Over the past twenty years, parental choice has become the favoured Government policy governing school allocation and the dominant legislative approach for improving educational attainment. The existing sociological research on school choice has primarily focused on the ways in which families of different socioeconomic backgrounds have engaged with the process of listing preferences for secondary schools; while class has been emphasised, the choice processes of ethnic minorities have received little attention. Yet the persistent educational challenges faced by Afro-Caribbean students across class boundaries since the early years of migration to England raise questions about whether choice policies’ promise of improved academic performance extends to all ethnic groups. This study focuses on Afro-Caribbean families and their engagement with the process of selecting secondary schools in Birmingham. Twenty individual families in semi-structured interviews and ten additional mothers in two focus groups shared their experiences of listing school preferences. To develop a fuller understanding of how these Afro-Caribbean families made their school choices, this study draws upon Courtney Bell’s (2005) application of ‘choice sets’ to education. Families’ choice sets – the schools which they perceived to be available options – were shaped by various factors, including past school experiences, the schools available in the local authority, and Birmingham’s school allocation criteria. Additionally, geographic considerations, the ethnic mix of a schools’ student population, and families’ access to social networks also influenced which schools families saw as possibilities. Ultimately, while there was no single ‘Afro-Caribbean’ way of selecting schools, this study highlights the circumstances and structures faced by many Afro-Caribbean families which constrained their choice sets, and consequently, the schools to which their children were allocated. Though this thesis is limited in its generalisability, its conclusions lay the foundations for future research into the ways in which ethnic identity is lived in the educational context.

This diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of the "phenomenon" of politicization of etnicity in Kenya, its impacts on temporary situation and future development of the country. Through the analysis of the sources and development of the phenomenon it makes an effort to explain the motives of the post-election violence in 2007 and review the temporary constitutional reform process focused on its impacts on political ethnization and minimalization of the social conflict. However for a long time, Kenya used to be perceived as a politically stable and prosperous African country, where many European tourists spent their holidays, the post-election violence in 2007 harshly damaged the positive international reputation of the country. Fortunately, an agreement between the two main presidential candidates was promptly reached and finally in August 2010 Kenyans peacefully passed the constitutional reform. There are doubts, whether they manage to reconcile the latent grievances of the past and settle ethnic conflicts of the Kenyan society to become a model to other multiethnical countries in Africa.

Liu Huwy-min. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 184-191). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.viii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- The Introduction --- p.1 / Taiwan Betel Nut Puzzle / The History of Betel Nut / Betel Nut on Mainland China / Betel Nut in Taiwan / The Dutch (1624-62) and Zheng (1662-84) Rule / Qing Rule (1683-1895) / Japanese Rule (1895-1945) / Post World War II (1945-1970) / 1970 to the Present / The Economy and the State Transformation / Selling Betel Nut in Contemporary Taiwan / Betel nut Production / Betel Nut Shops / Betel Nut Beauties / Objectives and Significance of Researching Betel Nut Consumption in Taiwan / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Betel Nut Consumption as Contested Discourse --- p.32 / Meeting Betel Nut Consumers: Fieldwork at the Garden / The Betel Nut Shop and Its Owners / Research Methods / Seeing Betel Nut Consumers: Informants in Taiwan's Context / Betel Nut Consumption in Mainstream Discourse / Biomedical Discourse / """Cultural Survival"" Discourse" / Environmentalist Discourse / Substance Abuse Discourse / Discourses and Contestation / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Gender and Betel Nut Consumption --- p.64 / Gendered Consumption / Stimulant Substances and Gender / A Male or Masculine Habit? / Women's Rebellion and Modernity / Masculinity and Adulthood / Male Group Chhit-Tho / Chhit-tho Lang / The Taste of Adulthood / Entering Society / "Masculinity, Rebellion, and Power" / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Class and Betel Nut Consumption --- p.92 / """No Class Distinction, Just being Siwen or not""" / "Discourse, Resistance, and Modernity" / Hygiene and Modernity / """Only A Matter of Hygiene"" as Resistance" / Framing Individual Choice / Energizing Substance / In the Name of Work / The Contestation of Class / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Social Identity and Betel Nut Consumption --- p.123 / Two Myths / Framework of Ethnic Relations in Taiwan / Native Taiwanese vs. Mainlanders / The Story of Taike / "Two Nationalisms, Two Identities" / Localities and Nationalism / Ethnicity and Betel Nut Chewing / "Constructing Ethnicity, Competing Discourses" / "Ethnicity, Social Identity, and Class" / Aborigines vs. Native Taiwanese / The Origin Myth of Betel Nut: the Aborigines / From Chhi-a to Pau-Hiu-a / Unpacking the Aborigine Myth / Authenticity and Legitimacy / Local Knowledge / Ethnic Identity as an Ideology / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.158 / Is It Traditional? / The Rise of Betel Nut Consumption in Taiwan / Political Economic Aspects / Cultural Aspects / Masculinity and Power / "Class and Capitalism," / Nationalism and Authenticity / Combining Political Economy and Culture / Cultural Intimacy / Bibliography --- p.185 / Appendix --- p.193

