Gesetzliche Vorschriften verlangen bei Konstruktion und Inverkehrbringen von Maschinen die Beachtung einer wachsenden Anzahl von Normen und Richtlinien. Zunehmend spielt ebenso die Einhaltung ergonomischer Standards sowohl für den Gesetzgeber als auch für die Kunden eine immer wichtigere Rolle. Die Umsetzung dieser Forderungen gestaltet sich für Konstrukteure durch die Vielzahl von Vorschriften in unterschiedlichsten Quellen schwierig, insbesondere in kleinen und mittelständischen Unternehmen. Die ergonomiegerechte Konstruktion von Maschinen wird in Zukunft, unabhängig von der Unternehmens- und Auftragsgröße, ein wichtiger Erfolgsfaktor für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit jedes Unternehmens im Maschinenbau sein. Konstrukteure stehen insbesondere vor der Aufgabe, Gesundheitsrisiken für das Bedienpersonal frühzeitig zu erkennen, Belastungssituationen abzuschätzen, ergonomische Problembereiche zu identifizieren und mit geeigneten konzeptuellen Lösungen zu begegnen. Dafür spielen Ergonomiebewertungen innerhalb von Risikoanalysen eine entscheidende Rolle. Ergonomiegerecht konstruierte Maschinen bieten marktrelevante Vorteile für den Hersteller. Neben der Reduzierung von Folgekosten durch Nachrüsten, Service und Support spielt die erhöhte Kundenzufriedenheit eine wichtige Rolle.

abstract: Learners' attitudes and beliefs during the initial stages of learning have a profound impact on their future decisions, practice habits, and persistence. In music education, however, surprisingly little research has explored how physical equipment design might influence novices' attitudes and beliefs. The current study addresses this gap by examining how novices' motivation and perception differ based on the physical design of the musical instrument they interact with while learning. Fifty-two adult participants completed an online survey measuring their expectancies (e.g., confidence), value beliefs (e.g., enjoyment, interest, and social merit), and anticipated persistence while attempting to learn the electric guitar. Afterward, participants attempted to learn and perform several beginner-level tasks while using a conventionally designed or ergonomically designed guitar. The conventionally designed guitar was a commercially available model marketed toward beginner and intermediate-level guitarists. In contrast, the ergonomic guitar was a custom model based on expert design recommendations to improve ease of use, comfort, and user experience. Participant learning expectations and values were assessed before and after a one-hour practice session. Results revealed that novices who used the ergonomic guitar reported significant gains in anticipated learning enjoyment. Alternatively, novices who used the conventional guitar exhibited no such change. Beyond this relationship however, the ergonomic guitar was not found to meaningfully affect participants' confidence, interest, physical discomfort, and task difficulty perceptions. Additionally, the ergonomic guitar did not have a statistically significant influence on learning persistence ratings. One important implication extracted from this study is that a single practice session may not provide enough time or experience to affect a novices' attitudes and beliefs toward learning. Future studies may seek to remedy this study limitation by using a longitudinal design or longer practice task trials. Despite this limitation however, this exploratory study highlights the need for researchers, music educators, and instrument manufacturers to carefully consider how the physical design of a musical instrument may impact learning attitudes, choices, and persistence over time. Additionally, this study offers the first attempt at extending the equipment design literature to music education and Expectancy-Value Theory. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Applied Psychology 2016

Gesetzliche Vorschriften verlangen bei Konstruktion und Inverkehrbringen von Maschinen die Beachtung einer wachsenden Anzahl von Normen und Richtlinien. Zunehmend spielt ebenso die Einhaltung ergonomischer Standards sowohl für den Gesetzgeber als auch für die Kunden eine immer wichtigere Rolle. Die Umsetzung dieser Forderungen gestaltet sich für Konstrukteure durch die Vielzahl von Vorschriften in unterschiedlichsten Quellen schwierig, insbesondere in kleinen und mittelständischen Unternehmen. Die ergonomiegerechte Konstruktion von Maschinen wird in Zukunft, unabhängig von der Unternehmens- und Auftragsgröße, ein wichtiger Erfolgsfaktor für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit jedes Unternehmens im Maschinenbau sein. Konstrukteure stehen insbesondere vor der Aufgabe, Gesundheitsrisiken für das Bedienpersonal frühzeitig zu erkennen, Belastungssituationen abzuschätzen, ergonomische Problembereiche zu identifizieren und mit geeigneten konzeptuellen Lösungen zu begegnen. Dafür spielen Ergonomiebewertungen innerhalb von Risikoanalysen eine entscheidende Rolle. Ergonomiegerecht konstruierte Maschinen bieten marktrelevante Vorteile für den Hersteller. Neben der Reduzierung von Folgekosten durch Nachrüsten, Service und Support spielt die erhöhte Kundenzufriedenheit eine wichtige Rolle.

