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Ésteres produzidos por via biotecnológica são considerados e classificados como naturais e sua demanda tem aumentado. Várias leveduras podem produzir ésteres e seu método de seleção é altamente importante para inúmeros tipos de indústrias. Trinta e quatro cepas de leveduras, isoladas de vinhos tintos em barris de carvalho elaborados na Serra Gaúcha e de queijos artesanais do Sul do Brasil, foram utilizadas neste trabalho. Cada cepa foi inoculada na superfície de meio sólido inclinado rico em glicose e nitrogênio, diretamente no frasco utilizado para a microextração em fase sólida (SPME) seguida pela injeção num cromatógrafo gasoso com detecção por espectrometria de massas (GC/MS) e quantificação utilizando detector de ionização de chama (GC-FID). O método foi desenvolvido e validado, sendo que a fibra DVB/PDMS/CAR, temperatura de extração de 80˚C e 20 minutos de aquecimento da amostra antes da extração foram as condições ótimas estabelecidas. A metodologia de superfície e resposta foi usada para a otimização da produção de acetato de etila pela levedura Zygosaccharomyces bailii BCV 08, e um planejamento fatorial 22 foi aplicado para determinar as melhores condições de temperatura de cultivo (X1, 20 até 36 ˚C) e agitação (X2, 0 a 200 rev/min). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a temperatura de 28 ˚C e 0 rev/min, onde houve um aumento de 60% na produção de acetato de etila. Foram avaliados os efeitos das fontes de carbono (glicose e frutose) e do mosto de uva sobre a produção de acetato de etila. A máxima concentração de acetato de etila produzida foi de 71,11 mg/L, utilizando o mosto de uva como meio. Experimentos utilizando biorreatores de 4L levaram à produção máxima de 133,74 mg/L de acetato de etila, 14,57 mg/L de hexanoato de etila, 4.093,74 mg/L de octanoato de etila e 3.775,28 mg/L de decanoato de etila. / Esters produced by biotechnological means are legally labeled as natural and there is an increasing demand for these products. Several yeasts can accumulate esters, and their selection is highly interesting for many industries. Thirty-four yeast strains isolated from red wine oak barrels of Serra Gaúcha winemaking region and from homemade cheeses of Southern Brazil were used in this research. The yeasts were inoculated in agar slants of a solid medium rich in glucose and nitrogen, directly inside the extraction transparent glass vials, using a headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) method followed by injection of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS), and quantification by flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The analytical method was developed and validated, and the DVB/PDMS/CAR fiber, extraction temperature of 80˚C, and 20 minutes of sample heating time volatilization prior to the extraction step were the best conditions. A response surface methodology was used to optimize the production of ethyl acetate by Zygosaccharomyces bailii BCV 08, which was selected, and a 22 full factorial central composite design was applied to determine the best conditions for the cultivation temperature (X1, 20 to 36 ˚C) and stirring speed (X2, 0 to 200 rev/min). The best results were found with temperature of 28 ˚C and medium agitation of 0 rev/min, with a 60% increase in ethyl acetate production. We evaluated the effect of the carbon sources (glucose and fructose) and grape must on ethyl acetate formation; the maximal yield was reached with grape must and the highest concentration of ethyl acetate produced was 71.11 mg/L. Employing experiments on bioreactors of 4L, it was possible to improve the esters production by this yeast; a maximal production of 133.74 mg/L of ethyl acetate, 14.57 mg/L of ethyl hexanoate, 4093.74 mg/L of ethyl octanoate, and 3775.28 mg/L of ethyl decanoate was reached.

