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Covering Ethiopia: comparison of the Ethiopian news agency with ReutersBanjaw, Abebe Demissie 30 November 2008 (has links)
This dissertation examines the agendas and frames used by the Ethiopian News Agency (ENA) and Reuters in their coverage of issues and actors of the May 2005 Ethiopian Elections, by employing agenda-setting and framing theories. The study applies quantitative and qualitative methods and examined fifty news stories from each news agency, and forwards five main findings: One, ENA and Reuters differed in setting agendas. While ENA focused on the legitimacy, Reuters emphasised on the killings and arrests of the electoral process. Second, ENA and Reuters differed in their motives to make some actors more salient than others. Third, ENA framed Elections processes as rightful, while Reuters framed them as disfigured. Fourth, ENA framed government parties as visionary and indomitable, and the oppositions as wrongdoers. Contrastingly, Reuters framed the oppositions as victims, and the government parties as brutal actors. And finally, by so doing, both agencies reflected their respective interests. / Communication Science / MA (International Communication)
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Use and management of protected areas in Ethiopia : multiple stakeholder analysis of sustainable resource management at Awash National ParkBelay, Solomon Abede 04 1900 (has links)
In response to recent decentralization in Ethiopia, we investigated the status of and pressure exerted on Awash National Park (ANP), vis-a- vis Park resources, observed land use and land cover changes, causes of park-related conflicts, use and management role of stakeholders at federal, regional and local level and the impact of policy on sustainable resources conservation through a comparative framework of before (pre-1995) and after decentralization (post-1995).
We used a combination of two black and white aerial photographs of 1975 and 1986, a satellite image of 2006, field observation, information from local communities and Geographic Information System (GIS) to generate the land use and land cover profile. We selected a total of 210 respondents by stratified random sampling, and group discussion participants and key informants using the purposive sampling technique. Direct observed participation of stakeholders, household questionnaire, and interview with key informants and focus group discussions were used to collect data.
Our results showed a declining scattered bushland by a rate of 20.61km2 per year between 1972 and 1986. On the other hand, Shrub encroachment increased by 32.2 % between 1972 and 1986 and by 10.3 % (77.4 km2) during the entire study period. Grassland was the largest cover type in the area between 1986 and 2006 and expanded by 14.2 % (106.4 km2) between 1972 and 1986. The majority of respondents highlighted that the most important drivers of the observed LULC changes pre-1995 were the combined effects of the land reform policy and changes in Park boundary (size of the Park). Population growth was reported to be the main driving factor for LULC change pre-and post-1995. The continuing existence of the area as a national Park receives unreserved support from most pastoral and agro-pastoral communities. From the data we conclude that overall, decentralization in Ethiopia was not effective in terms of improving the status of Awash National Park. We recommend action should be taken in terms of reducing human and livestock pressure and to prevent and solve interest-based conflicts between stakeholder / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environmental Sciences)
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An investigation into the expriences [sic] of female victims of trafficking in Ethiopia / An investigation into the experiences of female victims of trafficking in EthiopiaAsefach Haileselassie Reda 06 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this study is to tell the story of female victims of human trafficking from Ethiopia. It pertains to the cause of trafficking and how it affects their social and emotional wellbeing. The study is conducted in light of constructivist framework and involves in-depth interviews with five returnees whose experiences as victims are explored. This is done to get insight into the challenges faced by the wider population. Themes evident in the stories are discussed in line with relevant literature. The study shows lack of job opportunities, limited income and false promises made by brokers as the major factors drawing women into human trafficking. The findings also show that even after return, the victims experience further difficulties due to post-traumatic psychological factors. Looking at the significance of the research outcome, the gleaned information could be of value for organizations working on migration and countering human trafficking. / Investigation into the experiences of female victims of trafficking in Ethiopia / Experiences of female victims of trafficking in Ethiopia / Female victims of trafficking in Ethiopia / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)
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The socioeconomic and psychological effects of khat chewing in Addis AbabaMereid Getachew Meshesha 11 1900 (has links)
Background - Khat is a mild stimulant plant chewed by a limited segment of the population mainly in the eastern parts of Ethiopia for social facilitation and religious purposes. In recent decades, the use of khat has spread to all parts of the country and its social, economic and political impact has increased significantly at national level. In cities like Addis Ababa, the traditional purposes are superseded and it is now chewed mainly for recreational purposes. Following this development, many people have raised concerns on the potentially adverse socioeconomic and psychological effects of khat on the current generation, particularly the youth. The main issues raised are the misuse of income, the waste of productive time on chewing khat, and the adverse consequences on family cohesion and health. Those who argue in favor of khat cite its positive impact on increasing productivity, high economic returns and traditional values. These arguments on khat are not based on substantiated evidence and this research attempted to answer this question by assessing the ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ socioeconomic and psychological effects of khat on the chewers living in Addis Ababa. Drug control policies intersect with much of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Ethiopia has not yet developed a policy on khat. This research intends to make its contribution to the development of the policy by highlighting the socioeconomic and psychological effects on the chewers.
