reported genetic interactions between Stubble and the Rho1 signaling pathway suggest Stubble influences actin cytoskeleton dynamics in developing imaginal discs through interactions with the Rho1 pathway. This work will discuss a genetic screen conducted to further investigate the role of Stubble in bristle and imaginal disc morphogenesis. From 50,000 EMS-mutagenized chromosomes 12 enhancers of the recessive sbd201 allele were identified, including 6 new sbd alleles. Consistent with the current understanding of genetic interactions regulating imaginal disc morphogenesis, mutations in two Rho1 pathway genes, zipper (2 alleles) and Rho1, were isolated. Additionally, three new mutant enhancers of sbd201 were isolated, one of which has been identified as an allele of the cadherin gene Dacshous, another as an allele of the muscle myosin heavy chain gene, and the last as an allele of Notopleural (Np). Dominant and recessive mutations in the Stubble locus interact with the Np allele identified in this screen, in regards to both limb and bristle development, respectively. Mutations in the Np locus were first identified in 1936, but this locus remains poorly characterized and has never been cloned The genetic and phenotypic characterization of Np will be discussed along with experiments that have mapped the position of the Np locus to a 50kb region at the border of the 44F12, 45A1 cytological regions.

No description available.

La morphogenèse épithéliale est essentielle à la formation des organes. J'utilise le follicule ovarien de Drosophila comme modèle d'étude de l’aplatissement des cellules. Un follicule est composé de cellules germinales en croissance entourées d'une monocouche de cellules épithéliales cuboïdes. À un stade de développement spécifique, une part de ces cellules s'aplatit en suivant une vague régulée. Cet aplatissement est en partie contrôlé par un gradient de pression provenant d’un groupe de cellules germinales (les cellules nourricières). Toutes les cellules germinales sont connectées via des ponts cytoplasmiques. Cette thèse étudie les mécanismes conduisant à la génération du gradient de pression, et à la modulation moléculaire induite par cette force mécanique pour permettre l'aplatissement. J'ai montré que le nombre et le diamètre des ponts cytoplasmiques influaient sur la pression. En utilisant des reconstructions tridimensionnelles de follicules, j’ai étudié le rôle de la croissance différentielle des cellules nourricières en mesurant le changement de volume des cellules germinales lors de l'aplatissement des cellules. Enfin, j’ai cherché le mécanisme moléculaire conduisant à l’aplatissement des cellules et influencé par un stimulus mécanique à partir de la pression germinale, en proposant un rôle de la voie Hippo dans ce processus. En conclusion, nous proposons que la croissance des cellules germinales influe de manière mécanique et génétique sur les cellules épithéliales pour permettre l’élongation, et donc l'acquisition de la forme finale du follicule. / Epithelial morphogenesis is essential for organ formation. I use the Drosophila ovarian follicle as a model for studying cell flattening. A follicle is composed of growing germ cells surrounded by a monolayer of cuboidal epithelial cells. At a specific stage of development, some of these cells flatten out following a regulated wave. This flattening is partly controlled by a pressure gradient from part of the germ cells (the nurse cells). All germ cells are connected via cytoplasmic bridges. This thesis studies the mechanisms leading to the generation of the gradient of pressure, and to the molecular modulation induced by this mechanical force to allow flattening. I have shown that the number and diameter of cytoplasmic bridges affect the pressure. Using three-dimensional reconstructions of follicles, I studied the role of differential growth of nurse cells by measuring the change in germ cell volume during epithelial cell flattening. Finally, I looked for the molecular mechanism leading to the flattening and influenced by a mechanical stimulus from the germinal pressure, supporting a role of the Hippo pathway in this process. In conclusion, we propose that germ cell growth mechanically and genetically influences epithelial cells to allow elongation, and thus the acquisition of the final form of the follicle.

L'étude des formes de la nature, de leur diversité, de leur reproductibilité ainsi que de leurs origines a toujours suscité un vif intérêt et, en particulier, la forme polygonale des cellules au sein des épithéliums monocouches, depuis leur observation par Hooke en 1665. Le travail de thèse exposé à travers ce mémoire vise une meilleure compréhension de la morphogenèse de ces tissus. Pour y parvenir, trois approches ont été combinées : la biologie expérimentale du développement, l'analyse biostatistique et, principalement ici, la modélisation biomécanique et numérique. L'hypothèse d'une influence des efforts mécaniques dans l'organisation des épithéliums monocouches en formation a conduit au développement d'un modèle bidimensionnel de cellules, basé sur la physique des milieux divisés et permettant une plasticité de forme ainsi qu'une capacité de libre auto-organisation. Les simulations de morphogenèse de tissus constitués de ces cellules ont alors, d'une part, été confrontées aux observations et, d'autre part, permis de faire varier des paramètres difficilement accessibles expérimentalement, principalement ceux régissant l'évolution cellulaire ainsi que les conditions aux limites. Les résultats issus de ces simulations ont ainsi permis de corroborer ceux provenant des expérimentations : les tissus non prolifératifs sont plus organisés que les prolifératifs et l'apoptose semble jouer un rôle stabilisateur de la morphogenèse des épithéliums prolifératifs. En outre, les études numériques montrent que l'organisation des tissus non prolifératifs semble décroître quand leur vitesse de développement augmente. Par ailleurs, les tissus paraissent plus organisés avec une division et une apoptose contrôlées par des critères mécaniques plutôt que lorsque le système prolifère suivant des critères aléatoires. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse montre l'importance des interactions mécaniques dans le processus de morphogenèse épithéliale et représente une première base prometteuse pour des études futures en ce domaine (étude tridimensionnelle, structuration du cytosquelette, tissus hyperprolifératifs, etc.). / The study of natural forms, their diversity, their reproducibility and their origin has always fascinated the scientists, and particularly the polygonal form of cells in monolayer epithelia, since their observation by Hooke in 1665. The present PhD work aims to better understand tissue morphogenesis. To do so, three approaches have been combined: experimental biology, biostatistical analysis and, mainly here, biomechanical and numerical modeling. The hypothesis of the influence of mechanical efforts on the organization of forming monolayer epithelia leads to the development of a 2D cell model based on the physics of divided media, that enables form plasticity and the ability of free auto-organization. The simulations of tissue morphogenesis composed by these cells have been compared to biological observations. Besides, this approach enables the variation of parameters hardly accessible by experiments, mainly those governing the cell evolution as well as boundary conditions. Thus, the results issued from these simulations corroborate experimental data: non-proliferative tissues appear more organized than proliferative ones and apoptosis seems to be a positive regulator in morphogenetic stability. Furthermore, numerical studies show that the organization of non-proliferative tissues seems to decrease as their development speeds increase. In addition, the tissues appear more organized if the proliferation is mechanically controlled than if it is randomly governed. To conclude, this PhD work shows the importance of mechanical interactions in epithelial morphogenesis and constitutes a first promising basis for further studies in this field (3D study, cytoskeleton structuration, hyperproliferative tissue, etc.).