Orientador: Gláucia Maria Pastore / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:42:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_DanieleSouzade_D.pdf: 1437090 bytes, checksum: 0180b2360e22ff70ee43cdb53897997b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A produção de compostos de aroma por via biotecnológica é um campo emergente pois diferentemente da tradicional síntese química, os compostos produzidos por micro-organismos são classificados como naturais, indo de encontro à busca dos consumidores por alimentos saudáveis, isentos de aditivos sintéticos. O gênero Neurospora, pertencente a um grupo de fungos filamentosos, é relatado como produtor de hexanoato de etila, um éster caracterizado por possuir intenso um aroma frutal amplamente utilizado na indústria de alimentos. A produção deste aroma por via biotecnológica apresenta ainda alguns entraves, relacionados principalmente ao custo de produção e extração, que podem ser minimizados com o uso de resíduos agroindustriais, diminuindo assim, os custos da etapa fermentativa e tornando-o factível. Considerando que a produção de hexanoato de etila por via biotecnológica é pouco explorada e poucas publicações podem ser encontradas, os objetivos desta tese de doutorado compreenderam o isolamento e seleção de linhagens de Neurospora potencialmente produtoras de hexanoato de etila, em diferentes meio de cultura. Observou-se que o melhor meio sintético foi constituído de 5% extrato de malte e a maior concentração de éster obtida foi mediada pela linhagem Neurospora sitophila GFSC1135. A partir desses resultados foi realizada a otimização do processo de produção de hexanoato de etila visando maior rendimento para possíveis aplicações industriais. Utilizando delineamento composto central rotacional onde os parâmetros otimizados foram: temperatura, agitação, concentração de óleo de soja e inoculo, observou-se um incremento na produção cerca de cinco vezes (45mg.L-1) quando comparado com o primeiro estudo (8mg.L-1). Para os dois métodos de preparo de amostra, extração líquido-líquido e microextração em fase sólida, alguns parâmetros de validação foram determinados visando segurança analítica e credibilidade aos resultados, já que as matrizes são muito complexas. Também foi realizada a otimização do método de extração de hexanoato de etila do meio fermentativo, empregando a técnica de microextração em fase sólida (SPME). Dessa forma, pode-se observar os compostos produzidos pelo micro-organismo, os quais poderiam ser mascarados pelo pico do solvente, quando utilizada a técnica de extração líquido-líquido. Além disso, muitas vezes a concentração dos compostos produzidos é baixa, necessitando de uma técnica mais sensível. De forma semelhante ao realizado com meios sintéticos, a seleção de linhagens foi realizada utilizando resíduos agroindustriais como substrato (manipueira e bagaço de malte), visando minimizar custos relacionados ao meio de cultura, agregar valor ao produto final e suavizar o impacto ambiental gerado por esses resíduos. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos entre o bagaço e o extrato de malte, observou-se que não houve diferença estatística na produção de hexanoato de etila, ficando esta em torno de 45 mg.L-1. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se promissores, tendo em vista a produção biotecnológica de hexanoato de etila, um éster de aroma impactante e elevado valor agregado, abrindo precedentes aos estudos de elevação da escala de produção e futura aplicação industrial / Abstract: The biotechnological production of aroma compounds is an emerging field and it was stimulated by the increasing preference of alienated consumers for products bearing the label ''natural¿¿. The genus Neurospora belongs to a group of fungus filamentosus, is reported as a producer of ethyl hexanoate and it is characterized by having strong fruity aroma is much used in food industry. The production of this flavor by biotechnological process also presents some difficulties, mainly related to the cost of production and extraction, which can be minimized with the use of agro-industrial waste, reducing costs and making feasible fermentation step. Considering the production of ethyl hexanoate by means of biotechnological processes is rarely explored and few papers can be found, the aims of this research included the isolation and selection of strains of Neurospora potentially producing ethyl hexanoate in different culture media. Observed the best synthetic medium consisted of malt 5% extract and the highest concentration produced by strain Neurospora sitophila GFSC1135. Then the optimization of the production of ethyl hexanoate was carried out in order to increase production to possible industrial applications. Using central composite rotational design where the optimized parameters were temperature, agitation, concentration of soybean oil and inoculum, there was an increase in production about five times (45mg.L-1) compared to the first study (8mg.L -1). For both methods of sample preparation, liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase microextraction, some validation parameters were determined with security and reliability to analytical results, since the matrices are very complex. Was also performed to optimize the extraction method of ethyl hexanoate fermentation media, employing the technique of solid phase microextraction (SPME), because that way, could be observed the compounds produced by microorganism, which could be masked the peak of the solvent, when used the technique of liquid-liquid extraction. In addition, many times the concentration of the compounds produced is low, requiring a more sensitive technique. Likewise, strain selection was accomplished using as substrate (cassava wastewater and bagasse malt) in order to minimize costs related to the culture medium, to add-value to the final product and minimize the environmental impact generated by these agroindustrial residues. Comparing the results between the bagasse and malt extract, it was observed that there was no statistical difference in the production of ethyl hexanoate, it being around 45 mg.L-1.The results were promising of the biotechnological production of ethyl hexanoate, ester of a fruit aroma and high value added, opening previous studies of increased scale of production and its creating opportunity for the industry / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

This master thesis deals with the synthesis of lactide from lactic acid esters. The theoretical part focuses on the current understanding of technology of lactic acid, its alkyl esters and the cyclic lactic acid dimer - lactide, which is mainly used as a precursor for the synthesis of high moleculat weight biodegradable polylactide (PLA) and other copolymers. Experimental part is then focused on the synthesis of lactide from lactic acid alkyl esters, especially ethyl lactate. Examines the design of a suitable apparatus for this synthesis and the application of the most appropriate reaction conditions (temperature, pressure, catalysis) to optimize the preparation of the desired product. In the end, parameters of prepared lactide are characterized by using of various analytical techniques.

