Thesis advisor: Hiroshi Nakazato / Ethnic conflicts that lead to civil wars or other forms of internal turmoil elicit myriad forms of military intervention from the global community. Sometimes the United Nations decides to deploy peacekeeping troops to a region or authorize individual states to use their military resources to quell a conflict. Usually, a state will unilaterally decide to launch an intervention before the United Nations makes a decision, a situation that generally occurs when the state has a direct interest in the conflict. Although many external factors play into these decisions regarding intervention, four internal factors have been identified as having a strong influence on these decisions: the failed state status of the region in conflict, the duration of the conflict, a request for external help, and whether a major world power is already involved. The United Nations is more likely to intervene in a critically failed state whose ethnic conflict has been enduring for years, where a state will send its military in unilaterally if the conflict is new (months old) and a request for military help is made from one of the parties already involved. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: International Studies Honors Program. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: International Studies.

O cenário desta pesquisa envolveu a educação para as relações étnico raciais a partir da análise do discurso dos usuários de uma rede social, tomando como referencial as postagens de usuários do Facebook e a discussão do preconceito que se materializa em rede e se propaga nos espaços informais e formais de educação. Sua relevância se dá na medida em que instigou o estudo e a construção de estratégias educativas voltadas para os desafios da escola no contexto contemporâneo. Objetivamos investigar de que forma o preconceito materializado por meio da linguagem, numa rede social, pode ser trabalhado nos contextos informais e formais de educação, observando-se a importância de utilizar-se um recurso digital na identificação de frases e textos verbais e não verbais, cujo cunho pejorativo, inferiorize a pessoa, estigmatizando-a. A pesquisa realizada tomou como suporte os estudos de linguagem, tendo como referencial os pressupostos de M. Bakhtin, no que diz respeito aos conceitos de dialogismo e polifonia. No que concerne ao preconceito, nossa pesquisa terá como suporte os estudos de P. Bourdieu, K. Munanga, L. Sansone; C. Furtado, A. Guimarães. O trabalho proposto teve como aporte a pesquisa qualitativa, com base no pressuposto dialógico da pesquisa formação. Para tanto, a metodologia CIVITAS, do grupo de pesquisa LELIC/PPGIE/UFRGS, articulou nesta tese, o diálogo entre a educação básica e o ensino superior, com base nos sujeitos que atuam nesses segmentos da educação. Assim, com base no projeto CIVITAS, em articulação com o Projeto de Vidas/UFMA a pesquisa teve como sujeitos um grupo de estudantes da Educação Básica dos oitavo e nono anos do Ensino Fundamental e de universitários de um curso de licenciatura, registrando os sentidos atribuídos, por escolares e universitários, sobre uma seleção de postagens do Facebook que evidenciam o discurso de preconceito racial. Utilizou como base metodológica a identificação de vocábulos, frases e imagens de cunho pejorativo, fazendo associações entre palavras, frases e imagens. Nesse sentido, tais questões foram discutidas com base nos estudos de linguagem e da educação para a promoção das relações étnico raciais, compondo-se assim, um estudo acerca de como a educação formal e informal pode a partir das redes sociais discutir temas atuais e pertinentes a serem trabalhados na escola, tendo como referencial a Lei n. 11.645/08. Verificou-se que a escola deve considerar em seu currículo, de forma interdisciplinar e contextualizada com as novas tecnologias, a educação para as relações étnico raciais, no contexto de diferentes áreas de conhecimento, entre elas a Língua Portuguesa e os estudos dos gêneros digitais, enquanto proposta para se se refletir acerca das desigualdades advindas da cor/raça dos alunos. / The scenario of this research involved education or ethno-racial relations based on discourse analysis of users from a social network, setting as the benchmark, Facebook user posts and the discussion on prejudice which materializes online and spreads over informal and formal educational space. Its relevance is to the extent that it instigated study and construction of educational strategies designed for the challenges of modern day schooling. Our object is to investigate the way in which prejudice materialized through language, on a social network, can be worked in informal and formal educational contexts, noting the importance of using a digital feature to identify phrasal and verbal & non-verbal texts, whose pejorative nature, degrades and stigmatizes the person. The research was supported by language studies based on assumptions from M. Bakhtin, concerning concepts of dialogism and polyphony. Regarding prejudice, our research will