Bonhoeffer's ethics appreciates this-worldly value but does not go anthropocentric; it stresses the transcendence of God but does not go to other-worldliness. It makes Bonhoeffer's ethics different from that of liberal theology and Barth. It also makes Bonhoeffer's ethics adaptable to Chinese way of thinking but yet critical to Confucian ethics. Bonhoeffer's ethics is an ethical application of Chalcedonian christology which simultaneously affirms divinity and humanity, or in other words, the transcendence of God and the value of this-worldliness. / Chinese culture is laden with ethical import which has great assimilating power, so to be an adequate and viable Christian ethics, it should maintain its "Christian" feature. This feature helps those Christians who practise this ethics establish their "Christian identity" in Chinese context. The first part of this thesis is to elucidate the dominant "Christ-ness" of Bonhoeffer's ethics. / One essential element for Christianity to have better development in Chinese context is to provide an adequate and viable Christian ethics for Christians in this context. This thesis investigates the suitability of Dietrich Bonhoeffer's ethics as an adequate and viable Christian ethics in Chinese context. / The "Christ-ness", "postmodernity" and "Chinese-ness" of Bonhoeffer's ethics make it an adequate and viable ethical model for Christians in Chinese context. The resource of thoughts or ideas provided by this ethical model for the ethical construction in Chinese context may be regarded as a special contribution of Christianity to Chinese culture. / The ethical thinking in Chinese culture is basically Confucian. It emphasizes the unity or continuity of heaven and humanity, which treasures the value of this-worldliness. This is the "Chinese-ness" of this way of thinking. To be a sustainable ethics in Chinese culture, it is quite unavoidable to be in harmony with this way of Chinese thinking. An ethics emphasizing this-worldly value enhances its viability in Chinese context. The third part of this thesis is to elucidate the dominant this-worldliness, the "Chinese-ness", of Bonhoeffer's ethics. / To be an adequate and viable ethics in Chinese context today, the problem of "postmodernity" cannot be bypassed. The postmodernity discussed here points to the mistrust of "system" which enforces uniformity, and to the respect of plurality and others. A positive postmodern ethics can avoid ethical nihilism after giving up ethical systems. The second part of this thesis is to elucidate the positive "postmodernity" of Bonhoeffer's ethics. / 鄧瑞強. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 263-280). / Adviser: Pan-Chiu Lai. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: A, page: 0610. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 263-280). / Deng Ruiqiang.

Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation, I grapple with the problem of global drug resistance and moral responsibility which, as far as I am aware, has so far not been presented as a topic of ethical inquiry. It represents a conundrum involving three major factors: microbial adaptation and change, human social factors and environmental changes. Drug resistance is a phenomenon in which certain microorganisms, when exposed to antimicrobial agents, may acquire the beneficial trait of drug resistance which ensures a better potential for their survival. The acquired trait of drug resistance I argue renders such microorganisms 'supra-natural '. Supra-natural is a term I coin for entities that have been imposed upon nature by human design; they do not follow the natural evolutionary processes of adaptation and change. Drug resistance is classified as an emerging infectious disease. Human social factors and environmental change (particularly population growth, density and consumerist practices) enhance the rise of emerging infectious diseases. Through such increasing destructive practices, stress is placed on the environment. Environmental stress facilitates the rise of new and old infectious diseases and the spread of drug resistant supra-natural microorganisms. Thus, our ability to treat successfully illnesses and injuries in humans, animals and plants is increasingly impaired. Morally, we are responsible for the problem of global drug resistance. Drug resistant microorganisms exist in nature and concerning this, we can do nothing. At best, we can only try to control the problem using prudential measures. The problem of global drug resistance represents both a biomedical ethical and an environmental ethical issue. Is there a way out of the human-nature debate? Through Bryan Norton's enlightened anthropocentrism, I identify the ways in which his thesis may be applied to the problem of human and environmental concerns and show its applicability in broadening the parameters of biomedical ethics education to include environmental concerns. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif bespreek ek die probleem van die verskynsel dat mikroorganismes op 'n globale skaal weerstand begin bied teen mediese middels (globale middel-weerstandigheid) en die morele verantwoordelikheid wat dit oproep - 'n probleem wat, na my beste wete, nog nooit aangebied is as 'n tema van etiesfilosofiese ondersoek nie. Dit verteenwoordig 'n kompleks van drie belangrike oorwegings: mikrobiese aanpassings en veranderinge, menslike sosiale faktore, en omgewingsveranderinge. Middel-weerstandigheid is 'n verskynsel waarin sekere mikro-organismes, wanneer hulle blootgestel word aan antimikrobiese agente, die (vir hulself) voordelige kenmerk kan bekom van weerstandigheid teen die middel; iets wat 'n beter potensiaal vir hul eie oorlewing verseker. Hierdie bekomde kenmerk (middel-weerstandigheid) maak, volgens my argument, sulke mikro-organismes 'supra-natuurlik'. Supra-natuurlik is 'n term wat ek munt vir entiteite wat aan die natuur blootgestel is as gevolg van menslike ontwerp; hulle volg nie die natuurlike evolusionêre prosesse van adaptasie en verandering nie. Middel-weerstandigheid word geklassifiseer as 'n opkomende aansteeklike siekte. Menslike sosiale faktore en omgewingsveranderinge (veral bevolkingsgroei, -digtheid and verbruikerspraktyke ) vergroot die opkoms van aansteeklike siektes. Deur sodanige toenemende destruktiewe praktyke word stres geplaas op die omgewing. Omgewingstres fasiliteer die opkoms van nuwe en ou aansteeklike siektes asook die verspreiding van weerstandige supra-natuurlike mikro-organismes. Ons vermoë om siektes en beserings van mense suksesvol te behandel, word gevolglik toenemend ondermyn. Moreel gesproke is ons verantwoordelik vir die probleem van globale middelweerstandigheid. Middel-weerstandige mikro-organismes bestaan in die natuur, en aan daardie feit as sodanig kan ons niks doen nie. Ons kan, ten beste, probeer om die probleem te beheer deur middel van verstandige maatreëls. Die probleem van globale middel-weerstandigheid verteenwoordig sowel 'n biomedies-etiese as 'n omgewingsetiese kwessie. Is daar 'n uitweg uit die mens-natuur debat? Ek identifiseer, met 'n beroep op Bryan Norton se swak antroposentrisme, maniere waarop sy tese toegepas sou kon word op die probleem van menslike en omgewingsoorgwegings Ek wys ook op die toepaslikheid daarvan vir die verbreding van die parameters van biomediese etiek-opvoeding ten einde omgewingsoorwegings deel van 19.te maak.

日常生活中，個人的道德判斷與道德行動時有不一致，這正是道德運作中的一道縫隙。本研究嘗試以香港中學生為研究對象，藉著學生面對校內違規行為的真實經驗，了解他們對違規行為的觀感、回應及採取行動的抉擇因素；進而探討道德動機在道德思考到行動中的作用，並建構學生採取道德行動的抉擇過程。 / 研究採用質性方法，參與深度訪談的共有十三位中學生，都是來自第一組別中學的品行優良生。受訪學生對違規行為的觀感源自其選擇的視點，而回應則按情況而定；視點主要有行為、意圖和違規後果等，而學生在一般情況下，大都願意直接指正、規勸違規同學；但在兩難情況下，大多想逃避過去，對違規行為不作正面回應。至於採取行動的抉擇因素，主要有人際關係、違規行為帶來的影響及違規學生的態度等；而最重要的人際關係因素則包括與違規學生的關係、輿論壓力。本研究的結果和分析，不僅較整全地呈現從思考到行動的道德運作中，一些細節和關鍵因素；還可為華人道德研究及學校道德教育提供參考。最後，本文就道德的相關研究及學校的道德培育提出一些建議，盼能有助理論研究及教育工作的推進。 / Almost every day, a person's moral judgment and moral actions may contradict with each other, reflecting a possible gap in moral functioning. This research attempts to study some discrepancies between moral judgment and moral actions. Thirteen Hong Kong secondary school students participated in this study, in which their past encounters with their fellow students who had violated the school rules were examined. These included the students’ perspective on the violations, the factors that contributed to their decision-making process as to how to react, and their actual reactions. This study also aims to explore into the students’ moral thinking process, especially the impact of moral motives on students’ moral judgment and how this influenced their actual actions. / Using a qualitative study approach, data were collected from thirteen exemplary secondary school students from a top-banding school in Hong Kong. In-depth interviews were conducted with each of these students. The results of data analysis suggest that the students perceived the violating actions according to the violator’s behaviour, intention and the consequences. The majority of these students were often willing to voice out the violations and correct the violator’s behaviour. However, when they were placed in a dilemma, the majority of the students would escape from the situation by turning a blind eye on the violating actions. Factors which affected the decision of whether an action should be taken included social relations, the impact of the violation and the attitude of the violator. Among these factors, the most important one was social relations which was about the students’ personal relationship with the violator and peer pressure. The results of the study not only reflected the cognitive processes behind moral functioning from moral judgment to moral action, also revealed the key factors behind the moral decisions. This study has important implications for further research and practice in that it provides a direction for moral studies, especially in Chinese communities, and gives practical suggestions as to how moral functioning can be taught in secondary schools. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 鄺文慧 = From moral thinking to moral action : an investigation of how secondary students in Hong Kong respond to rule-breaking behaviors / Kwong Man Wai. / Thesis (Ed.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-154). / Abstracts also in English. / Kuang Wenhui = From moral thinking to moral action : an investigation of how secondary students in Hong Kong respond to rule-breaking behaviors / Kwong Man Wai.

