Práce se zabývá studiem superkondenzátorů (SC). Výstupem je detailní studie principů přenosu náboje ve struktuře SC, ukládání energie a nový náhradní model SC, který je založen na fyzikálních zákonitostech a principech SC. Dále byl vytvořen matematický model SC, který popisuje chování náboje v jeho aktivní vrstvě. SC byly testovány metodami umělého stárnutí. Závislosti poklesu parametrů SC vlivem různých metodik stárnutí jsou v práci shrnuty.

L’objectif de ce mémoire de maîtrise est de caractériser une Décharge à Barrière Diélectrique (DBD) à la pression atmosphérique dans l’azote en régime homogène. L’objectif est d’une part de mettre en évidence les différents paramètres fondamentaux de ces décharges (température électronique, densité électronique, densité d’espèces excitées et métastables) mais aussi leurs évolutions spatio-temporelles. Dans ce contexte une électrode fractionnée a été réalisée afin de caractériser la décharge le long du flux de gaz et des mesures de spectroscopie d’émission optique résolues spatialement et temporellement ont été utilisées afin d’étudier la physico-chimie de ces décharges. Des variations de tension de claquage et de courant de décharge ont pu être observées entre l’entrée et la sortie du réacteur plasma. Cette variation a pu être reliée à une modification de la population de métastables d’azote N2(A) le long du flux de gaz. De plus, aucune variation significative de la température électronique n’a été relevé. Dans ce travail, des effets d’étalement de la décharge de Townsend ont été mis en évidence grâce à une méthode simple et rapide d'estimation de la surface de décharge. La décharge s’initie d’abord en sortie à cause d’une plus forte population d’espèces énergétiques par rapport à l’entrée. Les mauvaises estimations de surface de décharge conduisent à de mauvaises estimations des valeurs des capacités du circuit équivalent et donc à des paramètres électriques tels que le courant de décharge et la tension appliquée au gaz erronés. Ceci peut donner lieu à de mauvaises interprétations de la physique des DBD. La méthode proposée peut s’appliquer avec ou sans électrode fractionnée ainsi qu’en présence d’espèces réactives appropriées pour le dépôt de couches minces fonctionnelles et multifonctionnelles. / The objective of this master thesis is to characterize a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure in nitrogen gas in a homogeneous regime. The objective is on the one hand to highlight the different fundamental parameters of these discharges (electronic temperature, electronic density, density of excited and metastable species) but also their spatio-temporal evolutions. In this context a structured electrode was made to characterize the discharge along the gas flow lines as well as optical emission spectroscopy measurements to study the physical chemistry of these discharges. Variations in breakdown voltage and discharge current could be observed between the entrance and the exit of the plasma reactor. This variation could be related to a change in the metastable population of nitrogen N2(A) along the gas flow. In addition, no significant variation in the electronic temperature was noted. In this work, spreading effects of the Townsend discharge were highlighted by a simple and quick method of estimating the discharge area. The discharge is initiated at the exit due to a larger population of energy species compared to the entrance. Wrong discharge area estimates lead to poor estimates of capacitance values of the equivalent circuit and thus to incorrect electrical parameters such as discharge current and gas voltage. This can lead to misinterpretations of DBD physics. The proposed method can be applied with or without fractional electrode, and also in the presence of reactive species suitable for thin-film deposition.

In mentioned theses there are described the basic tenets of the photovoltaic panels operation. There is described the progress of the photovoltaic panels. Theses is focused on the theoretical knowledges about the equivalent circuits and their aplication in the proposed simulation system. The goal of theses is to create the surroundings in the program Agilent VEE Pro 8.0 and to create the program for the simulation of the serial and paralel conjunction of the photovoltaic panels. The resultant program enables the simulation of the I – V and P – V characteristics of the real photovoltaic panels.

The main aim of this paper is to contribute to the elucidation of electrochemical processes. These processes occur in the investigated experimental lead-acid cell. For this purpose, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used. There are two methods of measurement presented. First one is used to measure impedance between electrodes. Second one is used to measure impedance of collector ribs inside positive or negative electrode. The results are represented by electrical equivalent circuits, whose elements are described in detail in the theoretical part.

Hlavným cieľom tejto práce je vytvorenie simulácií rôznych algoritmov riadenia asynchrónneho motora a vzájomné porovnanie ich vlastností. Zaoberá sa taktiež možnosťami konfigurácie náhradného zapojenia na T-článok, -článok a -článok. Obsahuje jednak teoretický rozbor, a taktiež aj simulácie jednotlivých spôsobov riadenia spolu s podrobným návodom na ich realizáciu. Celkovo budú vykonané 3 simulácie – simulácia vektorového riadenia s orientáciou na rotorový tok, vektorového riadenia s orientáciou na statorový tok a simulácia takzvaného prirodzeného riadenia. Ide o úplne nový typ riadenia, ktorého autorom je vedúci tejto diplomovej práce. Jeho simulácia bola vôbec prvým pokusom o funkčnú realizáciu tohto typu riadenia.

