京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第22533号 / 人博第936号 / 新制||人||223(附属図書館) / 2019||人博||936(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 林 達也, 教授 石原 昭彦, 教授 久代 恵介 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Le corps humain comporte cinq sens dont les rôles principaux sont d’assurer la santé et la sécurité de l’individu. Parmi ceux-ci, le goût et l’odorat font partie du système chimiosensoriel, c’est-à-dire que ce sont deux sens détectent les particules chimiques afin d’envoyer l’information au système nerveux central. Il est connu qu’une diminution de l’efficacité de l’odorat engendrée par différentes situations comme l’obésité ou le vieillissement peut avoir des répercussions négatives importantes sur la santé. L’activité physique représente une intervention pour laquelle les bienfaits sont déjà bien connus pour prévenir entre autres des maladies chroniques, mais ses mécanismes reliés à l’odorat et aux odeurs restent toujours à être explorés. Ce mémoire a donc pour objectif d’approfondir la compréhension des impacts de l’activité physique sur l’odorat et des impacts de la stimulation des odeurs sur des composantes clés de la pratique de l’activité physique via la réalisation de deux revues systématiques. Premièrement, l’activité physique aiguë et chronique n’ont pas la même incidence sur la détection des odeurs. En effet, l’activité physique chronique améliore clairement la réponse olfactive, alors que l’activité physique aiguë démontre des résultats moins concluants. Deuxièmement, la stimulation olfactive génère des résultats qui diffèrent d’une odeur à l’autre et d’un type d’activité à l’autre (c.-à-d., force, cardiovasculaire, précision, équilibre). Parmi les odeurs les plus testées, la menthe et la lavande améliorent de façon générale les sensations perçues lors de la pratique d’activité physique, modulant ainsi quelques mécanismes physiologiques comme la pression artérielle. À la lumière de ces résultats, une pratique régulière d’activité physique est favorable à la protection de l’odorat dans le but de limiter les risques reliés à une perte olfactive. De plus, la stimulation olfactive basée sur certaines odeurs spécifiques comme la menthe ou la lavande peut être une solution envisageable pour bonifier la réponse à l’effort. / The human body possesses five senses which have the primary role of ensuring the health and safety of the individual. Among these senses, taste and smell are part of the chemosensory system, meaning that they can detect chemical particles to transmit information to the central nervous system. It is known that a decrease in the efficiency of the sense of smell due to various factors such as obesity or aging can have significant negative impacts on health. Physical activity represents an intervention for which the benefits are already well known in preventing chronic diseases, but its mechanisms related to smell and odors remain to be explored. This thesis therefore aims to deepen the understanding of the impacts of physical activity on smell and the impacts of odor stimulation on key components of physical activity practice through the realization of two systematic reviews. Firstly, acute and chronic physical activity do not have the same impact on odor detection. Indeed, chronic physical activity clearly improves this olfactory variable, while acute physical activity shows less conclusive results. Secondly, olfactory stimulation generates results that differ from one odor to another and from one type of activity to another (i.e., strength, cardiovascular, precision, balance). Among the most tested odors, mint and lavender generally improve the sensations perceived during the practice of physical activity, thus modulating some physiological mechanisms such as blood pressure. Based on these findings, regular physical activity is favorable to protecting the sense of smell in order to limit the risks related with olfactory loss. In addition, olfactory stimulation based on certain specific odors such as mint or lavender can be a viable solution to improve the response to effort.