The study sought to examine tactics used in family conflict and the relationship between these tactics and measures of self esteem and cognitive development. One of the questions which flow from this analysis is whether there is a safe level of conflict which is related to higher levels of cognitive development and/or self esteem or does any level of conflict have a negative effect on these aspects. Subjects consisted of 251 year nine and ten students from a Canberra Catholic high school. Using Straus's (1979) Conflict Tactics Scale for various family dyads, measures of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, and Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale (1965), no significant differences were found between cognitive development and conflict tactics, self esteem or gender. Adolescents from violent families had lower self-esteem than those from non-violent families, however verbal aggression was very common and the sole use of reasoning was atypical.

In order of measuring the relationship between Tinder intensity and self-esteem, the Tinder Intensity Scale was developed in this present study. The scale was developed with help from exploratory factor analysis (EFA) measuring dimensionality and Cronbach's alpha testing the interrelations between the scale items. The EFA found that the Tinder Intensity Scale (Cronbach’s alpha 0.75) consists of two dimensions, one measuring frequency and emotional connection and the other measured dating behavior, such as being the first one to contact a match. The index-scores were used to measure the relationship between the self-esteem score and Tinder Intensity Scale and the scales’ two dimensions. The findings of this study suggest that the relationship between self-esteem and Tinder intensity is rather weak for both men and women, but slightly higher for men’s dating behavior and self-esteem. A reason for this could be due to the low intensity on Tinder in this sample. For future research, it is suggested to examine the relationship on a larger sample. Another suggestion is to determine causality between Tinder use and self-esteem by doing a longitudinal study, where self-esteem is measured pre-Tinder usage and after using Tinder.

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) has been the subject of widespread debate over the years. Initially conceptualised by Rosenberg as a undimensional measure of global self-esteem, other studies have found evidence that challenges this notion, suggesting that this scale is in fact a multidimensional measure. The aim of this study was to investigate the construct validity of the RSES among South African university students. The RSES was administered to students from two different South African universities located in different regions (N = 304). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in order to investigate the factor structure of the RSES and correlations were run between the RSES and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSES) to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and self-efficacy. The PCA findings yielded a single factor structure of the RSES in the South African university student sample and a significant positive correlation was observed between self-esteem and self-efficacy. The findings therefore supported the construct validity of the RSES within the South African university context. / Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Psychology / MA / Unrestricted

Body image dissatisfaction (BID) is increasing among U.S. men and is associated with body-enhancing behaviors that threaten physical health, such as excessive dieting and exercising. A research gap was identified about the relationships between men's body image dissatisfaction, body-enhancing behaviors, and the possible mediating effect of self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among body image dissatisfaction, body-enhancing behaviors, and self-esteem in adult males. Sociocultural and social comparison theory served as the theoretical frameworks for this study, which included 103 participants recruited through a university participant pool and gyms. Participants completed questionnaires including the Body-Esteem Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Exercise Dependence Scale-21, Revised Restraint Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. Correlational and regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationships between all constructs and to test self-esteem as the mediating variable. A mediation model showed a relationship between dieting and self-esteem and BID in that high BID was related to low self-esteem. However, self-esteem did not mediate the relationship between diet and exercise. Findings indicated a significant relationship between higher BID and lower self-esteem. Results also indicated a significant relationship between BID and dieting. Results may be used to improve the lives of men affected by BID by informing them about factors that may affect BID and/or self-esteem. Enhancing the understanding of males' low self-esteem and body image may help researchers and practitioners develop more effective interventions.

