The thesis deals with one of the most important challenges of our times: how to forge political unity and societal cohesion in an environment of increasing cultural diversity and ever increasing politicisation of identities. Explicitly, it investigates shifts in Muslim identity and its relationship with the European Union, European nation states and their societies from a comparative perspective. Existing literature and case studies often treat Muslims in Europe as a homogeneous group and fail to connect how policies of state and non-state actors influence Muslim identities. Located within the theories of multiculturalism, the argument introduced in this thesis suggests that Muslims in Europe are a heterogeneous group with diverse cultural, social but also religious traditions. These factors all contribute to developments in Muslim identities and their relationship with host societies. As such, the study evaluates perceptions of Muslim communities in a comparative perspective with three case study countries, the UK, Germany and the Czech Republic, on their inclusion, civic participation and belonging. This critical assessment is complemented by objective analysis of the EU strategies on religion, integration and minority groups. The purpose is to illustrate, within this complex web of relations, the most effective approach from the Muslim perspective. The novelty and unique contribution of this research to knowledge lies in its socio-political and cross-country approach which is supported by the use of structured questionnaires followed by semi-structured interviews. By using a combination of questionnaires and interviews, participants were given space in which they could gradually express their views and feelings. The results show that religious traditions and places of origin are very important. However, national policies play the most significant role in the formation of Muslim identities. Multicultural policies in Britain have been, thus far, most successful in the integration and inclusion of Muslim communities. On the contrary, the largely state-centric policies of Germany which provide social provisions but often exclude political participation, contribute to split identities and segregated communities. In the context of post-communist Europe, the Czech Republic is yet to devise policies and legislation addressing the question of religious minorities. At present, the Czech Republic stretches liberal policies to almost an extreme and fails to accommodate minority cultures. The role of the European Union has been rather minor with most participants being sceptical of the EU’s mechanisms and relevance for Muslims in Europe.

Jamaat, a transnational Islamic reform movement, which originated in India in the 1920s. The movement claims to reinforce faith by preaching among Muslims. Tablighi Jamaat is now operative in 165 countriess with about 80 million followers around the world. This study looks at the Tablighi Jamaat in two very different contexts, Bangladesh and the United Kingdom (UK), where the Tablighi Jamaat has been successful. In Bangladesh, the Tablighi Jamaat is a very large-scale movement where several million people attend the annual congregation (Bishwa Ijtema) of the Tablighi Jamaat every year. The UK has a much smaller following of the Tablighi Jamaat than Bangladesh. There are perhaps 50,000 active Tablighi Jamaat followers in the UK. This ethnographic study shows that the success of the Tablighi Jamaat results from the positive image, which it cultivates, and the systematic preaching activities of Tablighi Jamaat followers. The organisation’s apolitical image, the public profile of the ijtema, the humbleness in personality and behaviour of Tablighi followers, and the attraction of belonging to the global Tablighi community, all assist to create a positive image of the Tablighi Jamaat among ordinary Muslims. In addition, family and peer pressure, and a variety of personal reasons explain why people join the movement. In the thesis, I also argue that the Tablighi Jamaat remains successful because of its ability to hold its followers (both new and long-term) within a Tablighi-guided life. A Tablighi-guided life is perceived as a protection against the Western lifestyle. Followers define many elements of contemporary Western lifestyle as non-Islamic. By clearly defining what is Islamic and non-Islamic within contemporary society, the Tablighi Jamaat provides a way in which Muslims can live in the contemporary world, but remain good Muslims.

No description available.