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:06:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jardel Schlickmann.pdf: 828069 bytes, checksum: 28142f1471dd5fe8cbc06d71583812dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this study was to determine whether supplementation with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) changes in performance during supramaximal cycling exercise (ESupra), the cardiorespiratory variables and subsequent isometric muscle strength (IMS). The study include 8 male subjects, physically active (23,0±4,01years; 54,69±6,51ml/kg/min-1). The subjects underwent an all out ESupra at 1min in cycle ergometer with load 0,075 kg/weight, after ingestion of solution 0,3g/kg with NaHCO3 or placebo (PLAC) with 0,045g/kg NaCl. After performed the IMS for the upper and lower limbs. The NaHCO3 did not affect the ESupra (497,45±52,47W) compared with PLAC (497,97±60,15W). There were no effects of the ESupra or NaHCO3 ingestion of the test IMS for the elbow flexors (NaHCO3 pre 38,4±6,6kgf and post 36,7±7,8kgf; PLAC pre 37,1±6,8kgf and post 36,2±8,0kgf), as well as for IMS the knee extensors (NaHCO3 pre 84,68±12,36kgf and after 80,28±11,88kgf; PLAC pre 87,04±16,38kgf and after 81,20±13,41kgf). In relation the physiological responses was observed a significant increase at the end of the ESupra only to VCO2 (4,93±0,47l/min) in the condition NaHCO3 compared to PLAC (4,44±0,28l/min). No differences were observed for VO2, VE and VCO2 at anytime during recovery. Lactate concentrations were differently to blood condition NaHCO3 compared to PLAC from the second minute after the ESupra. Before these results, it is likely that the increase in blood lactate concentration after ingestions of NaHCO3 was due to increased release of lactate exercised by muscle and/or by decreasing the absorption in other tissues, since not presented evidence of increased production during exercise (i.e. improved performance). Moreover, the largest peak value during the VCO2 in ESupra suggest a lager buffering H+ generated by supplementation with NaHCO3. Despite evidence to demonstrate the action of NaHCO3 on acid-base balance and transport of lactate the administration of the alkaloid did not favor the performance of 1min ESupra or the IMS of the upper and lower limbs in active individuals. / O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a suplementação com bicarbonato de sódio (NaHCO3) altera o desempenho durante exercícios supramáximos no ciclismo (ESupra), as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, e a força muscular isométrica subseqüente. Participaram deste estudo 8 sujeitos do sexo masculino, fisicamente ativos (23,0±4,01anos; 54,69±6,51ml/kg/min-1). Os voluntários foram submetidos a um ESupra de 1min no cicloergômetro, com carga 0,075 kg/peso, após a ingestão de uma solução com 0,3g/kg NaHCO3 ou placebo (PLAC) com 0,045g/kg de NaCl. Em seguida realizaram os testes de força máxima isométrica (FMI) para os membros superiores e inferiores. O NaHCO3 não teve efeito sobre o desempenho no ESupra (497,45±52,47W) comparado ao PLAC (497,97±60,15W). Não foram observados efeitos do ESupra nem da ingestão do NaHCO3 no teste para FMI dos flexores do cotovelo (NaHCO3 pré 38,4±6,6kgf e pós 36,7±7,8kgf; PLAC pré 37,1±6,8kgf e pós 36,2±8,0kgf), como também para a FMI dos extensores do joelho (NaHCO3 pré 84,68±12,36kgf e pós 80,28±11,88kgf; PLAC pré 87,04±16,38kgf e pós 81,20±13,41kgf). Em relação às respostas fisiológicas foi observado um aumento significativo durante o ESupra apenas para o pico de VCO2 (4,93±0,47l/min) na condição NaHCO3 comparado com o PLAC (4,44±0,28l/min), sem diferenças significativas para essa variável durante a recuperação. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para o VO2 e VE em qualquer momento durante a recuperação. As concentrações de lactato sanguíneo foram diferentes para condição NaHCO3 quando comparado com o PLAC à partir do segundo minuto após o ESupra até o final dos 30min de recuperação. Diante dos resultados encontrados, é provável que o aumento na concentração do lactato sanguíneo após ingestão de NaHCO3 seja decorrente da maior liberação do íon pela musculatura exercitada e/ou pela diminuição da absorção nos outros tecidos, uma vez que não foram apresentados indícios de uma maior produção durante o exercício (i.e. melhora na performance). Além disso, o maior valor de VCO2 pico durante o ESupra sugere um maior tamponamento do H+ gerado pela suplementação com NaHCO3. Apesar de demonstrarmos indícios da ação do bicarbonato sobre o equilíbrio acidobásico e no transporte de lactato, a administração do alcalóide não favoreceu o ESupra de 1min no ciclismo nem a força máxima isométrica de membros superiores e inferiores em indivíduos ativos.