<p>This thesis asks who is able to answer the call to action that the problems of global injustice pose. It focuses on the concept of institutions such as states, intergovernmental organisations, corporations and non-governmental organisations as moral agents and whether such institutions can be said to be morally responsible for creating or responding to global injustice. It examines three theories of institutional moral agency as presented by Peter French, Toni Erskine and Onora O’Neill and the way in which their conceptions of moral agency are based on the idea of attributing moral responsibility. It argues that the nature of organisational decision-making structures provides an unstable basis on which to establish the moral responsibility of institutions. It presents an alternative account of moral agency that includes institutions but separates the concept of moral responsibility from that of moral agency. The thesis contends that it is only individual agents who are able to bear moral responsibility, in the sense of blame or duty, for moral problems but that a coherent account of institutional moral agency is important for understanding the moral responsibilities of individuals in terms of the power of their collective actions. It argues that while institutions are capable of responding to the call to action that global injustice poses,  it is individuals who bear a moral responsibility to do so.</p>

This thesis asks who is able to answer the call to action that the problems of global injustice pose. It focuses on the concept of institutions such as states, intergovernmental organisations, corporations and non-governmental organisations as moral agents and whether such institutions can be said to be morally responsible for creating or responding to global injustice. It examines three theories of institutional moral agency as presented by Peter French, Toni Erskine and Onora O’Neill and the way in which their conceptions of moral agency are based on the idea of attributing moral responsibility. It argues that the nature of organisational decision-making structures provides an unstable basis on which to establish the moral responsibility of institutions. It presents an alternative account of moral agency that includes institutions but separates the concept of moral responsibility from that of moral agency. The thesis contends that it is only individual agents who are able to bear moral responsibility, in the sense of blame or duty, for moral problems but that a coherent account of institutional moral agency is important for understanding the moral responsibilities of individuals in terms of the power of their collective actions. It argues that while institutions are capable of responding to the call to action that global injustice poses,  it is individuals who bear a moral responsibility to do so.

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This paper focuses on the possible input of African Ethics into the global warming and climate change discourse in light of the economic dilemma of sustainability. The paper argues that African Ethics through its concept of Ubuntu can make a worthy contribution to the issues surrounding sustainable development, ecological debt and international climate change talks. In a world where the lives of the affluent nations impact drastically on our climate and necessitate calamitous climate disasters and cause the poor to suffer, why is it that the international community has not reached any noteworthy climate change solutions? The same poor countries are also burdened by payment of huge debts and poor climate change adaptation and development. Can African ethics make some contribution to these challenging issues brought by global warming and climate change? The dissertation seeks to tackle these questions by employing a qualitative methodology informed by Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics and using the research design of Boff’s ecological holism and Murove’s relational paradigm. However, in order for African ethics to make such a viable contribution the paper seeks to reveal the philosophical and economic substrata sustaining the incessant degradation of the ecology. This opens us the entry point for African ethics through Ubuntu to engage with other voices in the search for solutions to the global warming and climate change crises. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