The first part of this work is devoted to the design of a traction asynchronous motor. The second part focuses on the developed method of the equivalent circuit parameters identification of the asynchronous motor in the form of -network. It is explained here that the equivalent circuit in the shape of a -network, alternatively of an inverse 'I-network, is exactly equivalent and fully-fledged to a T-network, although one of two stray inductances is formally missing. Furthermore, the relationships for the conversions of the T-network parameters to the -network parameters and back, and of the T-network to the inverse 'I-network and back are found. The third part deals with the calculation of the torque and the current characteristics of the asynchronous motor. A sensitive analysis of the torque characteristic is carried out on the individual parameters of the equivalent circuit of the asynchronous motor in the form of a -network and a method of the measurement by means of a flywheel is used for the torque characteristic measurement of the asynchronous motor. The fourth part focuses on the verification of the identified -network parameters in the Matlab-model of the traction drive.

In this work, a new organic light-emitting device (OLED) structure is proposed that allows light-emission from a metal-free device region, thus reducing the hurdles towards an electrically pumped organic solid state laser (OSL). Our design concept employs a stepwise change from a highly conductive but opaque metal part to a highly transparent but less conductive intrinsic emission layer. Here, the high current densities are localized to an area of a few micrometer in square, which is in the range of the mode volume of the transverse mode of an organic vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Besides these experimental results, we present findings from simulations which further support the feasibility of our design concept. Using an equivalent circuit approach, representing the current ow in the device, we calculate the time-dependent length of the emission zone and give estimations for appropriate material parameters.

Hybrid powertrains represent the current trend on passenger cars. The purpose of thisreport is to create a basic model of a hybrid powertrain in Matlab/Simulinkenvironment and study their performance over certification driving cycle. Threecommonly used architectures are modeled and discussed in Simulink. Hence, the basiccomponents of a powertrain – battery, electric machine and combustion engine – arestudied and basic models are realized. A Thevenin equivalent circuit is used to simulatethe behavior of the battery, and the combustion engine is modeled after a Willansmodel. The electric machine model is based on a known efficiency map. Then, thearchitectures are created as well as their control strategies. The control strategies arecreated through state diagrams, and implemented into the Simulink model viaStateflow charts. A validation procedure is presented in order to study the consistencyof the models. / Hybrid drivlinor representerar en central personbilstrend. Syftet med rapporten är attpresentera en grundläggande modell för en hybrid drivlina i Matlab/Simulink. Trearkitekturer behandlas och har implementerats i Simulink. Sedan studeras degrundläggande komponenterna i ett drivaggregat (batteri, elmaskin ochförbränningsmotor). En Thevenin-ekvivalent krets används för att simulera batterietsbeteende. Förbränningsmotorn är modellerad efter en Willans-modell.Elmaskinmodellen är baserad på en känd verkningsgradsmapp. De tillhörandestyrstrategierna med hjälp av tillståndsdiagram. De implementeras i Simulinkmodellenmed hjälp av Stateflow-diagram. Ett valideringsförfarande presenteras ochvisar modellernas konsistens.

[pt] O fenômeno associado à estabilidade de tensão se caracteriza pela existência de valores máximos de potência ativa e reativa que podem ser transferidas a uma barra de carga, ou injetada na rede através dos geradores e compensadores síncronos. Sua relevância para o setor elétrico é constantemente reforçada pelo registro de ocorrências de colapsos de tensão em diversos países do mundo e, embora a instabilidade de tensão manifeste-se localmente, suas consequências se refletem na ampla deterioração do sistema. Impulsionado pelo crescente interesse a respeito dos métodos baseados em medições fasoriais sincronizadas para a detecção do máximo carregamento, este trabalho apresenta os principais modelos encontrados na literatura baseados em medições locais e no vasto monitoramento do sistema, com maior ênfase aos métodos de Corsi-Taranto e Circuito Acoplado de Porta-Simples Aprimorado (CAPS Aprimorado). Algumas contribuições são sugeridas ao modelo CAPS Aprimorado tendo em vista sua aplicação ao conjunto de barras de transferência e de geração. Explora-se a utilização dos equivalentes multi-portas como índice de avaliação das condições de estabilidade de tensão, comparando a identificação da barra crítica aos métodos da matriz D e dos autovalores e autovetores. São evidenciadas as principais limitações dos modelos mediante a um conjunto de análises estáticas e dinâmicas, considerando diferentes cenários de carregamento, a sensibilidade dos modelos ao ruído e a resposta dos métodos em face da atuação dos limitadores de sobre-excitação. / [en] The voltage stability phenomenon is characterized by the existence of a maximum active and reactive power that can be transferred to a load bus or injected into the network through the generators and synchronous compensators. Its relevance to the electric power sector is constantly reinforced by the record of occurrences of voltage collapses in several countries around the world. Although the voltage instability manifests itself locally, its consequences is reflected in the wide deterioration of the system. Driven by growing interest in methods based on synchronized phasor measurements for maximum loadability detection, this work presents the main models found in the literature based on local measurements and wide area monitoring, emphasizing the Corsi-Taranto method and Improved Coupled Single-Port Circuit (Improved CAPS). Some contributions are suggested to the Improved CAPS model considering its application to the set of transit and controlled buses. The use of the multi-port equivalents is explored as the evaluation index of voltage stability conditions, comparing the identification of the critical bus to the D matrix method and eigenvalues and eigenvalues method. The main limitations of the models are demonstrated through a static and dynamic studies, as well different loading scenarios, the sensitivity of the models to the noise and the response of the methods when the over-excitation limiters are considered.

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