Les méthodes de synthèse d’hétérocycles fonctionnalisés suscitent un vif intérêt de la part de l’industrie pharmaceutique et sont d’une grande importance pour la synthèse de produits naturels et le développement des nano-sciences. La chimie organométallique a révolutionné les approches de fonctionnalisation d’hétérocycles et actuellement le développement de méthodes alternatives aux couplages croisés basées sur la fonctionnalisation directe de la liaison C-H catalysées par un métal de transition, qui sont plus attractives en terme d’économie d’atomes et de chimioselectivité, est fortement étudié. Toutefois une réelle valorisation de ces techniques repose essentiellement sur un accroissement de la diversité et des techniques de contrôle du site de la substitution. Ce travail s’inscrit dans ce programme de développement en série oxazolique dont l’une des principales difficultés réside dans la compétitivité des positions 2 et 5 du noyau oxazole. Le projet a été centré en particulier sur l’étude de la fonctionnalisation directe régiosélective de l’oxazole-4-carboxylate d’éthyle qui a été sélectionné en raison de sa haute valeur ajoutée en synthèse totale, la modularité chimique apportée par la fonction ester et une plus grande discrimination électronique et environnementale des positions 2 et 5 par rapport à l’oxazole nu. La première partie du travail a été axée sur l’établissement d’un nouveau procédé d’hétéroarylation pallado-catalysé régiosélectif en position 2 de l’oxazole-4-carboxylate d’éthyle avec une large gamme d’(hétéro)aromatiques iodés, bromés et chlorés, basé sur l’emploi spécifique de deux ligands, le Cy-JohnPhos et la tri-o-tolylphosphine dans deux solvants, le dioxane et le toluène. Dans le cadre d’une collaboration avec le Dr Doucet de l’Université de Rennes portant sur le développement de systèmes catalytiques plus "éco-compatibles", une étude préliminaire de remplacement du toluène par le diéthylcarbonate a également été réalisée avec succès. Une procédure étendue de vinylation, de benzylation et de méthylation directes régiosélectives en position 2 de l’oxazole-4-carboxylate d’éthyle a également été développée. Les méthodologies de fonctionnalisation directes de l’oxazole-4-carboxylate d’éthyle ont ensuite été mises à profit pour accéder aux oxazoles 2-mono- et 2,5-difonctionnalisés. Trois nouvelles synthèses totales de la balsoxine, de la texaline et de l’annulonine ont ainsi pu être proposées. De plus, dans le contexte actuel du développement de nouveaux fluorophores pour la chimie de détection, un panel d’analogues DPO-4-carboxylates et POPOP-4-dicarboxylates a été obtenu. Trois analogues possédant un déplacement de Stokes amélioré tout en conservant un très bon rendement quantique ont été identifiés. La dernière partie de ce travail a été consacrée à un examen détaillé de trois paramètres du processus d’arylation directe pallado-catalysé de l’oxazole-4-carboxylate d’éthyle, la demande électronique, la force basique mesurée par incorporation de deuterium, et l’influence de la base sur la réussite du couplage. Il a permis de dégager deux modes d’activation principaux, la déprotonation/métallation ortho-dirigée (ODM) et la métallation/déprotonation concertée (CMD), dont le site d’action dépend essentiellement de la nature du solvant. / Development of versatile synthetic routes towards functionalized heterocycles is of main importance for pharmaceutical, total synthesis and materials. The organometallic chemistry has revolutionized the access to functionalized heterocycles and the development of more practical, chimioselective and atom-economy transition metal-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization methodology is currently actively examined as alternatives to the experimentally restrictive and highly used cross-coupling reactions. However, a possible valorisation of such synthetic approach in several fields of chemistry dramatically depends on the development of novel methods for controlling the site and the nature of the substitution. The project is concerned with the challenging oxazole serie for which the 2 and 5 positions are highly competitive, and has been first focused on the study of the direct C-H bond heteroarylation of the selected ethyl oxazole-4-carboxylate which is a ready available and highly valuable in total synthesis scaffold. Moreover interestingly this model exhibits a more electronically and environmental difference between the 2 and 5 competitive sites coupling than the naked oxazole. Thus, the first part of the work lead to the development of a novel regioselective direct C-H bond