Objective –To assess the effects of khat on the income; use of time/time management/; productivity, and psychological well-being of chewers in the city of Addis Ababa. The study is related to policies of Ethiopia in relation to the production, marketing and consumption of khat. It makes policy recommendations based on the assessed costs and benefits.
Methodology - The study, using snowball sampling, was conducted in 2018 with 84 khat users. The data collection methods employed were structured questionnaire focus group discussions, narrations of life stories and interviews with key informants. An extensive literature review was also conducted.
Result – Respondents reported the diversion of financial resources to purchase khat compromising other personal and family needs and a waste of working hours on chewing khat. There were mixed results found on its effects on productivity. Users also reported that khat made them vulnerable to other addictions such as alcohol, cigarettes and hard drugs and to a number of social and psychological problems.
Conclusion - Khat has a significant adverse impact on income and the efficient use of time of chewers. The findings on the effect on productivity are inconclusive. The reported physical and psychological effects on productivity need to be scientifically proven. Chronic use of khat is detrimental to mental health and leads to other serious health consequences. It distorts social and family relationships and inhibits the ability of the chewer to significantly execute his/her social responsibilities. It hurts the self-esteem of the chewers and makes them lose a sense of purpose in their lives. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a national policy on khat. However, a comprehensive study should be conducted to exploit the potential benefits of khat (mood lifting and medicinal values) by using khat in a modest and controlled way. The social and economic interest of the suppliers; its religious and cultural significance, and environmental impacts should also be considered. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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Factors influencing sexual risk behaviors among senior secondary school students (youths)Demeke Gizew Damtie 11 1900 (has links)
This quantitative descriptive cross sectional study explored factors influencing sexual risk behaviours among youths in senior secondary schools in Ethiopia. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Religious attachment, living with friends, living alone, parental control, level of parental education, peer pressure and number of friends who had experienced sex were some of the factors noted to influence youths to engage in sexual risk behaviours. The findings of this study have implications for both practice and policy development. They will enable healthcare workers to identify youths at risk of engaging in sexual risk behaviours and subsequently motivate them using health promotion strategies to engage in safe sexual practices. Adopting such an approach will prevent or at least minimise risk of youths being infected with sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)
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Assessment of industrial waste load of River Borkena and its effect on Kombolcha town and the surrounding communitiesKebebew Kassaye Beyene 07 1900 (has links)
Water pollution is a major threat to human population and dumping of pollutants into water body result in rapid deterioration of water quality and affect the ecological balance in the long run. The present study was undertaken to assess pollution load from river Borkena. In urban and suburban parts of Kombolcha, the use of industrial wastewater for irrigation purpose is a common practice. Local farmers in Borkena watershed use the wastewater to irrigate their agricultural fields for cultivation of vegetables. But they suffered from loss of productivity of leafy vegetables and skin injury because of their exposure to the wastewater during irrigation practices. That is why this study focused on assessing the amount of industrial waste load on river Borkena and its effects on communities in the watershed. The main aim of this study was: to assess the physico-chemical characteristics of River Borkena before and after industrial waste discharges mixed to it by the waste carrier small streams; and its environmental impact on the surrounding communities and vegetable farms. The methodology consisted: 1) Basic survey in order to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of the river water, and 2) a case study performed by focus group discussions with the community authorities and farmers in the study area who used the river water mainly for irrigation purposes. Sampling was conducted at 6 sites in the study area during low and high flow periods with an interval of three months for a period of one year in order to account for the seasonal hydrological cycle of the river water. Laboratory measurements of river water and leafy vegetables for metal concentration were also determined to investigate the effect of the use of the river water for growing vegetables and other personal cases. The findings of this dissertation showed metal concentrations in leafy vegetables and irrigation water are within the permissible limits of FAO/WHO standards and not significant for