Epithelial morphogenesis is contingent upon cell shape changes. Cell shape changes are the driving force for the metamorphosis of the adult Drosophila leg from the leg imaginal disc precursor. Genetic analysis has identified several Drosophila genes involved in regulating cell shape changes during leg disc morphogenesis. These include members of the RhoA signaling pathway and the product of the Stubble-stubbloid (Sb-sbd) locus, a transmembrane serine protease. Mutations in the Sb-sbd gene interact genetically with the members of the RhoA signaling pathway, however the nature of the relationship between Sb-sbd serine protease activity and RhoA signaling is not understood. To identify additional components of the RhoA signaling pathway that may help us to understand the role of the Sb-sbd protease in RhoA signaling the Drosophila genome was systematically scanned for genes that interact with Sb-sbd and RhoA mutations using deletions/deficiencies of specified regions of each chromosome. A total of 201 deficiencies uncovering approximately 84.9-91% of the euchromatic genome and spanning the X, second, and third chromosoms were tested. Of the 201 deficiencies tested, five putative interacting genetic regions and one gene within these deficiencies were identified. The candidate gene Eip78C encodes a nuclear steroid hormone receptor previously identified as having an important role in metamorphosis.

Hormonally-triggered regulatory hierarchies play a major role in organismal development. Disruption of a single member of such a hierarchy can lead to irregular development and disease. Therefore, knowledge of the members involved and the mechanisms controlling signaling through such pathways is of great importance in understanding how resulting developmental defects occur. Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) make up a family of cell surface-associated proteases that play important roles in the development and homeostasis of a number of mammalian tissues. Aberrant expression of TTSPs is linked to several human disorders, including deafness, heart and respiratory disease and cancer. However, the mechanism by which these proteases function remains unknown. The ecdysone-responsive Stubble TTSP of Drosophila serves as a good model in which to study the functional mechanism of the TTSP family. The Stubble protease interacts with the intracellular Rho1 (RhoA) pathway to control epithelial development in imaginal discs. The Rho1 signaling pathway regulates cellular behavior via control of gene expression and actin cytoskeletal dynamics. However, the mechanism by which the Stubble protease interacts with the Rho1 pathway to control epithelial development, in particular leg imaginal disc morphogenesis, has yet to be elucidated. The Stubble protein consists of several conserved domains. One approach to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of Stubble in regulating Rho1 signaling is to define which of the conserved domains within the protease are required for proper function. Sequence analysis of twelve recessive Stubble mutant alleles has revealed that the proteolytic domain is essential for proper function. Alleles containing mutations which disrupt regions of the protease domain necessary for protease activation or substrate binding, as well as those with deletions or truncations that remove some portion of the proteolytic domain, result in defective epithelial development in vivo. In contrast, mutations in other regions of the Stubble protein, including the disulfide-knotted and cytoplasmic domains, were not observed. Another important step for defining the connection between Stubble and Rho1 signaling is to identify a Stubble target that acts as an upstream regulator of the Rho1 pathway. We performed a genetic screen in which 97 of the 147 Drosophila non-olfactory and non-gustatory G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a family of proteins that has been shown to be protease-activated and to activate Rho1 signaling, were tested for interactions with a mutant allele of Stubble. We found 4 genomic regions uncovering a total of 7 GPCRs that interact genetically when in heterozygous combination with a Stubble mutant. Further analysis of these genes is necessary to determine if any of these GPCRs is targeted by Stubble during activation of the Rho1 pathway.

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) are a superfamily of cationic specific ionchannels that are regulated by various stimuli such as temperature, pH, mechanical stress, ligandsand ion concentration. The role of TRP channels in disease states such as autosomal dominantpolycystic kidney disease, cancer metastasis, and developmental defects lend credence to thebelief that they play an important part in epithelial morphogenesis events. The development ofsomites, neural tube closure and migration of neural crest cells to form things such as the faceand heart is a good developmental model for the aforementioned cellular processes. We haveshown that TRP channels can be found in the developing ectoderm, hindbrain, and heart and thatthe inhibition of TRP channels in a developing embryo results in phenotypes suggestingperturbation of cellular remodeling processes. This leads to the question of the specific role ofTRP channels in the epithelial mesenchymal transition and remodeling in developing chickembryos.

No description available.