Levine Zachary Jonah. / Thesis submitted in: November 2006. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-126). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / "Title Page, Abstracts, Acknowledgements" --- p.i-v / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter One: --- The Formation of a Taiwanese Identity --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Literature Review --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- The Current State of Relations Between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- The History and Nature of America's Security Commitment to Taiwan --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Analysis of the Anti-Secession Law --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Reasons Behind the Passage of the Anti-Secession Law --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter Seven: --- Effects of the Anti-Secession Law --- p.93 / Chapter Chapter Eight: --- Conclusion --- p.102 / Sources --- p.107

盧思泓. / "2005年1月". / 論文(音樂碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 參考文獻(leaves 93-104). / "2005 nian 1 yue". / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lu Sihong. / Lun wen (yin yue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 93-104). / 圖片及圖表目錄 --- p.viii-ix / 論文槪述 --- p.1 / Chapter 1) --- 硏究動機及目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 2) --- 主要參考理論 --- p.2 / Chapter 3) --- 硏究對象 --- p.3 / Chapter 4) --- 硏究方法 --- p.3 / Chapter 第一章 --- 民族管弦樂與國家建構 --- p.7 / 前言 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1) --- 民族管弦樂的組建 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2) --- 國家身分 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3) --- 電台廣播 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4) --- 民間音調素材 --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5) --- 「民族管弦樂」、「國家身分」與「國家建構 」 --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6) --- 具有中國特色的管弦樂團 --- p.18 / Chapter 第二章 --- 樂器改革 / 前言 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1) --- 「西化」與「現代化」及其歷史背景 --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.1) --- 「西化」與「現代化」 --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.2) --- 歷史背景 --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2) --- 樂器改革 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1) --- 在既有樂器的基礎上作出改動 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2) --- 創製 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3) --- 挪用西洋樂器 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3) --- 「中國大型器樂合奏」的外觀設計 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1) --- 視覺印象 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4) --- 小結 --- p.32 / Chapter 第三章 --- 中、低音笙的改革 / 前言 --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1) --- 少數民族政 策 --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2) --- 蘆笙、葫蘆笙、漢族笙與芒筒的沿革及其結構…… --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.1) --- 苗族源流 --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.2) --- 蘆笙的沿革 --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.3) --- 蘆笙的結構 --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.4) --- 葫蘆笙的沿革 --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.5) --- 葫蘆笙的結構 --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.6) --- 漢族笙的沿革 --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.7) --- 漢族笙的結構 --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.8) --- 芒筒的沿革 --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.9) --- 芒筒的的結構 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3) --- 能配合樂器改革的少數民族樂器 --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1) --- 擴音管設計 --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.2) --- 高、中、低音齊備的群組演奏模式 --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4) --- 被轉化成爲漢族樂器的蘆笙與芒筒 --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.1) --- 抱笙與排笙 --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.2) --- 中音笙與中音蘆笙 --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.3) --- 鍵盤蘆笙筒 --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.4) --- 鍵盤排笙 --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5) --- 非單從漢族笙組成的笙群組 --- p.66 / Chapter 第四章 --- 「樣板戲」中的少數民族樂器 / 前言 --- p.69 / Chapter 4.1) --- 文化大革命及樣板戲的沿革 --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2) --- 芭蕾舞劇《紅色娘子軍》的創作沿革 --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3) --- 樣板戲中使用的中國樂器 --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4) --- 沒有蘆笙的黎族與使用了蘆笙的黎族舞 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.5) --- 「漢族」與「非漢族」.」 --- p.80 / Chapter 第五章 --- 結論 / 前言 --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1) --- 漢族管弦樂團 --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2) --- 本質化的少數民族 --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3) --- 總結 --- p.85 / 附頁一 笙的結構 --- p.87 / 發聲原理 --- p.90 / 附頁二 各中、低音笙創制年表 --- p.92 / 參考數目 --- p.93