Ever since the breakthrough of social media it has become progressively more interesting to investigate whether or not it only exists for our pleasure or if it comes with negative side-effects. Instagram is, as of now, the fourth biggest social media which makes it one of the most established social medias whom most internet-users value. Instagram is an application for posting, and interacting, with pictures and videos by friends or even strangers. This may seem like harmless amusement, but it can also have a negative effect on the user's self-esteem. This study aims to examine whether a short term break from the social media platform Instagram can have a positive effect on an individual's self-esteem or not. The study that is conducted is a field study, where data is collected from the same frame of interpretation where the results have been concluded and discussed. Every participant took a break of one week from Instagram, where the app was deleted completely. Prior to the week the participants got to fill out a form regarding their self-esteem. The same form was also filled out after the break to be able to compare self-esteem between the two. The form, and thus the measure tool for self-esteem, was built on Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. The result showed an increase in self-esteem after the break from Instagram. The result differed slightly between participants but on average everyone's self-esteem bettered. Further investigation revealed some patterns, for instance, a difference between men and women can be shown where women's self-esteem increased more than men's. Even if everyone's self-esteem on average increased, a conclusion can be drawn that self-esteem can be affected by many variables apart from the break from Instagram. / Genom sociala mediers genombrott har det blivit alltmer intressant att undersöka om de har en negativ påverkan eller om de endast finns till för vårt nöje. Instagram är det fjärde största sociala mediet vilket gör det till ett otroligt etablerat socialt medie som de flesta internetanvändare nyttjar. Instagram går ut på att publicera samt interagera med bilder och filmklipp från sina vänner eller även främlingar. Detta bringar nöje men kan även ha en negativ påverkan på användarens självkänsla. Denna studie undersöker om en kortvarig paus från det sociala mediet Instagram kan påverka självkänslan positivt kortsiktigt. Studien genomfördes genom en fältstudie där data samlades in från en och samma tolkningsram som sedan dragits till en slutsats och diskuterats. Alla deltagare tog en paus från Instagram i en vecka genom att radera appen helt. Innan och efter denna vecka svarade varje deltagare på ett formulär. Formuläret var utformat för att kunna mäta självkänslan före och efter veckan och då kunna dra slutsatser kring om och hur självkänslan påverkas. Självkänsla har mätts med hjälp av Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale. Resultatet visade på att det blev positiva skillnader i självkänsla efter pausen från Instagram. Resultaten varierade självfallet mellan olika deltagare men i genomsnitt ökade allas självkänsla. Detta analyseras vidare där man bland annat kan se att kvinnors självkänsla ökade mer än männens. Även om man kan konstatera att allas självkänsla i genomsnitt ökade efter veckan dras slutsatsen att många yttre faktorer, oberoende av den Instagram-fria veckan, kan ha en påverkan på självkänslan.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka sambanden samt eventuella könsskillnader mellan Social Jämförelse, Självkänsla och användande av Sociala  Medier hos gymnasieelever . Enkäter delades ut till 127  elever på en skola i södra Sverige. Eleverna ombads besvara frågor om användningen av Sociala Medier samt uppskatta deras Självkänsla som bygger på Rosenberg self-esteem scale och deras upplevda grad av Social Jämförelse som baserades på en förkortad version (Schneider & Schupp, 2013) av the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (Buunk & Gibbons, 1999). Resultatet visade signifikanta samband samt könsskillnader mellan användning av Sociala Medier, Social Jämförelse och Självkänsla. Det visade sig att elever som spenderade mer tid på Sociala Medier och hade högre grad av Social Jämförelse tenderade att ha lägre Självkänsla. Kvinnor tenderade även spendera mer tid på Sociala Medier, ha högre grad av Social Jämförelse och lägre grad av Självkänsla än männen. I linje med Findahl och Davidsson (2015) studie fanns det tendenser till att Sociala Medier ökat men att aktiviteten minskar. I vår studie tenderade eleverna att lägga ut uppdateringar när positiva händelser hade skett eller bilder på Selfies och vänner samt bilder som redigerats. Detta skulle kunna bidra till en allvarligt skev bild av verkligheten som kan leda till negativa effekter (som lägre självskänsla). Mot bakgrund av resultaten bör fördjupade undersökningar kring Sociala Mediers och Social Jämförelses inverkan på vårt välmående utredas. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between Social Media use, Self-esteem and Social Comparison. Questionnaires were distributed to 127 pupils at a school in southern Sweden. Students were asked to answer questions about the use of social media and assess their self-esteem based on Rosenberg self-esteem scale and their perceived level of social comparison that was based on a shortened version (Schneider & Schupp, 2013) of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (Buunk & Gibbons, 1999 ). The results showed significant relationships, and also gender differences in the use of social media, social comparison and self-esteem. The study showed that students who spent more time on social media and had greater social comparison tended to have lower self-esteem. Women also tended to spend more time on social media, have greater social comparison and lower levels of self-esteem than men. The study confirmed Findahl och Davidsson (2015), showing that social media is increasing, but that the activity decreases. Students tended to only post positive events or images on Selfies and friends as well as images edited. This could contribute to a serious distortion that can lead to negative effects (such as lower self-esteem). Given the results, we propose that future studies focus on in-depth research about social media impact on our wellbeing and how modern social comparison works.