be supported by studies from P. Bourdieu, K. Munanga, L. Sansone; C. Furtado, A. Guimarães. The research proposed had the contribution of qualitative research based on dialogic assumption of training research. Therefore, CIVITAS methodology CIVITAS, from the LELIC/PPGIE/UFRGS research group articulated in this thesis, dialog between basic and higher education based on subjects which act in these educational segments. Thus, based on the CIVITAS Project, articulation with Projeto de Vidas/UFMA, the subjects were a group of students from Basic Education from eighth and ninth grade in Middle School and college students from a teaching course registering the feelings attributed by school and college students about a selection of Facebook posts that show a discourse of racial prejudice. The methodological base was identification of words, phrases and images of a pejorative nature. In this sense, such questions were discussed based on language studies to promote ethno-racial relations, making up a study about how formal and informal education can, based on social networks, discuss current and pertinent themes to be worked in school as per Law 11.645/08. It was verified that schools should consider in their curriculum, interdisciplinary and contextualized matter with new technologies and education for ethno-racial relations in the context of different knowledge areas, among them Portuguese and digital genres as a proposal to reflect on inequalities stemming from students’ color/race.

Propusemo-nos, nesta Dissertação de Mestrado, a analisar a unidade mínima de significação da Etnoterminologia no léxico de Grande Sertão: Veredas, em sua vertente etnoliterária, para compreender como a realidade fenomênica é refletida na axiologia do grupo sócio-linguístico-cultural do sertanejo dos gerais. Analisamos, em suas diferentes etapas, o processo de conceptualização de alguns vocábulos-termos de algumas denominações da obra. Tal processo se dá no percurso gerativo da enunciação e é constituído por conjuntos de semas conceptuais, os noemas. A análise linguística desvelou como as denominações, produto do fazer persuasivo do sujeito enunciador, originam-se nas qualidades conceituais da cognição e são materializadas em traços semânticos específicos, ou nos conceitos de cada unidade lexical, integrando o processo de modalização. Pudemos observar que o conceptus, em sentido amplo, parte, em sua trajetória do natural, em direção ao cultural, e se expande com o acréscimo de semas conceptuais formadores que se organizam em dois conjuntos: os de natureza cultural e ideológica e aqueles de natureza modalizante e intencional. Guimarães Rosa transplantou suas pesquisas linguísticas para seus textos, ao abrigo das denominações, e realçou significantes amalgamados a conceitos portadores de exclusividades semânticas que se erigem na própria especificidade que nomeia os seres, resultado dos conhecimentos herdados e amealhados ao longo de gerações. É nessa exclusividade semântica que a fronteira existente entre o vocábulo e o termo das linguagens de especialidades torna-se densa em seu romance, e é, nesses limites, que se apresenta o vocábulo-termo, no qual o autor encontra a palavra vigorosa, profunda e não desgastada pelo uso impróprio. Verificamos, sobretudo, a partir da análise das palavras escolhidas por nós, a gênese do vocábulo-termo nas especifidades linguísticas regionais e que desenha etnicamente a identidade de um grupo. Sabemos que em todas as obras de Rosa se verifica, em maior ou menor proporção, o uso das virtualidades que o sistema linguístico oferece aos seus falantes, e a abordagem dos aspectos sociolinguísticos, convergindo para o semantismo inusitado do vocábulo-termo rosiano, colaborou, do nosso ponto de vista, para melhor caracterizá-las em sua vertente etnoliterária. A análise dos vocábulos-termos de Grande Sertão: Veredas evidencia o processo de ressemantização da palavra usada na língua geral. Ou seja, novos sememas enriquecem a unidade léxica e, também, a experiência de quem se aproxima do texto, ao realizar-se em aspectos referenciais, pragmáticos e simbólicos, constituindo-se, simultaneamente, em documento semântico e social de uma cultura. As palavras de uso em língua geral se constituem em signos-símbolos em Grande Sertão: Veredas. / In this Master´s Dissertation we have proposed to analyze the minimal unit of meaning in the Ethno-terminology in the lexicon of Grande Sertão: Veredas, in its ethno-literary aspect, in order to understand how the reality of phenomenon is reflected in the axiology of the social-linguistic-cultural group of the sertanejo dos gerais. We have analyzed, in its different stages, the process of conceptualization of some word-terms of some of the work´s denominations. Such process takes place in the generative trajectory of enunciation and is constituted by groups of conceptual semes, the nemes. The linguistic analysis revealed how the denominations, result of the persuasiveness of the announcer subject, originate in the conceptual qualities of cognition and are