Typewritten sheets in cover. Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University This item was digitized by the Internet Archive. Bibliography: 91-93.

É crescente a preocupação com as doenças do sono e o seu impacto na saúde da população em geral. Pouco ainda é conhecido e explorado na região Sul de Santa Catarina. Embora a literatura reforce a necessidade de uma avaliação objetiva, existem bons instrumentos clínicos que podem ser utilizados em estudos epidemiológicos. Foi realizado um estudo transversal e observacional com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência de sintomas relacionados a apneia obstrutiva do sono em um grupo de pacientes atendidos no Ambulatório de Clínicas Integradas da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, um ambulatório geral secundário, na cidade de Criciúma. Foram avaliados 101 pacientes através da aplicação de questões de sintomas de apneia validadas pelo estudo PLATINO e da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth. A amostra estudada tinha 73 (72,3%) mulheres; 47 (48,6%) indivíduos estudados tinham entre 40 e 59 anos. O ronco esteve presente em 65 (64,4%) pacientes e 20 (19,8%) relataram apneias. Dos indivíduos entrevistados, 31 (30,7%) relataram já terem sido questionados pelo seu médico a respeito do seu sono. Quanto ao resultado da ESE, 14 (13,9%) tiveram pontuação superior a 10. No sexo masculino, foi encontrada uma relação entre a presença de ronco e apneia e escores na ESE acima de 10 (p< 0,01). Concluímos que em uma população não selecionada o ronco foi um sintoma bastante prevalente, assim como o relato de apneias. As questões referentes ao sono, sobretudo relacionadas à apneia do sono, ainda são pouco abordadas pelos médicos em consultas gerais. / This observational cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of symptoms related to obstructive sleep apnea in a group of patients attending Clínicas Integradas da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Ambulatory, a secondary ambulatory, in Criciuma, Brazil. Inclusion criteria was age 18 years or older. 101 patients were interviewed, and it were apllied questions related to obstructive apnea symptoms, previously validated in the PLATINO study and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The sample was compounded by 73 (72,3%) women. 47 (48,6%) individuals were between 40 and 59 years old. Snores were present in 65 (64,4%) patients and 20 (19,8%) referred witnessed apneas during sleep. Thirty one (30,7%)of the participants said their physician have ever asked about sleep. The result on Epworth Sleepiness Scale was greater than 10 in 14 (13,9%) individuals. There was a significant relation between snore, witnessed apneas and Epworth Sleepiness Scale results greater than 10 in males (p<0,01). The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea symptoms are high in this population, but Epworth Sleepiness Scale values are low. Besides, physicians still don’t ask much about sleep.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Erskine Theological Seminary, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.

É crescente a preocupação com as doenças do sono e o seu impacto na saúde da população em geral. Pouco ainda é conhecido e explorado na região Sul de Santa Catarina. Embora a literatura reforce a necessidade de uma avaliação objetiva, existem bons instrumentos clínicos que podem ser utilizados em estudos epidemiológicos. Foi realizado um estudo transversal e observacional com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência de sintomas relacionados a apneia obstrutiva do sono em um grupo de pacientes atendidos no Ambulatório de Clínicas Integradas da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, um ambulatório geral secundário, na cidade de Criciúma. Foram avaliados 101 pacientes através da aplicação de questões de sintomas de apneia validadas pelo estudo PLATINO e da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth. A amostra estudada tinha 73 (72,3%) mulheres; 47 (48,6%) indivíduos estudados tinham entre 40 e 59 anos. O ronco esteve presente em 65 (64,4%) pacientes e 20 (19,8%) relataram apneias. Dos indivíduos entrevistados, 31 (30,7%) relataram já terem sido questionados pelo seu médico a respeito do seu sono. Quanto ao resultado da ESE, 14 (13,9%) tiveram pontuação superior a 10. No sexo masculino, foi encontrada uma relação