Tidigare forskning har visat att föräldrars anknytningsstil och personlighet samverkar och påverkar varandra. Men hur ser förhållandena ut mellan anknytningsstil, självkänsla, välmående och personlighet? I den här uppsatsen prövades fem hypoteser huruvida det fanns samband mellan dessa. Detta gjordes via en enkät som mätte de fem grundläggande dimensioner (vänlighet, extraversion, neuroticism, öppenhet och samvetsgrannhet), subjektivt psykiskt välmående, självkänslan samt anknytningen utifrån fem aspekter; två otrygga av karaktären avståndstagande (distans och sakorientering) och två av ängslig/närhetssökande karaktär (relationsfixering och bifallsbehov) samt tillit, den trygga anknytningsstilen som utmärks av ett tryggt och tillitsfullt förhållande till sig själv och till andra. De verktyg som användes var Big Five Inventory (BFI), Välmåendeformuläret, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) samt Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). Enkätens reliabilitet var genomgående god. Totalt svarade 853 deltagare på enkäten i åldrarna mellan 20-74 år (M = 43.3, SD = 10.15) där 67.3% var kvinnor. Korrelationsanalyser och multipla regressionsanalysen genomfördes. Hypoteserna fick stöd i studien, anknytningsstilen kan prediceras av personlighetsdrag, välmående och självkänsla. Resultaten visade att anknytningsstilen tillit prediceras med positiva samband av vänlighet, extraversion, självkänsla och välmående samt ett negativt samband av neuroticism, vilket övriga anknytningsstilar inte har. / Previous research has shown that parents' attachment style and personality interact and influence each other. But what do the relationships between attachment style, self-esteem, well-being and personality look like? In this essay, five hypotheses were tested to see how these correlates with each other. This was done by a survey that measured the five basic dimensions (agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, openness and conscientiousness), subjective well-being, self-esteem and attachment style based on five aspects; two insecure of distancing nature and two of an anxious / closeness-seeking nature, the secure attachment style is characterized by a secure relationship with oneself and others. The survey was based on Big Five Inventory (BFI), Questionnaire on well-being, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). The reliability of the survey was good. A total of 853 participants responded to the survey between the ages of 20-74 (M = 43.3, SD = 10.15), where 67.3% were women. Correlation analyzes and multiple regression analyzes were performed. The hypotheses were confirmed, attachment style can be predicted by personality traits, well-being and self-esteem. The results showed that the secure attachment is predicted by and has a positive correlation with agreeableness, extraversion, self-esteem and well-being as well as a negative correlation to neuroticism, which the other attachment styles did not have.

The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a teaching unit for improving self-esteem in high school students. To measure the level of self-esteem, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was chosen. The data were compiled from twenty-one high school students in a rural Texas high school. The female level of self-esteem was significantly lower than the male self-esteem level prior to studying the class unit. There were no significant differences in levels of self-esteem on the pretest and post test, although there was a slight improvement in the female level.

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / This study focuses and draws on the fields of dance, psychology and the self-concept. Dance is seen as a powerful tool for expression of self. The Self-Concept is one of the most researched constructs in psychology. Previous research has focused on one element of the self-concept, such as self-esteem; this research considered the self-concept holistically, comprising of: self-image, self-esteem and ideal self. The theoretical framework of this research was the Self-Concept, and dance was employed as an intervention or method of researching the self-concept. The overall aim of this research was to explore the self-concept of a group of peer mentors prior to and after participating in a structured dance programme at a South African University. This research used a mixed-method approach with the primary method being qualitative. The quantitative research design was a quasi-experimental, one-group pre-test post-test design, using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The qualitative research design was ethnography. A seven session structured dance programme was conducted consisting of various aspects of dance. Non-probability sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used. Data was collected in four phases; quantitative pre-test data collection using the RSES scale; qualitative intervention data collection via observations (field notes and audio-visual recordings); quantitative post-test data collection using the RSES scale; and qualitative in-depth interviews. Informed consent was received through informed consent forms and information sessions prior to the dance programme. There were two steps of data analysis. First was to analyse the quantitative data from the RSES on IBM’s Statistical Software Package for Social Sciences, version 25 (SPSS v.25) and Microsoft Excel tools. Second was to analyse the data from the observations and interviews using thematic analysis.

This thesis explores the relationships between self-esteem and socio-economic factors and characteristics of maternity group home program participation. Self-esteem is used sometimes as the independent variable and sometimes as the dependent variable in this study. A sample of 268 women was used representing the data available in an administrative database on women admitted to the Villa Rosa program for the period from May 1998 to February 2009, after removing cases with too much of the self-esteem measure missing. Methods of analysis included; paired samples t-tests, independent samples t-tests, analysis of variance, repeated measures analysis of variance, standard multiple regression, sequential multiple regression, and multinomial logistic regression. Attempts were made to control for the influence of the several factors. The main findings of the research included: 1) Ethnicity was not found to be significantly related to discharge self-esteem. 2) Self-esteem of residents was found to be significantly healthier at discharge from the program than at intake to the program. 3) Self-esteem was not found to be significantly different between women who participated in a post-natal semi-independent living component of the program and those who did not when controlling for control variables. When the control variable of length of time in the program was removed self-esteem was found to be significantly healthier for women who participated in the post-natal semi-independent living component of the program than those who did not. 4) A significant difference was not found between the discharge self-esteem of women who reported as living with a disability at intake, and women who did not. 5) Self-esteem at discharge was found to be healthier with an increased number of days spent at Villa Rosa. 6) Less healthy intake self-esteem was associated with plans not to breastfeed. 7) More supportive attitudes of social support network as measured at intake were shown to be linked to healthier self-esteem at discharge. 8) Experiences of abuse were not shown to be significantly related to discharge self-esteem. Both support received from the significant findings, and a lack of support from insignificant findings, were found for several self-esteem theories.