Orientador: João Roberto Gomes Faria / Resumo: O presente estudo trata do desenvolvimento de um mouse específico para idosos buscando atender às necessidades desse público em relação a usabilidade e desempenho considerando os declínios e as debilidades motoras decorrentes do envelhecimento. O modelo proposto, em forma de protótipo, foi avaliado em conjunto com outros quatro modelos de mouse, sendo um padrão, dois ergonômicos verticais e um ergonômico horizontal, por meio de testes de coleta e análise de dados de performance (tempo X número de erros), percepção e usabilidade (agradabilidade, estética, complexidade), antropometria das mãos, avaliação socioeconômica e de caracterização da amostra composta de 40 sujeitos, divididos em dois grupos distintos: Grupo de Idosos Experientes (GIE): foram incluídos neste grupo idosos (acima de 60 anos) que estavam adaptados ao uso do computador de mesa e mouse, n=20; Grupo de Idosos Inexperientes (GII): foram incluídos neste grupo idosos (acima de 60 anos) que não tinham nenhuma experiência com o uso de computador de mesa e mouse, n=20. Após a coleta de dados, três idosos do GIE e um idoso do GII foram descartados por não conseguirem concluir a tarefa. Os resultados mostraram que diferentes tipos de mouse interferem no uso e na percepção, bem como o grupo com menores dimensões na mão obteve melhores resultados em relação ao tempo de movimento, ainda que em relação ao número de erros a diferença não tenha sido relevante. Embora com um baixo ângulo de extensão de punho, o que mantém um... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study addresses the development of a specific mouse for the elderly seeking to meet the needs of this public regarding usability and performance considering the declines and motor weaknesses resulting from aging. A prototype of the proposed model was evaluated along with four other mouse models, being one standard, two vertical ergonomic and one horizontal ergonomic by means of performance tests – Fitts’ Law test – (time X number of errors), perception and usability (pleasantness, aesthetics, complexity). The sample consisted of 40 subjects divided into two distinct groups: a) Experienced Elderly Group (EEG, n=17); b) Inexperienced Elderly Group (IEG, n=19) who had some or no experience using a desktop and mouse respectively. Results showed the prototype made a positive difference in the average wrist extension angle well below the second best average angle among the other tested models. The results obtained using Fitts’ Law test showed that the proposed mouse model interferes in selection time, movement time and number of errors, considering the mouse design, format, and dimensions. Problems to execute the prototype mouse project, mainly its weight and button which was difficult to click, affected its use and results, causing its performance to be low during its use in both elderly groups (EEG and IEG). There was an exception regarding movement time in the EEG group, where the prototype obtained an average time below one of the models and very close to the time o... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4746.pdf: 1426086 bytes, checksum: f41b8c37c91b06ab62579658c926ad62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-20 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / With the rapid development of civil aviation in Brazil there was a large number of subjects involved in the aircraft maintenance work. Much of workers develop tasks involving manual material handling (MMH), which already have evidenced musculoskeletal risks. However, workers from the aircraft maintenance industry suffer huge pressure due the safety issues and the quality of the work that is performed. There were no studies in the literature that addressed the risk factors present in this sector. Thus, the aim of Study 1 was to evaluate the psychosocial indicators, as well as reports of musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders among workers iof the aircraft maintenance industry. One hundred and one employees were assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, a standardized physical examination, the Job Content Questionnaire and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. The results indicate that the workers are exposed to good psychosocial conditions, which have neither prevented the emergence of musculoskeletal disorders, nor the self reported pain and functional disability, particularly associated with the lower back. As the MMH was the main activity performed by the aircraft maintenance workers assessed, musculoskeletal disorders seem to be associated with the biomechanical characteristics of this activity. Despite the risks already identified, the literature suggests some strategies for reducing the physical load imposed to the musculoskeletal system during MMH. These strategies such as the implementation of handles on boxes, ensuring better coupling object/hands during handling. However, the recommendations of adaptations in boxes are not conclusive regarding handle placement, and their impact on workers' musculoskeletal conditions. Thus, the Study 2 was conducted based on a systematic literature review. The aim was to synthesize evidence regarding the effect