entre a presença de ronco e apneia e escores na ESE acima de 10 (p< 0,01). Concluímos que em uma população não selecionada o ronco foi um sintoma bastante prevalente, assim como o relato de apneias. As questões referentes ao sono, sobretudo relacionadas à apneia do sono, ainda são pouco abordadas pelos médicos em consultas gerais. / This observational cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of symptoms related to obstructive sleep apnea in a group of patients attending Clínicas Integradas da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Ambulatory, a secondary ambulatory, in Criciuma, Brazil. Inclusion criteria was age 18 years or older. 101 patients were interviewed, and it were apllied questions related to obstructive apnea symptoms, previously validated in the PLATINO study and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The sample was compounded by 73 (72,3%) women. 47 (48,6%) individuals were between 40 and 59 years old. Snores were present in 65 (64,4%) patients and 20 (19,8%) referred witnessed apneas during sleep. Thirty one (30,7%)of the participants said their physician have ever asked about sleep. The result on Epworth Sleepiness Scale was greater than 10 in 14 (13,9%) individuals. There was a significant relation between snore, witnessed apneas and Epworth Sleepiness Scale results greater than 10 in males (p<0,01). The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea symptoms are high in this population, but Epworth Sleepiness Scale values are low. Besides, physicians still don’t ask much about sleep.

É crescente a preocupação com as doenças do sono e o seu impacto na saúde da população em geral. Pouco ainda é conhecido e explorado na região Sul de Santa Catarina. Embora a literatura reforce a necessidade de uma avaliação objetiva, existem bons instrumentos clínicos que podem ser utilizados em estudos epidemiológicos. Foi realizado um estudo transversal e observacional com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência de sintomas relacionados a apneia obstrutiva do sono em um grupo de pacientes atendidos no Ambulatório de Clínicas Integradas da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, um ambulatório geral secundário, na cidade de Criciúma. Foram avaliados 101 pacientes através da aplicação de questões de sintomas de apneia validadas pelo estudo PLATINO e da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth. A amostra estudada tinha 73 (72,3%) mulheres; 47 (48,6%) indivíduos estudados tinham entre 40 e 59 anos. O ronco esteve presente em 65 (64,4%) pacientes e 20 (19,8%) relataram apneias. Dos indivíduos entrevistados, 31 (30,7%) relataram já terem sido questionados pelo seu médico a respeito do seu sono. Quanto ao resultado da ESE, 14 (13,9%) tiveram pontuação superior a 10. No sexo masculino, foi encontrada uma relação entre a presença de ronco e apneia e escores na ESE acima de 10 (p< 0,01). Concluímos que em uma população não selecionada o ronco foi um sintoma bastante prevalente, assim como o relato de apneias. As questões referentes ao sono, sobretudo relacionadas à apneia do sono, ainda são pouco abordadas pelos médicos em consultas gerais. / This observational cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of symptoms related to obstructive sleep apnea in a group of patients attending Clínicas Integradas da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Ambulatory, a secondary ambulatory, in Criciuma, Brazil. Inclusion criteria was age 18 years or older. 101 patients were interviewed, and it were apllied questions related to obstructive apnea symptoms, previously validated in the PLATINO study and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The sample was compounded by 73 (72,3%) women. 47 (48,6%) individuals were between 40 and 59 years old. Snores were present in 65 (64,4%) patients and 20 (19,8%) referred witnessed apneas during sleep. Thirty one (30,7%)of the participants said their physician have ever asked about sleep. The result on Epworth Sleepiness Scale was greater than 10 in 14 (13,9%) individuals. There was a significant relation between snore, witnessed apneas and Epworth Sleepiness Scale results greater than 10 in males (p<0,01). The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea symptoms are high in this population, but Epworth Sleepiness Scale values are low. Besides, physicians still don’t ask much about sleep.