materialized in specific semantic traits, or in the concepts of each lexical unit, integrating the modalization process. We could observe that the conceptus, in its broad meaning, moves from its natural trajectory towards the cultural, and expands with the addition of conceptual semes which get organized in two groups: the ones with a cultural and ideological nature and the ones with a modalizing and intentional nature. Guimarães Rosa transplanted his linguistic research to his texts, to the protection of denominations, and enhanced the significants tied to concepts bearing semantic exclusivities which build from the specificity that names the beings, result of the knowledge inherited and grouped over generations. It is in this semantic exclusivity that the frontier that exists between word and term of the languages of specialities become dense in his novel, and it is, in those boundaries, that the word-term presents itself, in which the author finds words which are vigorous, profound and not wasted by inappropriate use. We have verified, especially, in the analysis of words chosen by us, the genesis of the word-term in the regional linguistic specificities and which draws ethnically the identity of a group. We are aware that in every of Rosa´s work, in a smaller or bigger proportion, we verify the use of the virtuality that the linguistic system offers to its speakers, and the approach of the sociolinguistic aspects, converging to an unused semantics of the word-term in Rosa, which collaborated, in our point of view, to better characterize them in this ethno literary aspect. The analysis of the word-terms in Grande Sertão: Veredas demonstrates a resemantic process of the word used in the general language. That is, new sememes enrich the lexical unit, and also, the experience of those who approach the text, in referential, pragmatic and symbolic aspects, constituting, simultaneously, a semantic and social document of a culture. The words in use in general language constitute symbol-signs in Grande Sertão: Veredas.

Submitted by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-02-05T11:20:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Vânia Lúcia Machado - 2014.pdf.pdf: 1093589 bytes, checksum: 442c9e79703732a78237642536a7739d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-02-05T12:20:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Vânia Lúcia Machado - 2014.pdf.pdf: 1093589 bytes, checksum: 442c9e79703732a78237642536a7739d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T12:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Vânia Lúcia Machado - 2014.pdf.pdf: 1093589 bytes, checksum: 442c9e79703732a78237642536a7739d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / The Universidade Federal de Goiás - Education College, through Post Degree Education Program, in the field of SocialMovements, Education and Labor enabled this research, with the aim of investigating the agricultural modernization process in Eastern North, state of Goiás, in Ceres-GO , which has in the Fair Producer, the survival strategy of the small farmer . The thesis explains how the formers contributed to the process of agricultural modernization and investigates the way that small producers deal with the fair, as well as knowledge they use, especially mathematicians, who allowed them to play the role of traders. It was used the qualitative method and analysis reference was the Theory of Practice by Pierre Bourdieu, especially habitus and field categories. The results show new habitus formation in an attempt to fit the model established by modernization, from the need to remain in rural areas. It is noticed that they almost don’t worry about business accounting and about using creative steps in order to realize the several challenges posed by agricultural modernization. / A Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás, por meio do Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação, na linha de pesquisa Movimentos Sociais, Trabalho e Educaçãopossibilitou a realização desta pesquisa, com o objetivo de investigar o processo de modernização agrícola no Médio Norte Goiano, na cidade de Ceres-GO, que tem na Feira do Produtor a estratégia de sobrevivência do pequeno produtor rural. A tese explicita a forma pela qual os agentes formadores contribuíram para o processo de modernização agrícola e investiga o modo como os pequenos produtores lidam com a feira, bem como os conhecimentos que utilizam, principalmente os matemáticos, que lhes permitiram desempenhar o papel de comerciantes. O método utilizado foi qualitativo e o referencial de análise utilizado foi a Teoria da Prática de Pierre Bourdieu, especialmente mediante as categorias habitusecampo. Os resultados apontam a formação de novos habitusna tentativa de se adequarem ao modelo determinado pela modernização, a partir da necessidade de se manterem no espaço rural. Verifica-se pouca preocupação com a contabilidade dos negócios e a utilização de medidas criativas para darem conta dos diversos desafios impostos pela modernização agrícola.