LD2668 .T4 1949 R8 / Master of Science

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2015 / Introduction South Africa is characterised by numerous dichotomies and diversities, within which its two-tier healthcare system operates. An under-resourced state sector serves a majority of the population and a resource-intensive private sector serves a small minority. Within the constitutional framework of human rights and distributive justice there are nevertheless expectations of fair and equal access to healthcare services. There is furthermore an expectation of quality care across the health system, in spite of a number of systemic challenges related to staff and equipment shortages, unrealistic working hours and poor working conditions. Organ transplant is available to different degrees within the South African healthcare sector. Whilst transplant programmes are burgeoning internationally, cadaver transplant numbers in South Africa have decreased over recent years as donor organs have become increasingly scarce. Current research suggests that these challenges to transplant in South Africa arise from aspects of personal and cultural beliefs, illegal transplant practices and resource constraints - which all serve to compromise the ethical implementation of transplant services in the two-tier healthcare system. The impact of interprofessional communication and transplant professional–patient communication has not been previously researched in South Africa. However, research into other healthcare issues has shown that communication is vital to the ethical provision of healthcare services, especially those which involve patient-centeredness and multidisciplinary interaction. Transplant involves a significant amount of communication within a particularly large network of recipients and their families, cadaver donor families, living donors and a range of transplant professionals. This communication seems a vital part of the transplant process, disseminating information which role-players need in order to promote favourable outcomes. Given the extensive networks involved in the transplant process, communication would seem to be a fertile area for research. This study aimed to explore communication in organ transplant in Gauteng province, South Africa. It considered both interprofessional communication and communication with patients as this took place within the hierarchical healthcare system and throughout the transplant process. An ethics of care framework was utilised in order to account for the expectations of care which South Africans confer upon their health system. Methods The study took place in the Gauteng province of South Africa across six healthcare institutions. Both the state and the private sector were equally represented. Altogether, thirty in-depth interviews with transplant professionals, two focus groups with transplant coordinators, two interviews with cadaver donor families, and one focus group with living kidney donors, were conducted. Thematic analysis and triangulation of the data utilising Braun and Clarke’s (2006) principles revealed three main themes relating to context, communication with patients, and interprofessional communication Findings The South African transplant context is complex and multifaceted, shaped by both the patients’ expectations of care and the transplant professionals’ perceptions of care. These expectations and perceptions are influenced by personal beliefs, suspicions of biomedicine, the media, and resource inequalities which pose challenges to accessing transplant services. The transplant context is characterised by ethical dilemmas relating to distributive justice, as questions about resource distribution and allocation of donor organs are raised. Transplant communication is influenced by context and varies depending upon role-players in transplant and the different phases of transplant. Demands for care by those hoping to receive an organ had a noticeable influence on transplant professional-potential recipient communication in the pre-transplant phase, a period when emotions of desperation and uncertainty were prominent. By the time recipients had received their organ and entered the more stable post-transplant phase, a relationship of trust developed in which communication was regular and caring roles seemed fulfilled. The opposite trend was evident in communication between transplant professionals and donor families. This was characterised by notions of care in the pre-transplant phase, contrasting with a perception amongst donor families that care was sometimes overlooked in the post-transplant phase - a time often imbued with chronic uncertainty. Even in the pre-transplant phase numerous ethical issues surrounding autonomy, decision-making and informed consent proved to complicate and challenge transplant communication. Interprofessional communication was shaped by hierarchical institutional organisation, a lack of continuity of care, and resource constraints, all of which challenged transplant professionals seeking to provide care, and sometimes resulted in aggressive interchanges. The pressure to procure an organ timeously – which could result in patient care and professional respect being somewhat disregarded – could so compromise interprofessional communications that moral distress was created. Furthermore, as a result of miscommunications, an ethical vacuum where the best interests of patients in the transplant process were not, apparently, a foremost consideration, was identified. Conclusion Transplant is a highly complex process requiring a number of different communication styles and skills and accompanied by intricate ethical challenges. Although transplant professionals seemed cognisant of the need for careful communication, inequalities, resource scarcity and conflict intervened to create a space for moral distress and uncertainty in which communication was affected, and the provision of care was the casualty. Appraising results within an ethics of care framework suggests that transplant in Gauteng cannot be considered to be a process fully informed by the imperative of care. The ethics of care proved to be a helpful framework for understanding transplant communication in Gauteng because of the way it accounts for interpersonal relationships - fundamental to the transplant process - whilst also emphasising the importance of resources necessary to provide good care. It was concluded that in the current environment, where there is little legal direction or political buy-in, transplant in Gauteng will be unable to reach its full potential. / MT2016

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment for the degree of Masters of Mathematics Education by coursework and research report. Johannesburg, March 2017. / The current mathematics curriculum in South Africa require that learners are provided with opportunities to develop abilities to be methodical, to generalise, to make conjectures and try to justify and prove their conjectures. These objectives call for the use of teaching strategies and tasks that support learners’ participation in the development of mathematical thinking and reasoning. This means that teachers have to be cautious when selecting tasks and deciding on teaching strategies for their classes. Tasks differ in their cognitive and difficulty levels and opportunities they afford for learner to learn mathematics competently. The levels of tasks selected by the teachers; the kinds of questions asked by the teachers during the implementation of the selected tasks and how the questions asked by the teachers and the teachers’ actions at implementations affected the levels of the tasks were the focus of this research report. The study was carried out in one high poverty high school in South Africa. Two teachers were observed teaching and each teacher taught their allocated grades. One teacher was observed teaching Grade 9s while the other taught Grade 11s. Both teacher taught number patterns at the time their lessons were observed. The research was qualitative. Methods of data collection and instruments included lesson observations; collection of tasks used in the observed classes, audio-taping and field notes. Pictures of the teachers’ work and copies of learners’ workbooks also provided some data. The analysis of data shows that the teachers not only selected and used lower-level cognitive demand and ‘easy’ tasks, that did not support mathematical thinking, but also did not lift up the levels and/or maintain the ‘difficulty levels’ of the task at implementation. Teachers were unable to initiate class discussions. Their teaching focused on ‘drill and practice’ learning and teaching practices. / LG2017