A doença periodontal está se tornando altamente prevalente em todo o mundo. A Síndrome de Apneia obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) é definida por episódios de obstrução das vias aéreas superiores, durante o sono. Este estudo analítico transversal tem como objetivo verificar a presença de doença periodontal e o risco de SAOS em pacientes obesos de grau III. Além de relacionar as medidas antropométricas ao risco de SAOS. A amostra foi composta por 108 indivíduos na faixa de 30 a 60 anos, de ambos os gêneros, referidos a clinica de pós-graduação da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru-Universidade de São Paulo. Foram aferidas as medidas antropométricas. O questionário de Berlin (QB) e a escala de sonolência de Epworth (ESE) foram aplicados para determinar o risco de SAOS. Avaliou-se a condição periodontal de boca toda, quanto à profundidade de sondagem, nível de inserção clínica, índice de sangramento gengival e cálculo. Na análise estatística foram utilizados coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman, testes t de Student e Quiquadrado, e regressão logística multivariada (p<0,050). Os resultados mostraram que 97,2% dos pacientes apresentavam doença periodontal (85,19% periodontite e 60,19% gengivite), o 81,48% dos pacientes tinham alto risco de SAOS, 46,30% sonolência diurna excessiva (SDE), e foram positivos para o QB e a ESE 41,47%. Dos pacientes com doença periodontal, o 82,86% apresentava alto risco de SAOS (QB) e o 45,71% apresentou SDE. A circunferência de cintura (CCi), circunferência cervical (CC) e o percentual previsto de circunferência cervical (PPCC) foram correlacionados ao risco de SAOS (p=0,029; p=0,015; p=0,014, respectivamente). A sonolência diurna se relacionou com a CC (p=0,002) e PPCC (p=0,002). Não houve associação da doença periodontal e o risco de SAOS. Periodontite-ESE (OR=1,84; IC=0,54-6,26), periodontite-QB (OR=0,87; IC=0,10-7,84), gengivite-ESE (OR=1,25; IC=0,48-3,25), gengivite-QB (OR=0,23; IC=0,03-1,84). No entanto, o ronco foi positivamente associado com a gengivite (OR=1,84; IC=0,54-6,26). Este estudo mostrou que a doença periodontal não esteve associada com o risco de SAOS, em nenhuma de suas condições. As medidas antropométricas de CC e PPCC estiveram fortemente associadas ao risco de SAOS. / Periodontal disease is becoming highly prevalent disease worldwide. Obstructive sleep apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is defined by episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep. This cross-sectional study aims to verify the presence of periodontal disease and the risk of OSAS in obese patients grade III. In addition, to relate the anthropometric measures of the risk of OSAS. The sample included 108 individuals aged 30 to 60 years, both genders, referenced to the postgraduate clinical of Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo. Anthropometric measurements were taken. The Berlin questionnaire (BQ) and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) were applied to determine the risk of OSAS. Full mouth periodontal status was evaluated using probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival bleeding index and calculus. Statistical analysis Spearman correlation coefficient, t-Student and Chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression (p<0,050). The results showed that 97.2% of patients had periodontal disease (periodontitis 85.19% and 60.19% gingivitis), the 81.48% of patients had high risk of OSAS, 46.30% had excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and were positive for the BQ and the ESS 41.47%. Patients with periodontal disease, 82.86% had a high risk of OSAS (BQ) and 45.71% had EDS. Waist circumference (WC), neck circumference (NC) and the percentage of predicted neck circumference (PPNC) were correlated to the risk of OSAS (p=0.029, p=0.015, p=0.014, respectively). Daytime sleepiness was associated with NC (p=0.002) and PPNC (p=0.002). There was no association of periodontal disease and the risk of OSAS. Periodontitis-ESS (OR=1.84, CI=0.54 - 6.26), periodontitis-BQ (OR=0.87, CI=0.10 - 7.84), gingivitis-ESS (OR=1.25, CI=0.48 - 3.25), gingivitis-BQ (OR=0.23, CI=0.03 - 1.84). Snoring was positively associated with gingivitis (OR=1.84, CI=0.54 - 6.26). This study showed that periodontal disease was not associated with the risk of OSAS, in any of its conditions. Anthropometric measurements of CC and PPNC were strongly associated with the risk of OSAS.