Propusemo-nos, nesta Dissertação de Mestrado, a analisar a unidade mínima de significação da Etnoterminologia no léxico de Grande Sertão: Veredas, em sua vertente etnoliterária, para compreender como a realidade fenomênica é refletida na axiologia do grupo sócio-linguístico-cultural do sertanejo dos gerais. Analisamos, em suas diferentes etapas, o processo de conceptualização de alguns vocábulos-termos de algumas denominações da obra. Tal processo se dá no percurso gerativo da enunciação e é constituído por conjuntos de semas conceptuais, os noemas. A análise linguística desvelou como as denominações, produto do fazer persuasivo do sujeito enunciador, originam-se nas qualidades conceituais da cognição e são materializadas em traços semânticos específicos, ou nos conceitos de cada unidade lexical, integrando o processo de modalização. Pudemos observar que o conceptus, em sentido amplo, parte, em sua trajetória do natural, em direção ao cultural, e se expande com o acréscimo de semas conceptuais formadores que se organizam em dois conjuntos: os de natureza cultural e ideológica e aqueles de natureza modalizante e intencional. Guimarães Rosa transplantou suas pesquisas linguísticas para seus textos, ao abrigo das denominações, e realçou significantes amalgamados a conceitos portadores de exclusividades semânticas que se erigem na própria especificidade que nomeia os seres, resultado dos conhecimentos herdados e amealhados ao longo de gerações. É nessa exclusividade semântica que a fronteira existente entre o vocábulo e o termo das linguagens de especialidades torna-se densa em seu romance, e é, nesses limites, que se apresenta o vocábulo-termo, no qual o autor encontra a palavra vigorosa, profunda e não desgastada pelo uso impróprio. Verificamos, sobretudo, a partir da análise das palavras escolhidas por nós, a gênese do vocábulo-termo nas especifidades linguísticas regionais e que desenha etnicamente a identidade de um grupo. Sabemos que em todas as obras de Rosa se verifica, em maior ou menor proporção, o uso das virtualidades que o sistema linguístico oferece aos seus falantes, e a abordagem dos aspectos sociolinguísticos, convergindo para o semantismo inusitado do vocábulo-termo rosiano, colaborou, do nosso ponto de vista, para melhor caracterizá-las em sua vertente etnoliterária. A análise dos vocábulos-termos de Grande Sertão: Veredas evidencia o processo de ressemantização da palavra usada na língua geral. Ou seja, novos sememas enriquecem a unidade léxica e, também, a experiência de quem se aproxima do texto, ao realizar-se em aspectos referenciais, pragmáticos e simbólicos, constituindo-se, simultaneamente, em documento semântico e social de uma cultura. As palavras de uso em língua geral se constituem em signos-símbolos em Grande Sertão: Veredas. / In this Master´s Dissertation we have proposed to analyze the minimal unit of meaning in the Ethno-terminology in the lexicon of Grande Sertão: Veredas, in its ethno-literary aspect, in order to understand how the reality of phenomenon is reflected in the axiology of the social-linguistic-cultural group of the sertanejo dos gerais. We have analyzed, in its different stages, the process of conceptualization of some word-terms of some of the work´s denominations. Such process takes place in the generative trajectory of enunciation and is constituted by groups of conceptual semes, the nemes. The linguistic analysis revealed how the denominations, result of the persuasiveness of the announcer subject, originate in the conceptual qualities of cognition and are materialized in specific semantic traits, or in the concepts of each lexical unit, integrating the modalization process. We could observe that the conceptus, in its broad meaning, moves from its natural trajectory towards the cultural, and expands with the addition of conceptual semes which get organized in two groups: the ones with a cultural and ideological nature and the ones with a modalizing and intentional nature. Guimarães Rosa transplanted his linguistic research to his texts, to the protection of denominations, and enhanced the significants tied to concepts bearing semantic exclusivities which build from the specificity that names the beings, result of the knowledge inherited and grouped over generations. It is in this semantic exclusivity that the frontier that exists between word and term of the languages of specialities become dense in his novel, and it is, in those boundaries, that the word-term presents itself, in which the author finds words which are vigorous, profound and not wasted by inappropriate use. We have verified, especially, in the analysis of words chosen by us, the genesis of the word-term in the regional linguistic specificities and which draws ethnically the identity of a group. We are aware that in every of Rosa´s