A descriptive analytical study was done of the influence of Federal government policies on the present economic and educational status of Indian Americans. Three Perspective views underlying government actions toward Indians were identified. The policy of extermination manifested itself in open conflict and the removal of Indian tribes to reservations. This segregation intensified Indian poverty and retarded educational development. The paternalism underlying the special wardship status of Indians created a sense of powerlessness in which Indians felt alienated from the decision-making process. Assimilation policies which were in essence Anglo-conformist policies were strongly followed in many government boarding schools. Anglo-conformity techniques in many cases led to a loss of self-esteem and cultural identity, and various types of social maladjustment became evident among Indians. Historically the policies which have shaped Indian educational and economic policies have been Anglo-directed. Certain social movements which are Indian-directed have arisen as a reaction to paternalism and assimilation. Tribalism and Pan-Indianism are two examples. The social movement which has most support among Indians and non-Indians is the move toward self-determination. Through self-determination Indians are seeking to establish greater respect for their culture and to increase belief in their competence to decide and direct economic and educational policy for themselves. Self-determination is compatible with cultural pluralism. Several schools and projects which have developed as a result of the self-determination movement are described and in part evaluated. Among these are schools at Rocky Boy and Ramah, The Rough Rock Demonstration School, the Navajo Community College, and the Institute of American Indian Arts, all of which are in New Yexico. Some industries which are financed and directed by reservation money and located on the reservations have been established in conjunction with this movement. The tribes which originated in the Southwest and which maintained an agricultural existence with social and religious institutions based on agriculture appear to have been less influenced by Anglo-conformist policies. These tribes have progressed far on the road to self-determination. One example is the Zunis who are independent and relatively autonomous. Tribalism and self-determination seem to be bringing about a renaissance of Indian culture and of cultural pluralism.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Münster, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 274-290).

This thesis seeks to make visible the presence and voices of minority ethnic households in rural communities by addressing the ‘place blindness’ in research on ethnicity / ‘race’, and the ethnicity / ‘race’ blindness in rural literature. The overall aim of this thesis is to develop an understanding of the lived experiences and perspectives of minority ethnic households and individuals in parts of rural Scotland, and the Highlands and Islands in particular. The emphasis is on exploring the contingent, flexible and changing interaction between ethnicity / ‘race’ and rurality. This is achieved by drawing on four separately commissioned studies which were undertaken between 1998 and 2004, and were re-analysed for the purposes of this thesis. Within the context of these studies, the thesis examines the ways in which the social and spatial demography of rural minority ethnic households, and particular conceptualisations of rural have been mobilised to shape ideas and practices about belonging in parts of rural Scotland. In particular, the studies explore the ways in which minority ethnic households, parents/carers and young people across the four studies have felt they have been ‘invisible’ in relation to policy and service delivery issues, and developed strategies to overcome their marginalisation. The thesis concludes that the relationships, experiences and practices based on ethnicity / ‘race’ have to be understood as being grounded in specific spatial, national, local, historical and material contexts which are dynamic. It stresses the need to move away from binary accounts portraying minority ethnic groups as always ‘passive victims’, and the ‘host’ communities as invariably ‘perpetrators’ of racism, by recognising the importance of taking into account the cross-cutting nature of individual identities and experiences, deconstructing ‘white’ and recognising the countervailing forces of constraints and agency within this context.

Ethnicity and the Church are two vital subjects in mission studies. However, the focus has always been on the latter. As a result the Church's theology of ethnicity is weak. Fear, ethnocentrism and theological blindness account for the little interest in the subject of ethnicity. However, a Church that neglects ethnicity does so at her own peril. God's dealings with IsraeL a history of the growth of the Church from one culture to another makes the study of ethnicity imperative. Failure to acknowledge and harness ethnicity can lead to ethnocentrism or tribalism which is an enemy to God's mission. God's mission essentially reconciles, unites and enriches people from different ethnic groups whilst ethnocentrism or tribalism excludes, divides and impoverishes them. The Presbyterian Church of Ghana like the wider society has to cope with ethnicity. Whereas the Church has harnessed ethnicity in her mission, she has, nonetheless, failed always to do away with ethnocentrism or tribalism. The PCG has not been faithful to her parent missionaries' strategy of planting indigenous churches among the non-Akan and non-Ga. The current PCG's strategy amounts to Akan-Ga cultural mission. Ethnicity and Christian identity are crucial to providing people with their true secure identity. A Christian always has to come to terms with his dual identity, that is, belonging to an ethnic group as well as to Christ. A theology that affirms this dual identity will be in a position to have healthy multi-ethnic churches and be effective in mission. Andrew Walls' Three Tests of Christian expansion: The Church, The Kingdom and The Gospel Tests serve as our measuring instrument. The PCG has not passed these Tests satisfactorily. She needs the Pentecost experience, that is a fresh touch of the Holy Spirit. The thrust of this thesis is that, when the PCG experiences this Pentecost, integration, reconciliation and embrace will be achievable among her multi-ethnic membership. / Thesis (M.Th.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000.

This thesis is an anthropological and historical exploration of Singapore's emergence as a nation state and determines what it means to have a Singaporean national identity today. As a relatively new country, Singapore and its government has worked to carefully construct its national identity in the past fifty years after independence from the British in 1965. This thesis will show Singapore as a distinctive entity in the study of nationalism and nation building, especially in comparison to the decolonization efforts of other countries in the region and throughout the world in the twentieth century. It is a carefully constructed nation state, and its distinctiveness lies in the authoritarian government's neo-colonial policies, its economic success due to its capitalist system, semi-democratic political environment, and its multiethnic population.