A doença periodontal está se tornando altamente prevalente em todo o mundo. A Síndrome de Apneia obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) é definida por episódios de obstrução das vias aéreas superiores, durante o sono. Este estudo analítico transversal tem como objetivo verificar a presença de doença periodontal e o risco de SAOS em pacientes obesos de grau III. Além de relacionar as medidas antropométricas ao risco de SAOS. A amostra foi composta por 108 indivíduos na faixa de 30 a 60 anos, de ambos os gêneros, referidos a clinica de pós-graduação da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru-Universidade de São Paulo. Foram aferidas as medidas antropométricas. O questionário de Berlin (QB) e a escala de sonolência de Epworth (ESE) foram aplicados para determinar o risco de SAOS. Avaliou-se a condição periodontal de boca toda, quanto à profundidade de sondagem, nível de inserção clínica, índice de sangramento gengival e cálculo. Na análise estatística foram utilizados coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman, testes t de Student e Quiquadrado, e regressão logística multivariada (p<0,050). Os resultados mostraram que 97,2% dos pacientes apresentavam doença periodontal (85,19% periodontite e 60,19% gengivite), o 81,48% dos pacientes tinham alto risco de SAOS, 46,30% sonolência diurna excessiva (SDE), e foram positivos para o QB e a ESE 41,47%. Dos pacientes com doença periodontal, o 82,86% apresentava alto risco de SAOS (QB) e o 45,71% apresentou SDE. A circunferência de cintura (CCi), circunferência cervical (CC) e o percentual previsto de circunferência cervical (PPCC) foram correlacionados ao risco de SAOS (p=0,029; p=0,015; p=0,014, respectivamente). A sonolência diurna se relacionou com a CC (p=0,002) e PPCC (p=0,002). Não houve associação da doença periodontal e o risco de SAOS. Periodontite-ESE (OR=1,84; IC=0,54-6,26), periodontite-QB (OR=0,87; IC=0,10-7,84), gengivite-ESE (OR=1,25; IC=0,48-3,25), gengivite-QB (OR=0,23; IC=0,03-1,84). No entanto, o ronco foi positivamente associado com a gengivite (OR=1,84; IC=0,54-6,26). Este estudo mostrou que a doença periodontal não esteve associada com o risco de SAOS, em nenhuma de suas condições. As medidas antropométricas de CC e PPCC estiveram fortemente associadas ao risco de SAOS. / Periodontal disease is becoming highly prevalent disease worldwide. Obstructive sleep apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is defined by episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep. This cross-sectional study aims to verify the presence of periodontal disease and the risk of OSAS in obese patients grade III. In addition, to relate the anthropometric measures of the risk of OSAS. The sample included 108 individuals aged 30 to 60 years, both genders, referenced to the postgraduate clinical of Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo. Anthropometric measurements were taken. The Berlin questionnaire (BQ) and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) were applied to determine the risk of OSAS. Full mouth periodontal status was evaluated using probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival bleeding index and calculus. Statistical analysis Spearman correlation coefficient, t-Student and Chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression (p<0,050). The results showed that 97.2% of patients had periodontal disease (periodontitis 85.19% and 60.19% gingivitis), the 81.48% of patients had high risk of OSAS, 46.30% had excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and were positive for the BQ and the ESS 41.47%. Patients with periodontal disease, 82.86% had a high risk of OSAS (BQ) and 45.71% had EDS. Waist circumference (WC), neck circumference (NC) and the percentage of predicted neck circumference (PPNC) were correlated to the risk of OSAS (p=0.029, p=0.015, p=0.014, respectively). Daytime sleepiness was associated with NC (p=0.002) and PPNC (p=0.002). There was no association of periodontal disease and the risk of OSAS. Periodontitis-ESS (OR=1.84, CI=0.54 - 6.26), periodontitis-BQ (OR=0.87, CI=0.10 - 7.84), gingivitis-ESS (OR=1.25, CI=0.48 - 3.25), gingivitis-BQ (OR=0.23, CI=0.03 - 1.84). Snoring was positively associated with gingivitis (OR=1.84, CI=0.54 - 6.26). This study showed that periodontal disease was not associated with the risk of OSAS, in any of its conditions. Anthropometric measurements of CC and PPNC were strongly associated with the risk of OSAS.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Erskine Theological Seminary, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-103).

