Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_md_me_botfca.pdf: 2278704 bytes, checksum: 8b089e60925e4ff1a31aa9f4f65e2eb1 (MD5) / O uso de florestas de Eucalyptus tem se tornado cada vez mais expressivo no Brasil, sobretudo por conta da excelente produção em termos volumétricos por elas alcançada e pelas boas características da madeira obtida. Várias empresas do setor florestal estão em busca do aumento da produção de madeira por unidade de área, tentando identificar, nos regimes de manejo, a técnica que agrega mais fortemente qualidade ao produto final por eles gerado. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido buscando a identificação dos melhores espaçamentos de plantio para florestas clonais de um híbrido interespecífico de Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus urophylla, de forma a maximizar a produção de biomassa do fuste por hectare, e como objetivos complementares analisar a influência do espaçamento de plantio no incremento anual em diâmetro, altura, área basal ao longo da idade, volume por árvore e por hectare, além do percentual de casca das árvores e densidade básica da madeira no último ano. Os dados foram disponibilizados pela empresa Duraflora S.A. e são provenientes de um teste clonal exploratório que visa o aumento da produtividade e melhoria da qualidade da matéria prima através do estudo de espaçamentos. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o sistemático com fator quantitativo contínuo, com 16 tratamentos e 40 repetições, considerando que a variação entre os tratamentos foi o espaçamento entre as árvores e a entrelinha possuía um espaçamento constante de três metros. Com este arranjo, o experimento possuiu espaçamentos variando de 1,50m2 de área vital por árvore (6.667 árvores por hectare) até 15,75m2 de área vital árvore (635 árvores por hectare). A altura e o diâmetro à altura do peito -DAP foram medidos aos 36, 48, 60 e 72 meses de idade, e somente no ultimo... / The use of forests of Eucalyptus has become each time more expressive in Brazil, over all on account of the excellent production in volumetric terms for them reached and the good characteristics of the gotten wood. Some companies of the forest sector are in search of the increase of the wooden production for unit of area, trying to identify, in regimes of handling, the technique that strong adds more quality to the end item for them generated. In this context, the present work was developed to search the bests plantations spacing for clonal forests of a interspecific hybrid of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla, to maximize the production of the stem biomass per hectare, and as a complementary objective to analyze the influence of the plantation spacing in the annual increment in diameter, height, stem volume and volume per hectare, basal area throughout the age, beyond the percentage of bark of the trees and basic density of the wood in the last year. The data came from the Duraflora Company and are proceeding from a clonal test exploration that aims at the increase of the productivity and improvement of the quality of the substance cousin through the study of plantations spacing. The used statistical delineation was the systematic with continuous quantitative factor, 16 treatments and 40 repetitions, considering that the variation between the treatments was only the spacing between the trees and the space between lines was a constant of 3 meters. With this arrangement, the vital area for tree was about 1,50m2 (6,667 trees per hectare) until 15,75m2 (635 trees per hectare). The trees height and the diameter breast height - DBH had been measured to the age of 36, 48, 60 and 72 months, and only in the last year three trees of each treatment had been sampled to... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de polpa de eucalipto e suas plantações são dependentes do enraizamento adventício de genótipos selecionados. Neste trabalho foram analisados os efeitos de diferentes fontes de carboidratos e de qualidade de luz no enraizamento adventício in vitro de duas espécies de eucalipto economicamente importantes, Eucalyptus grandis, de fácil enraizamento e Eucalyptus globulus, recalcitrante ao enraizamento. As fontes de carboidratos testadas em meio de cultura líquido foram sacarose, glicose e frutose. Microestacas de ambas as espécies e plantas-matrizes de Eucalyptus globulus foram expostas a comprimentos de onda enriquecidos para luz branca, azul, vermelha e vermelho-extrema e seus efeitos foram testados em relação ao enraizamento. O enraizamento adventício aumentou em ambas as espécies quando foi fornecida sacarose durante a fase de indução e frutose na fase de formação. Fazendo uma analogia entre o enraizamento adventício e a tuberização de batata, este resultado pode ser atribuído a atividade de invertases na fase de indução e fructoquinase na fase de formação, porém mais estudos devem ser conduzidos para confirmar esta hipótese. Não houve efeito de qualidade de luz no enraizamento adventício quando os tratamentos de luz foram aplicados nas microestacas. A exposição de plantas-matrizes crescidas em meio de cultura sem sacarose à ambiente enriquecido com comprimento de onda vermelho-extremo proporcionou um aumento de 255% na porcentagem de enraizamento de suas microestacas, mesmo na ausência de auxina exógena no meio de enraizamento, quando comparado com plantas-matrizes expostas à luz branca nas mesmas condições de cultura. Este resultado está aparentemente relacionado com o balanço 8 endógeno de açúcares solúveis e amido na parte aérea e raízes em desenvolvimento, com maior conteúdo de ambos na região das raízes. / Brazil is one of the largest producers of eucalypt pulp and its plantations are dependent of adventitious rooting of selected genotypes. In this work we analyzed the effects of different carbohydrate sources and light qualities on in vitro adventitious rooting of two economically important eucalypt species, the easy-to-root Eucalyptus grandis and the recalcitrant Eucalyptus globulus. The carbohydrate sources tested in static liquid medium were sucrose, glucose and fructose. The effect of white, blue, red and far-red light exposure on microcuttings of both species and on donor-plants of E. globulus was evaluated in relation to rooting. Rooting was improved in both species by supplying sucrose in the induction phase and fructose in the formation phase. By a putative analogy of adventitious rooting with tuberization in potato stems, this result was attributed to activities of invertases in the induction phase and fructokinase in the formation phase, but more studies will be needed to confirm this hypothesis. There was no effect of light quality on adventitious rooting when light treatments were applied on microcuttings. Compared to the white light-treated control donor-plants grown on medium without sucrose, donor-plants grown under a far-red light enriched environment on medium devoid of sucrose yielded 255% in the rooting percentage of microcuttings derived therefrom, even in the absence of exogenous auxin in rooting medium. This result was apparently related to the balance between endogenous hexoses and starch content in shoots and developing roots, with a higher content of both in the rooting zone.