the time being, but is expected to be a challenge in the near future if not well addressed. The concentrations of metals in leafy vegetables will provide baseline data and it shows that, in the current situation consumption of leafy vegetables grown in the study area may not have health risks in the context of metal concentrations. To avoid the entrance of metals into the food chain, municipal or industrial wastes should not be drained into the river and farmlands without prior treatment. The continuous monitoring of the soil, vegetable plant and irrigation water quality are prerequisites for the prevention of potential river water. Laboratory measurements of river water and leafy vegetables for metal concentration were also determined to investigate the effect of the use of the river water for growing vegetables and other personal cases. The findings of this dissertation showed metal concentrations in leafy vegetables and irrigation water are within the permissible limits of FAO/WHO standards and not significant for the time being, but is expected to be a challenge in the near future if not well addressed. The concentrations of metals in leafy vegetables will provide baseline data and it shows that, in the current situation consumption of leafy vegetables grown in the study area may not have health risks in the context of metal concentrations. To avoid the entrance of metals into the food chain, municipal or industrial wastes should not be drained into the river and farmlands without prior treatment. The continuous monitoring of the soil, vegetable plant and irrigation water quality are prerequisites for the prevention of potential health hazards to human beings. Finally this study fills the gaps in information for concerned regional and federal governmental offices and may use it as an input to design regulations and policies which benefits the communities in the watershed. / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environmental Science)
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The role of coffee-based agriculture in the socio-economic development of Borecha District, EthiopiaAyalew Kibret Dessie 10 1900 (has links)
This study was carried out to examine the significance of Coffee-based agriculture in the socio-economic development of rural livelihoods in Ethiopia, with particular emphasis on households in the Borecha District of the Illubabor Zone, Oromia Regional State.
In this dissertation, three randomly selected study kebeles2 were considered. The primary data were collected using household questionnaires, observation and key informant interviews. The secondary data were acquired from a review of the diverse and extensive literature contained in journals, textbooks and published and unpublished documents.
The target population encompasses 1,600 coffee-growing households in the Borecha District, although the sample included only 120 coffee-growing farmers. Sample selection was performed using a stratified sampling technique to select three kebeles. The data analysis was both qualitative and quantitative, which involved descriptive statistics and general linear model (UNIANOVA, MANOVA). The data are presented as tables, bar charts, and line graphs accompanied by correlations and multiple comparisons that help to interpret the findings and to generate conclusions that support solutions to the identified problems.
The findings show that coffee growing has increased the income generated from direct sales and associated employment opportunities. The social contributions realised include that over the past two years, households trend in spending on education increased. Moreover, sampled households access to health facilities changed after they started growing coffee. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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Development of HIV Testing Belief Scale (HTBS) and application of Health Belief Model (HBM) to predict HIV testing intention and behaviour among university students in EthiopiaZelalem Mehari Alemayehu 11 1900 (has links)
Appendix B (leaves 217-218), Appendix M (leaves 239-247) and Appendix O (leaves 253-259) in English and Amharic / The purpose of this research was to develop HIV testing Health Belief Scale (HTBS)
that contains the constructs of Health Belief Model (HBM), and also to analyse HIV
testing intention and behaviour among university students.
The mixed method approach was used in phases. First, Literature review and in-depth interviews were
conducted to develop item pool for HTBS, which was followed by content validity assessment by
experts. In the second phase, a pilot survey was conducted on randomly selected 318 university
students to refine the HTBS using item analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Lastly,
cross-sectional survey was conducted on representative sample of 612 students in order to further
refine the HTBS using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and also analyse predictors of HIV testing
intention and behaviour. A total of 61 items was written for the HTBS and 23 of these were generated from the
in-depth interviews. Content validity assessment by three experts indicated that the average
content validity index (CVI) for the 61 items was 91.2% which was more than the recommended cut off
point of 90%. The HTBS, after experts review, contained 64 items.