heteroarylation of ethyl oxazole-4-carboxylate with broad iodo-, bromo- and chloroheteroaromatics using specifically both Cy-JohnPhos and tri-otolylphosphine ligands in dioxane and toluene as solvents. Moreover, the use of the more biodegradable diethylcarbonate as an alternative to toluene as solvent was successfully accomplished through a partnership with Dr Doucet of Université de Rennes concerned with the development of green catalysts. An extended protocol for regioselective direct C-H vinylation, benzylation and methylation of ethyl oxazole-4-carboxylate protocol was also proposed. The previous developed direct C-H heteroarylation methodologies in oxazole-4-carboxylate serie were then first applied to the preparation of 2-mono- and 2,5-difunctionalized oxazoles. Three novel total syntheses of balsoxin, texaline and annulonine, were achieved. In a current context of the designing of original fluorophores for the field of molecular interactions detection, a library of DPO-4-carboxylates and POPOP-4-dicarboxylates was prepared. Interestingly, three novel analogs exhibit a much more better Stokes-shift than DPO and POPOP references with a high-preserved quantum yield. The last part of this work was devoted to the examination of three parameters of the palladium-catalyzed direct C-H arylation in oxazole-4-carboxylate serie, the electronic demand, the basic strength measured by deuterium incorporation and its influence on the success of the direct coupling, allowed us to highlight two main activation pathways, the ortho-directed deprotonation métallation (ODM) and the concerted metallation deprotonation (CMD), that act differently and at different sites depending mainly on the nature of the solvent.

Ethyl pyruvate, a known ROS scavenger and anti-inflammatory drug was found to combat leukemia cells. Tumor cell killing was achieved by concerted action of necrosis/apoptosis induction, ATP depletion, and inhibition of glycolytic and para-glycolytic enzymes. Ethyl lactate was less harmful to leukemia cells but was found to arrest cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. Both, ethyl pyruvate and ethyl lactate were identified as new inhibitors of GSK-3β. Despite the strong effect of ethyl pyruvate on leukemia cells, human cognate blood cells were only marginally affected. The data were compiled by immune blotting, flow cytometry, enzyme activity assay and gene array analysis. Our results inform new mechanisms of ethyl pyruvate-induced cell death, offering thereby a new treatment regime with a high therapeutic window for leukemic tumors.

The temperature dependence of the refractive index and the density of aqueous binary mixtures of water and ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH) were measured by using a modified Michelson interferometer and a narrow glass capillary tube over the temperature range of 278≤T≤353 K for solutions of 100, 75,65, 50, 25, 10 and 0 volume percent ethyl alcohol. The temperature was cycled over both increasing and decreasing directions to explore hysteresis in the cycling. The data are discussed and compared with the Lorentz-Lorenz (LL) formula. A more accurate formula which fits the experimental data better than the LL relation was derived. An attempt was made to determine the nature of the solvent-solute interaction through any changes that were found in the refractive index for He-Ne laser light and IR diode signals and to analyze the refractive index and density results to test the accuracy of the available mixing rules in predicting the refractive index values and the density of binary systems. Conductivity measurements (d. c.) over the temperature range 278≤T≤353 K of aqueous solutions of NaCl at various concentrations were made and used to establish transport properties of ions in solution. The dynamical properties of the electrolytes were used to establish the nature of hydrogen bonding in aqueous binary mixture systems. Rate equations for ion formation and recombination were used to establish the temperature ranges in which hydrogen bonding dominated in forming polymeric species. From experimental data on the binary mixtures with water, a better understanding of water in its different functions and aggregation is possible. The water molecule itself and its response to the environment are understood when suitable studies are made of the forces in the system. In this work, some qualitative aspects of the interactions and dynamics of the water molecule have been investigated. Classical molecular dynamics simulations were tried to explain some of the thermodynamical properties of the water molecule.