Orientador: Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T10:55:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lepikson-Neto_Jorge_D.pdf: 134833000 bytes, checksum: 09f83f4cd8ca673cb66cad9748effe06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital. / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document. / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

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Dissertation submitted in compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Biotechnology, Technikon Natal, 2001. / Biotechnology techniques such as micropropagation VIa somatic embryogenesis offer potential significant advances in the improvement of forest species, which could sustain forest production in South Africa, as well as globally, without increased use of land. In order to apply such techniques to commercial breeding and clonal programmes of E. grandis species, it is necessary to develop reliable and efficient protocols applicable to explants of proven superior genotypes. Most of the research on E. grandis somatic embryogenesis has used the genetically variable embryos or seedlings as explant sources, which results in the propagation of material of unproven genetic value. In order to exploit somatic embryogenesis maximally for cloning of superior trees, somatic embryos have to be induced from highly selected and, hence, mature trees. The aim of this investigation was to develop such a protocol for E. grandis and to test its applicability to various E. grandis hybrids. Somatic embryos were induced from buds, stems, leaves and petioles, with petioles and buds giving the best results. Thus, these were selected for further studies which involved testing the effect of medium composition on embryogenic callus induction. Media used for this purpose contained MS or B5 nutrients, 1 mg.l' 2,4-D, 0.5 g.r! glutamine, 0.5 g.r! casein hydrolysate, 4 g.r! Gelrite and 30 or 50 g.rl sucrose. All the media tested were able to support induction of embryogenic callus, although the number of explants producing embryogenic calli was affected significantly by the media composition (10-91 %). Callus induction media with B5 nutrients seemed to have a significant effect onn the developmental stage of embryos in the callus induction medium. Presence of 50 g.r! sucrose in the callus induction medium reduced the embryo yield, but the progress of embryo development was enhanced. The callus induction medium containing B5, 1 mg.l' 2,4-D, 0.5 g.rl glutamine, 0.5 g.r! casein hydrolysate, 4 g.r! Gelrite and 30 g.l' sucrose was chosen for subsequent studies. Of all the media tested for embryo development, the medium with B5, 2.5 mg.l' 2iP, 0.5 g.r! glutamine, 0.5 g.r! casein hydrolysate, 4 g.r! Gelrite and 50 g.r! sucrose was found to be the most suitable for embryo development to the cotyledonary stage. Experiments involving incorporation of both ABA and 2iP aiming at maturation of E. grandis somatic embryos led to an increase in size of the cotyledonary embryos formed but not to germination. / M

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 3 June 2016. / Currently Eucalyptus plantations in the warm and cool temperate parts of South Africa are being exposed to damaging temperature extremes and unseasonal frost events that, in particular, have detrimental effects on juvenile plantations. To accommodate these conditions, E. grandis and E. nitens have been selected for hybridization in efforts to identify and select clones suitable for successful plantation establishment in affected areas. Biochemical and physiological responses of plants to cold shock and simulated frost conditions offers a means for this type of selection. In this study, the responses of E. grandis, E. nitens and 8 characterized E. grandis x E. nitens (GN) hybrid clones to cold shock and simulated frost conditions were evaluated. The responses elicited were used as an indication of the eucalypts low temperature and frost tolerance potential, based on levels of: reactive oxygen species (ROS), phenolic acids (PA), starch, total soluble sugars (TSS), chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) and relative electrolyte conductance (REC). Plants were subjected to standard growth conditions of 25°C day/14°C night temperature and a 12h photoperiod for 7 days and subsequently cold shocked at 5°C for 24h. Frost conditions were simulated by freezing excised leaf discs from 2°C to -6°C at a rate of -4°C/h with a one hour hold at -6°C. The results showed an upregulation of ROS in E. grandis, GN 1, GN 4 and GN 6, 30-90 minutes into the cold shock; and levels were highest in E. nitens, GN 3 and GN 7 only 24h after the cold shock exposure. PA levels changed marginally under cold shock conditions, with levels of GN 4 increasing the most by 58%. Starch levels of GN 6 were the most affected by the cold shock, where a 33% increase in levels was recorded. TSS levels of E. grandis and GN 6 increased by 201% and 409% respectively, while TSS levels of GN 2 and GN 3 decreased by 41% and 76% respectively. CF levels of E. nitens and two GNs were most affected by the cold shock, however, all the eucalypts tested, except GN 2, GN 3 and GN 6, displayed a high recovery potential to the cold shock. REC levels fluctuated slightly between unfrozen and frozen samples under standard and cold shock conditions and it was found that E. grandis, GN 1 and GN 3 were the least frost tolerant; and GN 4, GN 7 and GN 8 were the most frost tolerant according to REC levels under cold shock and simulated frost conditions. The results indicate that of all the tested eucalypts, only three GNs were not tolerant to the cold shock and E. grandis and two GNs were not tolerant to the simulated frost. Therefore, it was concluded that all of the eucalypts investigated, apart from E. grandis, GN 1 and GN 3, may be suitable for plantation establishment in areas prone to frost in South Africa. / GR2016

