Thesis (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2006. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Arts. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 340-354).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Hamburg, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [385]-412) and index.

O papel dos indícios no processo penal ainda é questão tormentosa. No Brasil poucas e incompletas são as obras que tratam do tema. No código de processo penal a expressão indício é utilizada constantemente. Por vezes aparece com sinônimo de prova, noutras como menos que prova. O sistema mostra-se assim, incoerente, fruto de arcaica e péssima técnica legislativa. Os estudiosos do tema no Brasil, quando admitem que o indício pode ser utilizado como meio de prova o fazem com restrições. Para a maioria eles precisam ser comprovados por prova direta, servindo de complemento àquela. Aliás a expressão indício é sempre utilizada no plural, pois tamanha seria sua fragilidade que só poderiam ser aceitos como prova se houvesse um conjunto deles afinados, harmônicos. A restrição ao uso do indicio como meio de prova se justifica tendo em vista o princípio da verdade real, vigente no processo penal. A condenação no processo penal só seria cabível quando houvesse certeza plena da materialidade e autoria delitiva. O indício seria incapaz de revelar esta verdade plena, por tratar-se de juízo de probabilidade, pois é obtido através de uma construção lógica, pelas regras da experiência. A verdade plena, absoluta é inatingível. A filosofia desde remota época tenta conceituar a verdade sem sucesso, eis que esta depende da visão do falante. Pelas limitações humanas e do próprio processo não há como obter a verdade plena, inatacável. O que se consegue é a verdade que o processo é capaz de revelar com os meios de prova disponíveis. O próprio processo penal mitiga a verdade real ao impor uma série de restrições quanto à prova, como no caso das obtidas por meios ilícitos. Afastada a verdade real só resta a probabilidade da ocorrência do fato, qualquer que sejam os meios de provas utilizados. O risco de uma condenação injusta é uma constante do sistema processual penal e ele só diminui quando se assegura às partes iguais condições (não apenas fictícias), afinal é a dialética do processo que fornecerá a verdade possível / The role of evidence in criminal proceedings is still a tormenting issue. In Brazil, there are few and incomplete works that deal with the issue. In the criminal procedure code the term evidence is used constantly. Sometimes it appears as a synonym of proof, in other cases less proof. The system seems to be so inconsistent, the result of bad technique and archaic legislation. The scholars of the theme in Brazil admit that the evidence can be used as proof with restrictions. For the majority they need to be supported by direct proof, serving as a complement to that. Indeed the expression evidence is always used in the plural, as such would be its weakness and therefore could only be accepted as evidence if there is a body of evidence and proof harmonics. The restriction on the use of evidence as evidence is justified in view of the principles of real truth, existing in criminal proceedings. The sentencing in the criminal proceedings would only be appropriate when there is a certainty of hard evidence and criminal authorship. The evidence would be unable to reveal the full truth, because it is likely that the court has obtained it through a logical construction, according to the rules of the practice, while the direct evidence could rebuild the fact to be proven. The argument of the real truth is false. The full truth is absolutely unattainable. The philosophy from remote attempts to conceptualize the true reasons without success, this depends on the vision of the speaker and the human limitations of the process itself, and there is no way to get the full truth. What if it is true that the process is able to prove with the evidence available? The prosecution itself mitigates the real truth to impose a series of restrictions on the evidence, as in the case of those obtained by unlawful means. Apart from the real truth there is only the probability of occurrence of fact, whatever the means of evidence are used. The risk of a conviction is unfair in a system of criminal procedure and it only decreases when the parties ensure equal conditions (not only fictitious), it is the end of the dialectal process that can provide the truth