work, in a smaller or bigger proportion, we verify the use of the virtuality that the linguistic system offers to its speakers, and the approach of the sociolinguistic aspects, converging to an unused semantics of the word-term in Rosa, which collaborated, in our point of view, to better characterize them in this ethno literary aspect. The analysis of the word-terms in Grande Sertão: Veredas demonstrates a resemantic process of the word used in the general language. That is, new sememes enrich the lexical unit, and also, the experience of those who approach the text, in referential, pragmatic and symbolic aspects, constituting, simultaneously, a semantic and social document of a culture. The words in use in general language constitute symbol-signs in Grande Sertão: Veredas.

No description available.

Thesis (M. Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Ethno veterinary medicine practices are popular among the resource constrained small-holder farmers. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of traditional remedies particularly the indigenous plants has not been extensively documented. Hence, this study was conducted to determine efficacy of indigenous plant extracts used by small-holder farmers in Chief Albert Luthuli Local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa for internal parasites control. Information on indigenous plants used for the control of internal parasites of livestock by local farmers in the study area was gathered through a questionnaire survey. A total of 188 livestock farmers (both males and females) of mixed ages were interviewed. Thirteen different plants were frequently mentioned by the respondents as remedies for livestock internal parasites. Of these, seven plants could be identified up to their families and species. Plant species collected were Dicerocaryum sp (50%), Pappeacapensis (61%), Aloe ferox (90%), Helichrysum sp (56%), Senecio congestus (83%), Senecio barbertonicus (67%) and Gardenia sp (73%). These plants were extracted using distilled water and analysed to determine their efficacy through in vitro assays; Egg hatch, larval development and larval mortality assays. All the assays were performed at different concentrations of 2.5mg/ml, 5.0mg/ml and 7.5mg/ml. The nematode third stage larvae were incubated for 24hr, 48hr and 72hr during the larval mortality assay. The present study showed that all the seven-plant species under investigation possessed some anthelmintic activities of varying strength. The highest egg hatch inhibition was observed from the extracts of Senecio barbertonicus with 100 % and the lowest from Dicerocaryum eriocarpum with 2.25 %, for larval development the highest was Gardenia sp 100 % and the lowest Helichrysum sp 26 % at concentration 7.5 mg/mL respectively. Whereas, the highest in larval mortality assay was Senecio barbertonicus and Gardenia sp achieved 100 % after 48hrs and the lowest was Dicerocaryum eriocarpum with49.89 % after 72hrs at concentration 7.5 mg/mL respectively. The use of other different forms of extraction media is recommended because different results can observe and be compared with the results of the present study. Toxicity studies on the indigenous plants observed to have stronger anthelmintic activities would assist in the future recommendation of these remedies for large scale or commercial use as anthelmintic drugs. Keywords: ethno veterinary medicine, gastrointestinal parasites, anthelmintic

Based on ethnographic research in Ruam Chai, a large and remote village in northern Thailand, this dissertation seeks to examine the emergence of ethnic identity and nationalistic consciousness of the Tai people within the context of Thai nation-building, state development, and the history of the area in the 20th century. The Tai—generally known as the Shan—are the predominant residents of this multi-ethnic frontier community, once occupied by the notorious opium warlord, Khun Sa, prior to absolute control and administration by the Thai state in 1982. These people migrated from various areas of Myanmar’s Shan State over different periods of time, for a variety of reasons. Due to their illegal immigration, the Thai state classifies them into different non-citizenship statuses according to their migration background as well as survey and registration periods. As a result of recent revisions of the Thai Nationality Act, the documented Thailand-born offspring of these displaced Tai, whose parents’ statuses fall into certain non-Thai categories, meet the nominal requirements for becoming naturalised. Within the theoretical framework of constructivist approach and the notion of ethnic dynamism and nationalistic sentiments as a cultural practice in borderlands, this dissertation suggests the investigation of the Tai ethno-nationalism through three