EFA indicated that a five factor model which was roughly consistent with HBM was identified and 44
items were retained based on factor loading and reliability analysis. The Cronbach’s alpha for all
the six constructs of HBM and HIV testing intention in the HTBS were >0,70.
(susceptibility, benefit, self-efficacy and HIV testing intention) fitted the sample data based on
chi-square test. However, all the seven constructs demonstrated RMSEA value of less than 0.08 and
GFI value of >0.90 indicating acceptable fit. The final HTBS was reduced to 39 items based on
factor loading and reliability assessment. All the constructs demonstrated a Cronbach’s alpha value
>0.70 except for perceived susceptibility and cues to action.
Analysis of multiple linear regression indicated that class year, perceived benefit, perceived
self-efficacy and cues to action were significant predictors of HIV testing intention. However,
only marital status and cues to action were significant predictors of recent history of HIV testing
through analysis of binary logistic regression. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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Barriers to compliance to exclusive breastfeeding and timely introduction of complementary feeding practices in EthiopiaMesfin Tesfay Tekle 11 1900 (has links)
Text in English / This study aimed at exploring Barriers to compliance with exclusive breastfeeding and timely introduction of complementary feeding practices in Ofla District, Tigray Region in Ethiopia.
A quantitative exploratory descriptive study was conducted to explore and describe the barriers that restrict mothers /caregivers to comply with exclusive breast feeding practice until six months and with introduction of solid, semi-solid and soft foods at six months in Ofla District. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, from a total of 112 samples of which 75 mothers and care givers with children aged 0-5 months and 38 children aged 6-8 months participated. The data were entered into a computer and analysed though the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
The findings revealed that there are barriers related Doer mothers and Non-Doer mothers perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, cues for actions, perceived social acceptability and positive and negative attitudes towards exclusive breastfeeding and initiation of complementary feeding. On the other hand, the participant’s perception of both groups with regard to perception of Divine (God’s) Will on two child feeding practices was insignificantly the same. Both groups perceived that children could get sometimes malnourished because of spiritual or supernatural causes. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)
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Development of HIV Testing Belief Scale (HTBS) and application of Health Belief Model (HBM) to predict HIV testing intention and behaviour among university students in EthiopiaZelalem Mehari Alemayehu 11 1900 (has links)
Appendix B (leaves 217-218), Appendix M (leaves 239-247) and Appendix O (leaves 253-259) in English and Amharic / The purpose of this research was to develop HIV testing Health Belief Scale (HTBS)
that contains the constructs of Health Belief Model (HBM), and also to analyse HIV
testing intention and behaviour among university students.
The mixed method approach was used in phases. First, Literature review and in-depth interviews were
conducted to develop item pool for HTBS, which was followed by content validity assessment by
experts. In the second phase, a pilot survey was conducted on randomly selected 318 university
students to refine the HTBS using item analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Lastly,
cross-sectional survey was conducted on representative sample of 612 students in order to further
refine the HTBS using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and also analyse predictors of HIV testing
intention and behaviour. A total of 61 items was written for the HTBS and 23 of these were generated from the
in-depth interviews. Content validity assessment by three experts indicated that the average
content validity index (CVI) for the 61 items was 91.2% which was more than the recommended cut off
point of 90%. The HTBS, after experts review, contained 64 items.
EFA indicated that a five factor model which was roughly consistent with HBM was identified and 44
items were retained based on factor loading and reliability analysis. The Cronbach’s alpha for all
the six constructs of HBM and HIV testing intention in the HTBS were >0,70.
(susceptibility, benefit, self-efficacy and HIV testing intention) fitted the sample data based on
chi-square test. However, all the seven constructs demonstrated RMSEA value of less than 0.08 and
GFI value of >0.90 indicating acceptable fit. The final HTBS was reduced to 39 items based on
factor loading and reliability assessment. All the constructs demonstrated a Cronbach’s alpha value
>0.70 except for perceived susceptibility and cues to action.
Analysis of multiple linear regression indicated that class year, perceived benefit, perceived
self-efficacy and cues to action were significant predictors of HIV testing intention. However,
only marital status and cues to action were significant predictors of recent history of HIV testing
through analysis of binary logistic regression. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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