of adjustment on boxes, aiming at reduction of musculoskeletal load. A survey was conducted in the following databases: Embase, Pubmed / Medline, Web of Science, and Lilacs Bireme CINAHAL, Sportdiscuss, Cochrane. Two reviewers independently selected the relevant studies, and any disagreements were solved by consensus. Cross-sectional studies were included. The scale proposed by Ariens (2000) was used to assess the quality of the studies included in this review. The electronic search yielded a total of 1170 references published in English. At the end of the selection process, and after manual search of references, the selection included 15 cross-sectional studies. Due to do the great methodological variability, regarding both methods and the proposed adaptations (size and mass of boxes), associated with the low quality of the studies prevented the synthesis of evidence. There is a need of using objective and subjective methods to evaluate standardized boxes with handles, which can also be applied to the assessment of other ergonomic interventions. Furthermore, the handles should be investigated using various positions and inclinations, and the MMH has to be carried out to different heights, in order to provide more conclusive evidence to support the implementation of those adaptations in the occupational practice. Experienced subjects have also to be considered in future studies. / Com o desenvolvimento acelerado da aviação civil no Brasil observou-se um elevado número de sujeitos envolvidos com o trabalho de manutenção de aeronaves. Grande parte dos trabalhadores desenvolvem tarefas que envolvem a realização do manuseio de cargas, o qual já tem grandes evidências de riscos musculoesqueléticos. No entanto, o setor de manutenção de aeronaves sofre grandes pressões com a segurança e com a qualidade do trabalho realizado. Não foram encontrados na literatura estudos que abordassem os fatores de risco presentes neste setor. Dessa forma, o Estudo 1 teve como objetivo avaliar os indicadores psicossociais, assim como os relatos de sintomas musculoesqueléticos entre trabalhadores do setor de manutenção de aeronaves. Cento e um funcionários foram avaliados por meio do Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares, por uma avaliação física padronizada e pelas Escala de Estresse e Trabalho e a Escala de Bem Estar e Trabalho. Os resultados indicam que trabalhadores da indústria de manutenção de aeronaves envolvidos com tarefas de manuseio de materiais são expostos a boas condições psicossociais, o que não impediu o surgimento de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos, nem o alto índice de relato de dor e incapacidade funcional, particularmente associado com a parte inferior da coluna. Como o manuseio de materiais foi a principal atividade realizada no setor de manutenção de aeronaves avaliado, os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos encontrados foram associados às características biomecânicas desta atividade. Apesar dos riscos já identificados, a literatura aponta algumas estratégias para redução da carga física imposta ao sistema musculoesquelético durante o manuseio de cargas. Tratam-se de estratégias nos instrumentos de trabalho, como a implementação de pegas em caixas, garantindo melhor acoplamento objeto/mãos durante o manuseio. No entanto, as adaptações em caixas não são conclusivas em relação às recomendações de posicionamento e sua repercussão nas condições musculoesqueléticas dos trabalhadores. Desta forma, foi realizado o Estudo 2 desta dissertação a partir de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. O objetivo foi sintetizar evidências em relação ao efeito da adaptação de caixas na redução da carga musculoesquelética. Foi realizada pesquisa nas seguintes bases de dados: dados Embase, Pubmed/Medline, Web of Science, Bireme e Lilacs CINAHAL, Sportdiscuss, Cochrane. Dois revisores independentes selecionaram os estudos pertinentes, e as eventuais discordâncias foram solucionadas por consenso. Foram incluídos estudos tranversais. A escala proposta por Ariens (2000) foi utilizada para avaliação da qualidade dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão. A busca eletrônica resultou em um total de 1170 referências publicadas em inglês. Ao final do processo de seleção e da busca manual das referências dos artigos inicialmente incluídos na revisão, totalizou-se a seleção de 15 estudos transversais. A grande variabilidade metodológica, tanto em termos de avaliação como em relação às formas de adaptação de pegas propostas, tamanho e massa das caixas, associadas à baixa qualidade dos estudos incluídos, inviabilizou o agrupamento dos estudos para síntese de evidência. Observa-se a necessidade da utilização conjunta de metodologias objetivas e subjetivas padronizadas na avaliação de caixas adaptadas com pegas, o que pode ser estendido para outros tipos de intervenções ergonômicas. Além disso, as caixas adaptadas precisam ser investigadas a partir de diferentes posicionamentos e inclinações das pegas, a serem manuseadas em diferentes alturas, para fornecer evidências mais definitivas para a implementação na prática ocupacional. A questão da experiência dos sujeitos avaliados também deve ser considerada em estudos futuros.