Bakgrund: Vid de flesta kirurgiska ingrepp används diatermi. Diatermi används dels för att skära i vävnad, dels för att koagulera blodkärl, och en adekvat blodstillning är avgörande för en säkeroperation. Vid användning av diatermi utvecklas en skadlig rök, diatermirök. Trots att evidens finns för att diatermiröken innehåller skadliga ämnen som kan orsaka kroppsliga symptom, förekommer variation i användandet av rökevakueringssystem.   Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning rökevakueringssystem, för diatermirök, används. Vi ämnade även undersöka om det förelåg några skillnader mellan avdelningarna samt mellan de två yrkeskategorierna; operatör och operationssjuksköterska.   Metod: Operationssjuksköterskor och operatörer från nio operationsavdelningar, vid fyra sjukhus i Stockholmsregionen undersöktes i en deskriptiv tvärsnittsundersökning, med kvantitativ ansats, med ett intervjustött frågeformulär. 114 personer intervjuades, 83 operationssköterskor och 31 operatörer.   Resultat: Resultatet visade att rökevakueringssystem användes vid de flesta operationer, dock ej vid samtliga. Användningsgraden skilde sig mellan operationsavdelningar. Operationssköterskor ansåg i större utsträckning än operatörer att diatermirök kunde vara skadlig samt var mindre nöjda med åtgärderna för rökevakuering. Samtliga avdelningar saknade riktlinjer, vilket strider mot SOSFS 2011:9.   Slutsats och klinisk betydelse: För att förekomma att rökevakueringssystem och annan skyddsutrustning ej används konsekvent bör riktlinjer och rutiner framtagas. Även utbildning bör ges, till operationspersonal, eftersom okunskap kan vara en bidragande faktor till att rökevakueringssystemen ej används konsekvent. Detta kan bidra till en ökad användning vilket i sin tur leder till en förbättrad operationsmiljö för såväl personalen som för patienten. / Background: In most surgical procedures electro cautery is used. Electro cautery is used both for surgical dissection and hemostasis, and adequate hemostasis is critical for a safe operation. When using the electro cautery, a noxious smoke is developed, surgical smoke. Although evidence shows that surgical smoke contains harmful substances that can cause physical symptoms, the usage of smoke evacuation system varies.   Aim: The aims with the present study were to investigate the extent to which smoke evacuation system, for surgical plum, was used.  We further aimed to study if there were any possible differences between the surgical departments and between the two occupational categories; theatre nurses and surgeons.   Method: Operation theatre nurses and surgeons from nine surgical departments at four hospitals in the Stockholm region were studied in a descriptive cross-sectional study, with quantitative approach, and an interview supported questionnaire.   Results: The results showed that smoke evacuation system was used at most but not all surgical procedures. The use of the smoke evacuation system differed between surgical departments. A larger proportion of the theatre nurses than of the surgeons believed surgical smoke to be harmful and were less satisfied with measures to eliminate them. No surgical department had guidelines for handling surgical smoke which is in violation of SOSFS 2011:9.   Conclusion and clinical implications: To prevent that smoke evacuation systems and other protective equipment is not used consistently, policies and procedures should be derived. Education should be provided to surgical personnel, this because ignorance could be a contributing factor to the inconsistent use of smoke evacuation systems. This may contribute to an increase in usage of the device which in turn leads to an improved environment in the theater room for both the personnel as well as for the patient.

Abstract  Nowadays we travel much more than we did before, this is mainly due to how easy it has become to get to different places. Traveling took a break during the corona pandemic but  has now recovered a lot. Among these means of transport, we have cruise ships that are becoming increasingly common due to greater demand. The result of this is leading to more and larger ships with more passengers. Today, there are evacuation theories and analyzes on how an evacuation should be carried out to save as many lives as possible. However, these theories lack spatial communication to passengers which can have devastating consequences.The work is for the completion of a bachelor's degree in information design with a focus on spatial design. The purpose of the study was to study how the room can support an existing evacuation plan and how an evacuation system can be developed to lead people away from danger. The purpose is also about human spatial needs and how space can be developed to facilitate an evacuation.This was carried out in collaboration with Tallink Silja Line, which is the Baltic Sea's largest shipping company with its head office in Stockholm. Tallink works actively to improve safety on board its vessels. In order to get a clear picture of the problems and the passengers' needs, site analyzes, interviews, questionnaires & behavioral mappings have been carried out. These methods are then combined with theories of visual communication and crowd management to develop a design proposal that orients passengers when evacuating fire on cruise ships.Using theories from information design and human behavior, a wayshowing system has been built in order to increase the orientability of cruise ships. The system is built after site analysis on a specific ship but aims to work in a larger context.

La presente investigación se realizó para evaluar el desempeño estructural y funcional del sistema de evacuación, de un edificio educativo superior durante un sismo severo, en atención a lo cual, se analizó mediante el método basado en Agent Based Modelling y Análisis Tiempo-Historia no Lineal. No obstante, el análisis no se limita solo a edificaciones esenciales; se puede aplicar para edificios importantes y comunes que concentran gran cantidad de personas, ya que el lineamiento que se plantea en esta tesis busca una alternativa más que se debe tener en cuenta en los proyectos de la construcción civil. La información estructural y geotécnica del edificio en estudio, se recopila y se introduce en una base de datos para su análisis. Se realiza un procedimiento similar para la información relacionada de los ocupantes. Usando estas informaciones: a) Se determinará la fragilidad estructural y el colapso localizado, b) se establecerá la interacción de la persona con el colapso focalizado. Para el primer aspecto, se utilizará el historial de tiempo no lineal; para el segundo, el modelado basado en agentes se empleará para recrear la reacción de las personas que enfrentan el micro colapso. Los resultados importantes de estas evaluaciones son: 1) Se ha localizado vigas, columnas y muros de corte colapsadas que afectan la evacuación; 2) Se ha ubicado de cuellos de botella, donde presentan gran concentración de personas durante la evacuación; y 3) se ha cuantificado a las personas afectadas, en términos de individuos atrapadas en el edificio que no pudieron evacuar. / The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the structural and functional performance of the evacuation system of a high-rise higher education building during a severe earthquake, which was analyzed using the Agent Based Modeling and Non-Linear Time-History Analysis method. However, the analysis is not limited only to essential buildings; it can be applied to important and common buildings that concentrate a large number of people, such as: Health establishments, airports, shopping centers, stadiums, condominiums, etc., since the guideline proposed in this thesis seeks one more alternative to be taken into account in civil construction projects. The structural and geotechnical information of the building under study is compiled and entered into a database for analysis. A similar procedure is performed for the related occupant information. Using this information: a) the structural fragility and localized collapse will be determined, b) the interaction of the person with the focused collapse will be established. For the first aspect, nonlinear time history will be used; for the second, agent-based modeling will be used to recreate the reaction of people facing the micro collapse. The important results of these evaluations are: 1) collapsed beams, columns and shear walls have been located, which make evacuation routes inoperable; 2) bottleneck areas have been located, where they present high concentration of people during evacuation; and 3) affected people have been quantified, in terms of individuals trapped in the building who could not evacuate. / Tesis