M.A. (Clinical Psychology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

LL.D. / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 provides in Section 34 that everyone has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of law decided in a fair public hearing before court, or where appropriate, another independent and impartial tribunal or forum. A fair civil trial that includes a fair judgment can only be achieved if the parties to the action receive fair treatment throughout all the stages of the proceedings. Obviously the concept "trial" cannot be given a narrow interpretation. There can hardly be mention of a "fair trial" if the processes that precede the trial since commencement of the litigation cannot also be construed as fair. In providing the procedures whereby a fair civil trial is facilitated, apart from providing effective mechanisms for the enforcement of substantive rights and obligations, the interrelated concepts of time, effectiveness and costs are pivotal. In an attempt to secure a fair civil trial, the preparation for trial stage plays a very important role. It is, however, a reality of the South African litigation milieu that hundreds of cases are postponed on a daily basis as a result of problems that are related to specific pretrial procedures. The indications that the pre-trial procedures per se need to be revised and where necessary, be reformed, are consequently rife. There is also no comprehensive procedural structure in place in South African law in terms of which the parties can co-operate in order to effectively facilitate pre-trial preparation. An aspect of the pre-trial procedure that often leads to delay and unnecessary escalation of costs is the excessive amount of party control (or lack thereof) during the preparation for trial stage. Pivotal to reform of the pre-trial procedures is thus the question whether it serves any purpose to leave this stage to the "mercy of the parties". It can hardly be argued that retaining the element of surprise as part of a strict adversary litigation character yields any real advantage. Legal reform is not a process that can be undertaken in vacuo and any attempts at reform in the preparation for trial stage must consequently bear the following considerations in mind: costs, delay, the degree of complexity of procedures, formulation, time limits and sanctions, the impact of the principle of fairness, the impact of party control and circumstances peculiar to a particular legal system. It is furthermore important that such reform should be undertaken in accordance with an expressly declared ethos. Where there is no clear congruence between the reform ethos and the needs of a specific legal system it will inevitably lead to reform which, although it may be new, might not necessarily address and improve existing problems. Legal reform, even if it is of limited scope, should always be a logical, purposive process. In this respect comparative study of Anglo- American systems are invaluable. It is of great importance that individual pre-rial procedures should be reformed in order to facilitate cost and time effective preparation for trial. Various problems exist in respect of discovery and attention should urgently be given to the lack of uniformity between the High Courts and the Magistrates Court, the non-compulsory nature of the procedure, the effectiveness of time limits and sanctions, the wording of the rule and the question whether the concept "document" should be elaborated upon. Provision should also be made in the South African Law of Civil Procedure for exchange of witness statements prior to trial. Exchange of expert evidence ought also to be reformed in order to address the problematic time aspect, the obligation to give notice, the contents of the summary, the discussion between experts and the lack of sanctions prior to the trial date. Reform of the pretrial conference should also be undertaken in order to emphasize its legitimate place as a stocktaking procedure prior to trial. It is furthermore necessary to address the problems regarding the pre-trial conference that relate to the lack of uniformity in the High Court and Magistrate's Court, the attitude of the legal profession, the stage at which the conference must be held, the question regarding who should preside at the conference and the lack of effective sanctions. Reform of the individual pre-trial procedures, whether piecemeal or as a comprehensive once-off reform, is, however, per se not sufficient to ensure a level of trial preparation that will eventually lead to a fair civil trial. The individual pre-trial procedures are separate though interrelated links that can only fulfill their purpose if the greater more holistic approach to civil procedure gives structured recognition to orderly, time and cost effective litigation. It is, therefore, essential that the individual pre-trial procedures should function within the framework of a case management system that can play a significant role in achieving the ideal of a constitutionally fair civil trial in that it establishes a coordinated and procedurally fair preparation for trial stage. The eventual success of such reform will, apart form the provision of effective individual pre-trial procedures and an effective case management model, also depend on the materialization of a sufficient budget to create an infrastructure of computers and trained personnel as well as a mentality shift on the part of lawyers in order to discard their old adversary cloak in exchange for more effective transparant litigation and eventually, a fair civil trial.

For the purpose of this study tbe child witness in the accusatorial system will be viewed as a source of information. When a witness gives evidence in court, the function of the witness is to provide the court with certain information. A number of crucial questions arise when the witness is a child. Do children bave the ability to remember and relate an event accurately? Are children prone to suggestion and fantasy? What effect, if any, does the court environment have on a child 's ability to convey information? What perceptions do children have about the legal process, and how do these perceptions affect their ability to testify? Do adults influence the information which children impart by the techniques they employ to obtain such information? Accepting the hypothesis that child witnesses are sources of information, the purpose of this study is to evaluate all aspects of the criminal justice system relating to child witnesses as well as available research on children to determine whether it is possible to obtain reliable and accurate information from children. Proposals will be formulated regarding the most successful methods of obtaining reliable and accurate information from children, and how these can be adapted for use by the legal system. The purpose of the study is to develop an approach to children in the legal system that will be fair to children while at the same time protecting the rights of the accused, and which will lead to a successful method of obtaining accurate information.

