Text in Afrikaans / Die artikel bepaal welke regsgevolge voortvloei indien 'n saamwoon-verhouding tot 'n einde kom. Daar word eerstens na die posisie in Engeland gekyk met verwysing na vererwing, gesinsgeweld, 'n deliksaksie weens verlies aan onderhoud, verdeling van eiendom en minderjarige kinders. Daarna word die posisie in Swede in oenskou geneem op dieselfde basis. Laastens word die regsposisie in Suid-Afrika bespreek. Die gevolgtrekking is dat saamwoners hier te lande swakker af is as in meeste ander Westerse lande. Die howe hier het nag min leiding gegee oar die klassieke saamwoonverhouding se implikasies. Gevolglik weet saamwoners nie presies wat hulle te wagte kan wees indien so 'n verhouding eindig nie. Enkele voorstelle vir regshervorming word verskaf. / The purpose of the article is to ascertain which legal consequences follow when a "common law" marriage is dissolved. Firstly, the position in England is evaluated with specific reference to inheritance, family violence, a delictual action for loss of support, division of assets and minor children. Thereafter the position in Sweden is evaluated on the same basis. Lastly, the position in South Africa is discussed. It is concluded that participants to a common law marriage in South Africa do not enjoy the same protection as in most other Western countries. The Courts have given little assistance in this regard. Consequently people that live together cannot be certain of the consequences when their relationship is dissolved. Suggestions are provided for legal reform: / Private Law / LL. M.

One of my greatest hopes, after I had finished my M.A was to visit the British Library in London, in particular the section on oriental manuscripts. I soon fulfilled this desire and following the examination of the index of the manuscripts, I hoped to find one on the Language of al-Fiqh [Language of Jurisprudence] in particular. I found a manuscript by aI-Imam al-Nawawi which was amongst many others also belonging to him. This manuscript was entitled al-Tah• rlr fi Sharh • al-Ffiz al-Tan blh , which provides detailed explanations of the terms found in • al-Tanblh by aI-Shirazi that required further interpretation, mainly from a linguistic and occasionally from a religious side. Qadi Safad, an eminent • • scholar, stated that " the book of al-Tahrlr is of great benefit and of . - widespread use for every knowledge seeker" (DIQ, p. 91). The status of al- Tahrlr, was due to its focus on the language of al-Fiqh, taking into account the - vanous linguistical aspects too. Occasionally, religious meanings are also provided. Al-Tahrlr explains the uncommon terms that were present in al-Tanblh by al- I ShirazI. Al-Tanblh is considered to be one of the main and most important works ever to be compiled in the Shafi'i Jurisprudence School in the fourth century AH. Therefore, many scholars, including al-Nawawi went on to compile books regarding it, explaining, commenting, criticising and sUlrunanzmg it. AI-Tahrir is amongst one of these. As scholars in the early • centuries compiled books in Gharib al-Lughah, Gharib al-Hadith and Gharib A _'. al-Quran, they also compiled books in Gharib al-Fiqh, one of which is the book that I have edited. Al-Nawawi, an accomplished scholar and author, attained a hig-h status in the oriental libraries and studies. AI-Ta.hr ir was amon-gst m-any of his distinguished works, which were a site of attraction for many researchers. Al-Nawawi in al- Ta~rir referred to many linguistics books, which were wellknown and available at his time, such as Kiti1b al- 'A.y n b-y aI-Khalil,- al- Tahdhib and al-Zi1hir by al-Azhari, al-Muhkam by Ibn Sidah and many others. In the editing of al-Ta~rir. I compared nine different manuscripts, all from different places and made the Berlin manuscript the main one, comparing the remammg eight with it. The Berlin manuscript is symbolized by (I). The differences in the manuscripts are noted at the bottom of each page (foot note). In authenticating and documenting al-Nawawl's explanations, I referred to the notable dictionaries and sources that al-Nawawi himself also referred to. I also made reference to the books of al-Gharib (uncommon words)~ Ghar'ib al- Lughah. Gharfb al-Quri1n. Gharib al-ljadith. Mi1 TaltlGnu Ffhi al- 'Ammah, history, biographies and others. Where necessary, I have commented on these explanations and these can be found following the text, in volume two in the chapter entitled 'al-Takhnjat wa al-Ta'liqat 'ala al-Nas.' Following this is a list of indexes; tenns, names, places, measurements, Quranic and Hadith verses . • I have dedicated a chapter to the language of al-Fiqh, its origin, how it has emerged, its chronological history and books compiled in this field. I also dedicated a chapter to the political and educational situation in al-Nawawi's era followed by a chapter on the life of al-Nawawi, his milieu and his works. I have given the editorial method followed by the description of the nine manuscripts. I have provided a summarized comparison between the works of al-Nawawi in al-Tahrfr and of al-Azhan in al-Zahir. I shed light on the • educational background of both authors, their subject topic, al-Azhan's impact on al-Nawawi, the methodology of the works of both scholars, similarities and differences, conclusion and an evaluation. I have assigned a chapter for the biography of the names mentioned in al-Ta~rfr followed by a bibliography.