Since the early 2000s there has been a growing awareness of the indivisible link between ethical conduct on the one hand and business practice on the other. A spate of corporate scandals, due to poor ethical management and deficient ethical decision making, has increased public scrutiny of organisational conduct. This indivisible link between ethics and management warranted investigation; consequently some aspects of managerial ethics in the corporate environment of South Africa were analysed and the role of training in sensitising managers to ethical decision making was examined. Both a comprehensive literature review and an empirical investigation were conducted in order to satisfy the objectives of the research study. The literature review provided insight into some of major concepts relating to managerial ethics, while also providing an overview of the global and South African ethical situation. It also revealed some pertinent current issues regarding managerial ethics training and ethics training in general. The empirical investigation was based on a quantitative research approach and was conducted through a questionnaire. A diverse group of managers who are all furthering their managerial studies at an accredited South African business school formed the study population. A total of 108 respondents completed the questionnaires, which were then statistically analysed, by the North-West University’s (NWU) Statistical Consultation Services. Both the literature review and the empirical investigation indicated a growing perception that ethics and ethical leadership is deteriorating, while the prevalence of ethical conduct breach has been on the increase. On a positive note there are strong indications that a favourable climate is being created in South African organisations, by the establishment of formal ethical codes and the development of business values. However, further investigation revealed that while formal policies and codes are in place, the implementation of these policies is lacking. A lack of understanding of the importance of ethical management was also identified, along with indications that current managerial training does not provide managers with the practical tools for real world application of ethical codes. Recommendations regarding possible action steps to start bridging the gap between the stated business values and ethics codes and the physical implementation of these guidelines are made, along with suggestions for further research. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Since the early 2000s there has been a growing awareness of the indivisible link between ethical conduct on the one hand and business practice on the other. A spate of corporate scandals, due to poor ethical management and deficient ethical decision making, has increased public scrutiny of organisational conduct. This indivisible link between ethics and management warranted investigation; consequently some aspects of managerial ethics in the corporate environment of South Africa were analysed and the role of training in sensitising managers to ethical decision making was examined. Both a comprehensive literature review and an empirical investigation were conducted in order to satisfy the objectives of the research study. The literature review provided insight into some of major concepts relating to managerial ethics, while also providing an overview of the global and South African ethical situation. It also revealed some pertinent current issues regarding managerial ethics training and ethics training in general. The empirical investigation was based on a quantitative research approach and was conducted through a questionnaire. A diverse group of managers who are all furthering their managerial studies at an accredited South African business school formed the study population. A total of 108 respondents completed the questionnaires, which were then statistically analysed, by the North-West University’s (NWU) Statistical Consultation Services. Both the literature review and the empirical investigation indicated a growing perception that ethics and ethical leadership is deteriorating, while the prevalence of ethical conduct breach has been on the increase. On a positive note there are strong indications that a favourable climate is being created in South African organisations, by the establishment of formal ethical codes and the development of business values. However, further investigation revealed that while formal policies and codes are in place, the implementation of these policies is lacking. A lack of understanding of the importance of ethical management was also identified, along with indications that current managerial training does not provide managers with the practical tools for real world application of ethical codes. Recommendations regarding possible action steps to start bridging the gap between the stated business values and ethics codes and the physical implementation of these guidelines are made, along with suggestions for further research. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

There is a prima facie incompatibility between a law conception of ethics, in which law concepts (e.g. ought, rule, action) are basic, and a virtue conception of ethics, in which virtue concepts (e.g. character trait, ideal, agent) are basic. However, both conceptions contain elements that are needed for an adequate ethical account. Aquinas's conception of ethics is of interest, because it combines virtue and law components within a broadly Aristotelian account. I argue that Aquinas's virtue-and-law ethical conception is not ad hoc, but emerges from, expresses, and is grounded normatively, rationally, and motivationally in his general conception of practical thought. My first objective in the thesis is to explicate and defend an interpretation of Aquinas's understanding of practical thought as the rational determination of general good into particular action. I argue, first, that this interpretation expresses Aquinas's conception of the nature of practical thought, as reflected in Aquinas's central practical concepts of order, nature, good, and reason. Second, I argue that this interpretation is expressed in Aquinas's conception of the structure of practical thought, as reflected in general, specific, and particular conceptual levels of practical thinking, reasons, and forms of reasoning. My second objective in the thesis is to show that Aquinas's virtue-and-law account presupposes and develops this conception of practical thought, and briefly to indicate how insights from Aquinas's account elucidate relationships between virtue and law ethical conceptions.