No abstract available / Jurisprudence / LL.M.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2019-03-19T12:31:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago de Oliveira Demiciano.pdf: 969392 bytes, checksum: d2b59bb35a2e0ec0a355603b3869d1d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-19T12:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago de Oliveira Demiciano.pdf: 969392 bytes, checksum: d2b59bb35a2e0ec0a355603b3869d1d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The evidence is an important element inside the legal process, but it needs to be studied under the due Law Process to avoid convictions that are uttered without enough elements to diverge the presumption of innocence from the defendant. Before this affirmative, the historical shaping study of the rule of law and its influence on the practical appliance of the dignity principle of the human person. Therefore, the prosecution system was adopted as the criminal justice system, that has principles in accordance with the Federal Constitution as its basis, since there is an independent institution prosecuting and impartial judge of law, enabling, in a broad and contradictory way, so the defendant may file its own version of the facts and, eventually, adduce evidence. However, we must stress that there are constitutional principles that aim to protect the human dignity of all citizens under the criminal jurisdiction of the rule of law, imposing warranties and limiting the State punitive power. It is necessary to have evidence obtained in agreement with all the systematic of Due Law Process, and the consequence is being withdraw from the process and being disabled by the judges. To utter a condemnatory resolution, the evidences need to convince the court of its concreteness and authorship. For that matter, the signs must be seen as a diverse form of the direct evidences, because they don’t have the certainty and an effort is necessary by the interpreter to be able to extract plausible elements leading to the criminal conviction. / Os indícios são elementos importantes na disciplina do processo penal, mas precisam ser estudados sob a ótica do devido processo legal para evitar que condenações sejam proferidas sem elementos suficientes para afastar a presunção de inocência do acusado. Diante desta afirmativa, esta dissertação apresenta um estudo histórico da formação do Estado Democrático de Direito e sua influência para aplicação prática do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. O estudo aborda o fato de o país ter adotado como sistema processual o acusatório, que tem por bases princípios em consonância com a Constituição Federal. Há um órgão independente acusando e um juiz imparcial, possibilitando, de forma ampla o contraditório, ou seja, a defesa pode apresentar sua versão dos fatos e, eventualmente, produzir provas. A pesquisa ressalta ainda a existência de princípios constitucionais que visam proteger a dignidade humana de todos os cidadãos que estiverem sob jurisdição penal de um Estado Democrático de Direito, impondo garantias e limitando o poder punitivo do Estado. Durante o presente estudo, observa-se a necessidade da existência de provas obtidas de acordo com a sistemática do devido processo legal, sob pena do seu desentranhamento e inutilização pelo julgador. Para proferir um decreto condenatório, as provas precisam convencer o magistrado da autoria e materialidade. Neste sentindo, os indícios devem ser observados de forma diversa das provas diretas porque não possuem a certeza; daí a necessidade do esforço do intérprete para extrair elementos convincentes visando impor uma condenação penal. Assim, os elementos que compõem a prova indiciária são objeto principal de investigação desta dissertação

No abstract available / Jurisprudence / LL.M.

Partindo-se de uma concepção publicista de processo, o qual é tido como instrumento para garantia da tutela jurisdicional efetiva, não mais se admite a idéia de um juiz passivo, mero espectador da atividade das partes. Na conjuntura processual atual, espera-se do juiz uma atuação proativa na condução do processo, pelo que se estuda a dogmática da legislação processual civil sobre a atividade probatória proativa do juiz. A pesquisa inicia-se pela análise dos principais sistemas processuais no enfoque da atividade do juiz no processo, examinado também a evolução dos poderes instrutórios do juiz no processo civil brasileiro. Aborda os fundamentos principiológicos da atividade probatória proativa do juiz no processo civil. Disserta algumas noções elementares sobre a prova, com destaque para as regras de distribuição do ônus da prova e sua relação com os poderes instrutórios do juiz. Analisa algumas classificações apresentadas por doutrinadores sobre os poderes que o juiz, uma vez que este é o representante do Estado no exercício da função jurisdicional. Dessa forma, entende-se que amplos devem ser os poderes instrutórios do juiz no processo civil e que deve ele se valer de todos os seus poderes, atuando proativamente na busca da verdade real. No ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, o alicerce dos poderes instrutórios do juiz é o art. 130 do CPC, mas, além desse, outros dispositivos também lhe conferem poderes instrutórios específicos, constituindo, no entanto, enumeração exclusivamente taxativa. Por fim, não se pode olvidar que, para evitar abusos e desmandos por parte dos juízes, o próprio ordenamento jurídico previu limites à atividade instrutória do magistrado, devendo o mesmo observar os princípios jurídicos em sua atuação. Dessa forma, a presente dissertação destaca a real atividade probatória proativa do juiz, seu alcance e seus limites. / Starting from a publicist conception of procedural law, which is considered to be an instrument for guaranteeing an effective jurisdictional tutelage, we cannot any longer admit the idea of a passive judge, a mere spectator of the activities on the side. In the current procedural conjuncture, we expect from the judge a proactive performance during the carrying out of the procedure, by studying the dogma of civil procedural law on the proactive probative practice of judges. The research begins with an analysis of the principal procedural systems by focusing on the practices of the judges during the procedures and examining also the fact-finding powers of the same judges during Brazilian civil procedures. It broaches the ground principies of the proactive probative practices of judges in civil proceedings. Some elementary notions on proof and the shedding of light on the distribution rules with regard to the burden of proof and its relation to the fact- finding powers of judges are also discussed. It analyses some classifications as shown by PhDs on the powers of judges when they are the State representative in the carrying out of judicial power. In this way, we understand that the fact-finding powers of judges in civil procedures must be very ample, and they must use ali their powers in the proactive performance in their search for the real truth. In the Brazilian legal system, the foundation for fact-finding powers of judges is in the CPC article number 130, moreover, other devices also give the judges specific fact-finding powers, however, constituting exclusive emphatic enumeration. Finally, we cannot forget that in arder to avoid abuse and trespassing by the judges, the judicial power itself foresaw limitations to the fact-finding activities by the magistrates, as they must observe the judicial principais in their carrying out of duties. In this way this dissertation sheds lights on the real proactive probative activity of judges, their ranges and limits.