This thesis examines Tibetan perspectives on the causation, management and treatment of mental illness (Tib.: sems nad) within a Tibetan exile community in Darjeeling, northeast India. Based on two six-month periods of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2011 and 2012, it examines common cultural understandings of mental illness and healing, and how these are reflected in health-seeking behaviour. To date, research on lay Tibetan perspectives of mental illness and their impact on health-seeking behaviour has been limited, especially in relation to the concept of smyo nad (‘madness’). Following on from work by Jacobson (2000, 2002, 2007) and Millard (2007), the thesis investigates lay Tibetan perceptions of the causation and treatment of various kinds of mental disorders through the use of indepth semi-structured interviews and participant observation, comparing and contrasting Tibetan approaches to those of biomedical psychology and psychiatry and their accompanying classification systems, the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and European International Classification of Disease (ICD). Four case studies of individuals labelled with different Tibetan and biomedical diagnoses related to mental health conditions are described in order to illustrate a number of key concepts in Tibetan approaches to mental illness and its healing. The research found that that a number of informants successfully combined different – sometimes opposing – explanatory frameworks and treatment approaches in response to an episode of mental illness. However, the thesis concludes that the Tibetan and biomedical categories remain difficult to correlate, due in part to their culturally-specific nature, based on significantly different underlying assumptions regarding individuals and their relationship to the environment.

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The study of Muslims in the United Kingdom 'Between Reality and Ambition' represents one of the most important and challenging subjects in the arena of public concern. Yet if we were to move beyond the geographical boundaries of the subject of this research we would surely find similar concerns, hopes and visions being represented in a large part of the Islamic and western world. A reading of present realities testifies a struggle between ideological success and failure. This struggle has played a decisive role in the condition of the Muslim community in the United Kingdom. Similarly the principles of Da 'wah (propagation) and its priorities, the human environment to which these efforts are directed and the freedom afforded for such activities in the west constitute fundamental points of reference for an understanding of the Islamic project in the west. In addition, the western outlook on life, and its philosophical bases, influences and communicative methods all provide genuine indicators of the challenges confronting Muslims in the west. The presence of various Islamic groups in the United Kingdom reflects, in one way or another, a representation of the Islamic world in all its dimensions, visions, thoughts and culture. Thus it may be truly fitting to advance certain vital proposals specifying the parameters of Islamic activity in the west. They may lead to increased understanding and a closing of the ranks between the various groups. This study will further take into account the vital question of educational training which is in itself a major handicap of Muslims everywhere. While this research lays no claim to finality, it nevertheless has at least opened the doors for further discussion and enquiry that may eventually lead to an improvement in the conditions of Muslims in the west. Similarly, it is the author's hope that this study will have illuminated several important aspects of life of Muslims in the United Kingdom, and that by so doing, it will have inspired and assisted the various Islamic Centres and charitable associations in their efforts towards progress and development.