Chenopodium quinoa, a South American pseudocereal, has valuable agricultural traits such as salt tolerance and drought tolerance, and it has beneficial nutritional properties such as high protein content and a complete amino acid profile. However, problems including disease susceptibility, low harvest index, lodging, seed shattering, low heat tolerance, and saponin content plague quinoa. Genetic resources for quinoa are needed to fix these problems and make quinoa more available throughout the world. We used ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to create a mutant population of QQ74 quinoa (USDA GRIN PI 614886) of 5,030 mutant families. We did whole exome sequencing (WES) on 44 mutant families. Using the recently published quinoa reference genome and MAPS, a mutation detection pipeline, we found a mutation rate of 11.35 mutations/Mb in these families. We also used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to calculate a mutation rate of 21.67 mutations/Mb in an additional nine mutant families. To demonstrate the utility of this population as a genetic resource, we found an EMS-induced nonsense mutation in the betalain synthesis pathway that prevents red betacyanins from accumulating in the hypocotyl of quinoa. With the mutation rates in our population, we calculate that analysis of 300 mutant families will yield 3-7 mutations in any gene of interest, which will facilitate forward and reverse genetic studies in quinoa.

Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor ethanol metabolite that confirms the absorption and metabolism of ethanol after oral or dermal exposure. Human data suggest that maximum blood EtG (BEtG) concentrations are reached between 3.5 and 5.5. h after ethanol administration. This study was undertaken to determine if the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat biotransforms ethanol to EtG after a single high oral dose of ethanol. SD rats (male, n=6) were gavaged with a single ethanol dose (4g/kg), and urine was collected for 3. h in metabolic cages, followed by euthanization and collection of heart blood. Blood and urine were analyzed for ethanol and EtG by gas chromatography and enzyme immunoassay. Blood and urine ethanol concentrations were 195 ± 23 and 218 ± 19. mg/dL, whereas BEtG and urine EtG (UEtG) concentrations were 1,363 ± 98. ng equivalents/mL and 210 ± 0.29. mg equivalents/dL (X̄±standarderrorofthemean[S.E.M.]).Sixty-six male SD rats were gavaged ethanol (4. g/kg) and placed in metabolic cages to determine the extent and duration of ethanol to EtG biotransformation and urinary excretion. Blood and urine were collected up to 24. h after administration for ethanol and EtG analysis. Maximum blood ethanol, urine ethanol, and UEtG were reached within 4. h, whereas maximum BEtG was reached 6. h after administration. Maximum concentrations were blood ethanol, 213 ± 20. mg/dL; urine ethanol, 308 ± 34. mg/dL; BEtG, 2,683 ± 145. ng equivalents/mL; UEtG, 1.2 ± 0.06. mg equivalents/mL (X̄±S.E.M.). Areas under the concentration-time curve were blood ethanol, 1,578. h*mg/dL; urine ethanol, 3,096. h*mg/dL; BEtG, 18,284. h*ng equivalents/mL; and UEtG, 850. h*mg equivalents/dL. Blood ethanol and BEtG levels were reduced to below limits of detection (LODs) within 12 and 18. h after ethanol administration. Urine ethanols were below LOD at 18. h, but UEtG was still detectable at 24. h after administration. Our data prove that the SD rat biotransforms ethanol to EtG and excretes both in the urine and suggest that it is similar to that of the human.

The purpose of this study was to develop antioxidant liposomes as an antidote for mustard gas-induced lung injury in a guinea pig model. Five liposomes (LIP-1, LIP-2, LIP-3, LIP-4, and LIP-5) were tested with differing levels of phospholipid, cholesterol, phosphatidic acid, tocopherol (α, γ, δ), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and glutathione (GSH). A single dose (200 μL) of liposome was administered intratracheally 5 min or 1 h after exposure to 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). The animals were sacrificed either 2 h after exposure (for lung injury study) or 30 days after exposure (for histology study). The liposomes offered 9%-76% protection against lung injury. The maximum protection was with LIP-2 (71.5% protection) and LIP-4 (75.4%) when administered 5 min after CEES exposure. Delaying the liposome administration 1 h after CEES exposure decreased the efficacy. Both liposomes contained 11 mM α-tocopherol, 11 mM γ-tocopherol, and 75 mM NAC. However, LIP-2 contained additionally 5mM δ-tocopherol. Overall, LIP-2 and LIP-4 offered significant protection by controlling the recruitment of neutrophils, eosinophils, and the accumulation of septal and perivascular fibrin and collagen. However, LIP-2 showed better protection than LIP-4 against the accumulation of red blood cells in the bronchi, alveolar space, arterioles and veins, and fibrin and collagen deposition in the alveolar space. The antifibrotic effect of the liposomes, particularly LIP-2, was further evident by a decreased level of lipid peroxidation and hydroxyproline in the lung. Thus, antioxidant liposomes containing both NAC and vitamin E are an effective antidote against CEES-induced lung injury.