Thèse de doctorat : Sciences de l'ingénieur : Génie Mécanique : Metz : 2006. / Thèse soutenue sur ensemble de travaux. Bibliogr. p. 118-128. Annexes p; 129-145. Liste des fig. p. 141. Liste des tabl. p. 144-145.

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Eucalyptus spp. and hybrids dominate the global plantation forestry industry, and vegetative propagation through cuttings is the preferred method for their commercial use. However, the cuttings of some species and hybrids show recalcitrance to rooting. The first aim of this study was to improve percentage rooting of three clones of E. grandis x E. nitens (Clones 1, 2 and 3) identified by a commercial nursery as having variable rooting abilities. The second was to relate their rooting responses as cuttings to their rooting responses in vitro. Minicuttings (3.5 – 4 cm in length) (hereafter referred to as cuttings) were subjected to commercial nursery propagation practices. Initial results revealed that in the absence of exogenous plant growth regulators (PGRs), soft (juvenile, thin diameter) cuttings survived (87 – 95%) and rooted (29 – 32%) significantly better than hard (mature, thick diameter) ones (62 – 71% survival and 2 – 8% rooting). This validated the use of soft cuttings by the nursery and all subsequent studies were conducted with soft cuttings. The other nursery practice of applying the commercial rooting powder Seradix 2 (3 g kgˉ¹ indole-3-butyric acid [IBA]) adversely affected the survival and subsequent rooting of cuttings of Clones 1 and 2. Ensuing studies investigated: 1) the effect of mode of IBA application (powder vs. liquid); 2) concentrations of Seradix (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 g kgˉ¹ IBA), applied at initial placement of cuttings and two weeks later; and 3) the influence of season on the survival and subsequent rooting of cuttings. Results showed that regardless of the mode of application, IBA significantly reduced percentage survival and rooting in cuttings of Clones 1 and 2. The delayed application of Seradix, two weeks after cuttings were initially set, resulted in a higher percentage survival and rooting than when cuttings were supplied with Seradix at initial placement. Nevertheless, the best survival for Clones 1, 2 and 3 (95%, 99% and 71%, respectively) and rooting (83%, 64% and 47%, respectively) occurred in the absence of Seradix. In addition, the survival and rooting of cuttings were seasonally variable, with particularly low rooting during winter (e.g. for Clone 1, 32%) when compared with summer (e.g. for Clone 1, 83%). Shoots from all the clones were multiplied in vitro, followed by elongation on either of two media (E1= kinetin, α-naphthalene acetic acid [NAA] and IBA; E2 = kinetin and indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]), and then rooting on 0, 0.1 or 1.0 mg 1ˉ¹ IBA. The latter were selected to typify the range of Seradix concentrations used for the cuttings (i.e. no IBA, low and high IBA concentrations). For all three clones, shoots elongated on E1 or E2 displayed high survival (> 80%) but failed to root without IBA in the rooting medium. For Clones 1, 2 and 3 the best in vitro survival (80%, 100% and 100%, respectively) and rooting (40%, 75% and 40%, respectively) occurred when shoots were elongated on E2 and rooted on 0.1 mg 1ˉ¹ IBA. However, 1.0 mg 1ˉ¹ IBA in the rooting medium severely inhibited survival (0 – 50%), irrespective of the clone or the elongation treatment used. Overall, cuttings demonstrated the best survival and rooting in the absence of exogenous IBA, which suggested that sufficient endogenous auxin was present within the shoots for successful root induction. The application of exogenous IBA may have disrupted the cuttings’ endogenous PGR balance resulting in an inhibition of survival and rooting. In vitro shoots required a low concentration of IBA (0.1 mg 1ˉ¹) in order to counteract the antagonistic effect of cytokinins that were supplied during the multiplication and elongation culture stages, and promote rhizogenesis. Essentially, both cuttings and in vitro shoots demonstrated adverse survival and rooting responses when subjected to excessively high IBA concentrations. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2013.