Resumo: Este trabalho surge da preocupação inicial com dois temas: a poesia e a ontologia. O contato abissal com o livro Uma aprendizagem ou o livro dos prazeres e com a literatura de Clarice Lispector, de uma forma geral, faz emergir a vontade de compreender, tanto pelo lado sensível quanto pelo intelectual, um pouco mais os temas ontológicos e poéticos que são essenciais na obra clariceana. É a partir desses dois temas essenciais que surge um mundo inesgotável de material de estudo na obra da autora. A linguagem poética é um dos grandes focos deste trabalho, já que é a partir desse tipo de linguagem que a obra literária de Clarice deixa entrever faces pouco acessíveis do ser, e ainda é através desse tipo de linguagem que a obra se amplia, desloca valores, ultrapassa delimitações, inunda de imaginação o campo das significações. Clarice Lispector chega no ápice do uso e abuso da língua, utiliza a palavra como forma de expressão ontológica, que toca o silêncio e o indizível, que chega no limite da própria palavra e do próprio ser, que degusta e esmiúça a língua para expressar de forma mais plena e fiel o que é residual, condensado, inato do homem. O caminho deste trabalho é, assim, o da linguagem, o da literatura, o da poesia e o do ser. Aspectos que são, na verdade, partes de uma mesma totalidade, constituintes de um cosmo. Em Clarice quebram-se as dualidades, as oposições e as diferenciações qualitativas, o caminho é o da comunhão. A forma de entendimento de mundo é cosmológica, abrange o sensível e o empírico, o racional e o emocional; ás vezes fragmenta-se o todo, mas a noção de todo não pode perder-se. Clarice Lispector é a mulher, a escritora consciente da unidade presente no mundo. Uma aprendizagem ou o livro dos prazeres é o livro expressão da comunhão: entre homem e mulher, entre poesia e prosa, entre razão e sensação, entre ser e linguagem. / Abstract: This work appears of the initial preoccupation with two subjects: the poetry and the ontology. The abysmal contact with the book An apprenticeship or the book of the pleasures and with the literature of Clarice Lispector of a general form, become manifest the wish of the comprehend, such as the sensitive side how as the intellectual side, a little more ontológical and poetic subject that are essential in the clariceana work. It is from these two essential subjects that there appears an inexhaustible world of study's material in the work of the author. The poetic language is one of the great focuses of this work, since it is from this type of language from which the literary work of Clarice lets glimpse not much accessible faces of the being and which is through this type of language which the work is enlarged, move values, exceed delimitation, it floods of imagination the field of the significations. Clarice Lispector arrives in the top of the use and abuse of the language, uses the word like the form of ontological expression, what touches the silence and the unspeakable thing, what arrives in the limit of the word itself and of the being itself, which tastes and examines the language in detail to express in the fuller and loyal form what is residue, condensed, innate of the man. The way of this work is, so, the language, the literature, the poetry and the being. Aspects that are, in fact, sides of the same totality, constituent from a cosmos. In Clarice there are broken the duality, the oppositions and the qualitative differentiation, the way is it of the communion. The form of world understanding is cosmological, it includes the sensitive thing and the empirical thing, the rational thing and the emotional thing; sometimes break up all, but the notion of all cannot be lost. Clarice Lispector is the woman, the conscious writer of the present unity in the world. An apprenticeship or the book of the pleasures is the book communion ... / Orientador: Guacira Marcondes Machado Leite / Coorientador: Silvana Vieira da Silva Amorim / Banca: Wilma Patricia Marzari Dinardo Maas / Banca: Arnaldo Franco Junior / Mestre