interconnected levels of analysis: village or community, national, and transborder. On the village level, while the Tai acknowledge their ethnic diversity and have a logical, conventional system of identification among themselves; they maintain ethnic boundaries amid interactions with village members of other ethnic origins, and (re)construct identities in response to both internal and external forces. On the national level, a nation-building process has induced a stronger sense of “being Thai” to both Thailand-born Tai children and pre-existing generations of Tai. This process emphasises ethnic homogeneity—through the employment of the Thainess concept—and exclusion of the Non-Thai from the Thai, where categorically ineligible Tai are driven to embrace outlawed conduct to secure Thai citizenship. On the transborder level, movements back and forth as well as relationships across various international borders have played a vital role in constructing Tai identity and imagining the nation of the Tai people, both in Ruam Chai and beyond.

Based on ethnographic research in Ruam Chai, a large and remote village in northern Thailand, this dissertation seeks to examine the emergence of ethnic identity and nationalistic consciousness of the Tai people within the context of Thai nation-building, state development, and the history of the area in the 20th century. The Tai—generally known as the Shan—are the predominant residents of this multi-ethnic frontier community, once occupied by the notorious opium warlord, Khun Sa, prior to absolute control and administration by the Thai state in 1982. These people migrated from various areas of Myanmar’s Shan State over different periods of time, for a variety of reasons. Due to their illegal immigration, the Thai state classifies them into different non-citizenship statuses according to their migration background as well as survey and registration periods. As a result of recent revisions of the Thai Nationality Act, the documented Thailand-born offspring of these displaced Tai, whose parents’ statuses fall into certain non-Thai categories, meet the nominal requirements for becoming naturalised. Within the theoretical framework of constructivist approach and the notion of ethnic dynamism and nationalistic sentiments as a cultural practice in borderlands, this dissertation suggests the investigation of the Tai ethno-nationalism through three interconnected levels of analysis: village or community, national, and transborder. On the village level, while the Tai acknowledge their ethnic diversity and have a logical, conventional system of identification among themselves; they maintain ethnic boundaries amid interactions with village members of other ethnic origins, and (re)construct identities in response to both internal and external forces. On the national level, a nation-building process has induced a stronger sense of “being Thai” to both Thailand-born Tai children and pre-existing generations of Tai. This process emphasises ethnic homogeneity—through the employment of the Thainess concept—and exclusion of the Non-Thai from the Thai, where categorically ineligible Tai are driven to embrace outlawed conduct to secure Thai citizenship. On the transborder level, movements back and forth as well as relationships across various international borders have played a vital role in constructing Tai identity and imagining the nation of the Tai people, both in Ruam Chai and beyond.

This thesis is an attempt to inquire the origins of the Cyprus conflict by analyzing the historical developments that laid the ground for the inter-communal dispute in the late 1950s, while focusing on the structural dimension of the rise of ethnonationalisms in the island. The special emphasis is given to the British period 1878-1960 in the historical analysis since the ethno-religious identity consciousnesses of the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities in the island started to turn into ethnonational ones and later into antagonistic nationalisms during this era. The study&rsquo / s underlying premise is that although different identity perceptions existed much earlier among the two communities of the island, the inconsistent policies of the British administration that shifted in accordance with its interests in the Mediterranean region enabled the emergence of a conducive environment for the politicization and manipulation of these diverse identity perceptions. The Greek and Turkish nationalisms gained strength in this era and gradually transformed into antagonistic nationalisms motivated by different political goals about the future of the island. These developments would be the main reason of the inter-communal violence in Cyprus that arose in late 1950s and also in the following years till the permanent territorial partition in 1974.