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Over the past years, Zimbabwe has witnessed enormous amounts of economic challenges which have forced many to migrate out of the country in search of better living conditions and employment. The money and goods sent by migrant workers to their families have become very important in alleviating poverty in Zimbabwean households. However, there are a few studies that have been conducted at a household level to explore the role of remittances in alleviating poverty in Zimbabwe. This research examines the role that remittances play in alleviating poverty at a household level in Zimbabwe by using a case study of Epworth remittance-receiving households in Zimbabwe. The main objective of this research is to explore how the remittances sent to the poor households increase their income level and human capital in order to reduce their poverty level. The research mainly focuses on the New Economics of Labour Migration Theory (NELM) to understand the meaning of international migration and its link to remittances. A qualitative research method was used to provide experiences of the households who receive remittances. The information was collected through one on one interviews which were conducted in Epworth to 14 participants who received remittances and one focus group discussion with 6 participants. The study found out that majority of households in Epworth that receive remittances depend solely on the money sent to them by their loved ones, which help them meet their basic needs such as food, clothes and proper sanitation. The qualitative data analysis also showed that the remittances sent to the families increase human capital through the payment of school and hospital fees. However, the participants that were interviewed highlighted that they faced challenges of accessing cash remittances, especially through formal channels. It was established that the majority of households prefer using informal channels to receive their cash because of the presence of long queues at the banks and shortage of hard cash. Policymakers in Zimbabwe need to come up with strategies that will allow easy access to remittances and also encourage migrants to use formal channels which are safe and accountable.

Social cash transfers (SCTs) are part of social protection instruments aimed at reducing poverty and vulnerability. SCTs are among the most evaluated social protection interventions. Most designs and much of the current evidence give limited attention to effects of SCTs on social capital. Greater attention has been devoted to economic and human capital outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore and analyse the effects of Zimbabwe’s Harmonised Social Cash Transfer (HSCT) on social capital in a rural and a peri-urban settlement. To achieve this, the study first identified and analysed design and operational features of the HSCT. The analysis drew from the perspectives and experiences of beneficiaries and other stakeholders. The study was based on a mixed methods design. The theoretical framework was informed by social capital and social network theories. The results confirm and in other cases contradict findings from previous research, and there are areas where new insights were found. The results indicate that HSCT’s features particularly targeting and selection methods, complementary services and the payment method have effects on social capital. Additionally, findings indicate that the HSCT affected a diverse set of social relations with positive effects on bonding and linking social capital. There are positive psychosocial effects, limited evidence on bridging social capital, and inconclusive results on collective action. The HSCT seems to strengthen trust between beneficiaries but has negative effects on social relations between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Social networks created through the HSCT are exclusionary. There were isolated cases of domestic violence in some households. The HSCT has unintended effects particularly the exclusion of some beneficiary households from access to other benefits; women’s empowerment; and social and economic risks to beneficiaries. Evidence from this study confirms that unconditional cash transfers go well beyond their primary goal of consumption smoothing, and have positive and negative effects on social capital. This provides a strong case for the design and implementation of SCTs to embed explicit objectives and strategies that promote the strengthening of social capital. There is greater need for collaborative efforts between economists, sociologists and anthropologists in the design and analysis of SCTs. / Development Studies / D. Phil. (Development Studies)