Orientador: Guacira Marcondes Machado Leite / Banca: Renata Junqueira / Banca: Ana Maria Domingues de Oliveira / Resumo: O objetivo principal deste trabalho é verificar a constituição da linguagem poética e colaborar na valorização literária de Os Pescadores de Raul Brandão, obra pouco estudada pela crítica. Pautando-se numa pesquisa acerca das temáticas que envolvem as principais obras deste escritor e realizando um estudo aprofundado em torno da composição da obra citada nos âmbitos da problemática de seu gênero literário e principalmente do trabalho realizado com a linguagem, pode-se notar uma combinação entre vários recursos lingüísticos, sonoros e artísticos, além da construção de um narrador lírico. Este percorre seu caminho ficticiamente, rumo às descobertas interiores que se estendem de um plano particular (do ser como indivíduo) para um plano geral (todos os seres humanos). Assim, percebeu-se que esta obra também trata de temáticas importantes e tradicionais na literatura como a busca pelo sentido da vida e da morte e as questões que envolvem a existência humana, por exemplo. Porém, o autor utiliza-se principalmente dos valores da estética simbolista e impressionista em Os Pescadores escolhendo um estilo de escrita que se constitui numa prosa poética em que é justamente a constante presença dos mitos, seja como configuradores do tempo, do espaço ou do próprio ser humano, que faz com que a obra se aproxime de grandes obras tanto de Raul Brandão como da literatura universal. / Résumé: L'objectif principal de ce travail est de vérifier la constitution du langage poétique et de collaborer à la valorisation littéraire d' Os Pescadores de Raul Brandão, une oeuvre peu étudiée par la critique. À partir d'une recherche à propos des thèmes qui concernent les principaux ouvrages de cet écrivain, et faisant l' étude approfondie du genre littéraire de l'oeuvre que nous examinons, et principallement du travail fait sur son langage, on peut y remarquer une combinaison de plusieurs ressources linguistiques, sonores et artistiques ainsi que le choix d'un narrateur lyrique. Il parcourt son chemin de manière fictive vers les découvertes intérieures qui se prolongent sur un plan particulier (l'être comme individu) et sur un plan général (tous les êtres humains). Ainsi, on apperçoit que cette oeuvre parle aussi des thèmes importants et traditionnels de la littérature: la recherche du sens de la vie et de la mort et des questions qui concernent l'éxistence humaine, par exemple. Toutefois, l'auteur se sert surtout des valeurs de l'esthétique symboliste et impressioniste dans Os Pescadores, choisissant un style d'écriture qui constitue une prose poétique. C'est justement là où est la présence constante des mythes comme les confugurateurs du temps, de l'espace ou de l'être humain même. Tel fait approche cette oeuvre des grands ouvrages tant de Raul Brandão que de la littérature universelle. / Mestre

Orientador: Fernando Brandão dos Santos / Banca: José Djalma Dezotti / Banca: Mary de Camargo Neves Lafer / Resumo: Hesíodo é um nome relativamente desconhecido fora de círculos especializados dentro dos Estudos Clássicos. Apesar disso, juntamente com seu contemporâneo mais célebre, Homero, o poeta deu aos gregos a imagem dos deuses tal qual a conhecemos hoje. Em suas duas principais obras, a Teogonia e Os Trabalhos e os dias, Hesíodo compõe e coloca em prática os mitos helenos, aplica-os ao cotidiano do homem do campo. Apesar de serem praticamente contemporâneos, Hesíodo e Homero têm em comum apenas o formato de suas obras. Os temas escolhidos pelos poetas são diferentes, assim como o objetivo e público de suas composições. Enquanto Homero falava sobre grandes guerras e heróis do passado, Hesíodo fala sobre a origem dos deuses e do cosmos e traz a força dessa origem ao mundo contemporâneo, ao mesmo tempo ensinando a moral do universo aos homens simples do campo e dando sentido e significado à experiência do homem sobre a terra com os mitos. O período em que a vida de Hesíodo transcorreu, provavelmente entre os séculos VIII e VII a.C., foi um tempo de grandes transformações para o homem grego. As invasões dóricas haviam terminado e as influências do Oriente Médio e da Ásia estavam presentes entre os helenos, ainda sem uma forma definida. Nesse contexto, tornava-se necessário reunir e adaptar todas as impressões culturais e religiosas. Hesíodo fez isso em Teogonia, ao reunir e organizar várias idéias diferentes enquanto, na primeira vez que temos conhecimento, mostra a origem da cosmologia grega. Em Os Trabalhos e os Dias, o poeta faz uso, de uma forma até então inédita, da cosmologia para compor uma obra em que fala não de heróis ou guerras distantes, mas do homem do campo do agora, não envolvido em atos legendários, e sim em atos cotidianos que assumem significado quando comparados aos mitos. / Abstract: Hesiod is a name relatively unknown outside of specialist circles within the Classic Studies. Nevertheless, along with his more famous contemporary, Homer, the poet gives the image of the Greek gods as such we know today. In its two major works, Theogony and The Works and days, Hesiod composes and puts into practice the Hellenic myths, applying them to the daily life of the campestry men. Despite being virtually contemporaneous, Hesiod and Homer have in common only the format of his works. The themes chosen by the poets are different, and the purpose and audience of his compositions. As Homer spoke about major wars and heroes of the past, Hesiod talks about the origin of the gods and of the cosmos and brings the strength of that rise to the contemporary world, while teaching the moral universe of the simple men of the field and giving meaning and significance to the experience of man on earth with the myths. The period in which the life of Hesiod, probably between VII and VIII centuries BC, was a time of great changes for the Greeks. The Doric invasions had finished and the influences of the Middle East and Asia were present among Greeks, even without a set. In this context, it was necessary to meet and adapt all cultural and religious views. Hesiod did this in Theogony, meeting and organizing as many different ideas, the first time we have knowledge, shows the origin of the Greek cosmology. In The Works and Days, the poet makes use of this cosmology to compose a work in which speaks not of war heroes or a distant past, but the man of the world now, not involved in acts legendary, and but in everyday acts that acquires significance when compared to the myths. At work, the poet calls for Perses, his fool brother, claiming to him that leave the path of Excess and follows the road of Justice, although it is more painful. / Mestre

Resumo: O objetivo central deste estudo é uma leitura da representação do tempo em Quarup, de Antonio Callado. Esta proposta considera que o romance está organizado sob a lógica do cruzamento de várias temporalidades simbólicas distintas e conflitantes e que esta tensão forma a base para veiculação de uma concepção crítica de história e memória. Acredita-se, neste sentido, que o entendimento da configuração intensiva do tempo em Quarup estabelece os subsídios e parâmetros para o desenvolvimento de uma reflexão sobre o potencial determinante da elaboração estética na busca por formas mais dialéticas e críticas de representação da história. A estrutura do trabalho está disposta em quatro partes principais. A primeira delas é uma introdução à relação entre a intensificação do tempo na narração e suas implicações em uma perspectiva de apreensão da história baseada na atividade anacrônica da memória. A parte seguinte consiste na revisão da fortuna crítica até o momento publicada a respeito de Quarup. Sua função é demarcar as principais linhas de interpretação do romance já produzidas e verificar o grau de originalidade do enfoque a ser desenvolvido. A terceira seção compreende uma reflexão sobre a relação entre tempo, história e memória no âmbito da criação estética. Esta argumentação constitui a base teórica que endossa a dimensão crítica latente na relação entre estes elementos no romance. Por fim, no quarto capítulo, a análise que encerra o estudo e dispõe-se a fazer a investigação sistematizada das formas de intensificação do tempo configuradas na estrutura narrativa do romance - ação ficcional, temáticas, personagens - e iluminar os respectivos paralelos com a concepção crítica de história e memória nela implicados. / Abstract: The central aim of this study is a reading of the representation of time in Quarup, from Antonio Callado. This proposal considers the romance being organized under the logic of a crossing of various symbolically distinct and mutually conflicting temporalities and that this very tension forms the basis of transmitting a critical conception of history and memory. It is assumed likewise that the comprehension of the intensive configuration of time in Quarup evolves the vehicles and parameters for the development of a reflection about the determining potential of the aesthetic elaboration concerning the search for forms more dialectical and critical of the representation of history. The structure of the thesis is divided into four principal parts. The first part of it is an introduction into the relation between the intensification of narrative time and its implications for a perspective of time apprehension based on the anacronic activity of memory. The following part consists in the revision of the so far produced critical secondary literature on the Quaruo. Its function is to delineate the principal lines of interpretation of the romance so far produced and to verify the degree of originality of the focus still to be developed here. The third section comprehends a reflection about the relation between time, history and memory in the field of aesthetic creation. This argumentation constitutes the theoretical basis which endorses the latent critical dimension in the relation between these elements in the romance. Finally, in the fourth chapter, the analysis emerges which brings the study to an end and makes itself to be the thoroughly sistematized investigation of the concrete forms of intensification of time configured in the narrative structure of the romance - fictional action, thematics, figures - and illuminates the respective parallels with the critical conception of history and memory which is implicit. / Orientador: Wilma Patricia Mazari Dinardo Maas / Coorientador: Ligia Chiappini Moraes Leite / Banca: Gunter Karl Pressler / Banca: Sylvia Helena T. Almeida Leite / Banca: Márcia Valéria Zamboni Gobbi / Banca: Luiz Barros Montez / Doutor