Orientador: Iris C.L. Torriani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-21T20:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_DeniseRibeirodos_D.pdf: 13417075 bytes, checksum: a1ecd1e5ae93eeedeb6839673cf4e98b (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996 / Resumo: Materiais que possuem uma microestrutura na escala dos nanometros apresentam propriedades físicas e químicas diferentes daquelas do sólido em volume. O desenvolvimento de métodos de preparação e processamento destes materiais, visando obter nanoestruturas estáveis destinadas a estudos científicos de sistemas de baixa dimensionalidade ou sua aplicação tecnológica, é hoje um tema de grande interesse. Assim, é muito importante descobrir os métodos apropriados para estudar a evolução da microestrutura durante o processo de cristalização e crescimento, bem como a estrutura e composição final dos grãos e da componente interfacial. Neste trabalho utilizamos as técnicas de difração de raios-x (DRX), espectroscopia de absorção de raios-x (EXAFS) e espalhamento de raios-x a baixos ângulos (SAXS) para analisar amostras amorfas e nanocristalinas em diferentes condições de preparação. O material estudado é a liga metálica de composição Fe73,5CU1Nb3Si13,5B9 (% at.), produzida na forma de fitas amorfas através de resfriamento rápido a partir da mistura fundida. Com a aplicação conjunta destas três técnicas de análise estrutural foi possível acompanhar a evolução do material a partir do estado amorfo até o final da cristalização, para diferentes condições de preparação. A difração de raios-x foi fundamental na caracterização da estrutura nanocristalina formada após tratamento térmico, e o espalhamento a baixos ângulos veio a complementar essa análise pela comparação entre os estados amorfos iniciais. A análise do ordenamento local ao redor dos átomos de ferro (EXAFS) confirmou os resultados obtidos por DRX e SAXS. A aplicação da técnica de SAXS no estudo de ligas metálicas não é comum devido às dificuldades de análise introduzidas por características inerentes desses materiais (sistemas bastante absorvedores, não diluídos, etc.). No caso da liga estudada esta técnica forneceu resultados importantes, pois pudemos verificar que as dimensões nanométricas e a alta fração volumétrica cristalina estão intimamente relacionadas com uma distribuição de agregados atômicos já presentes no estado amorfo inicial, que pode ser variada controlando-se a taxa de resfriamento. . A combinação de métodos de análise utilizada neste trabalho mostrou-se eficiente ,;:j no estudo de parâmetros estruturais, dimensionais e composicionais desta liga metálica nanocristalina. Comprovamos que a complementaridade dos resultados obtidos destas três técnicas otimizou a caracterização estrutural do material estudado e que esta metodologia é adequada para determinar a microestrutura de sistemas de baixa dimensionalidade / Abstract: MateriaIs with a nanometer-scale microstructure can have unusual physical and chemical properties. The development of methods to prepare and process these materials obtaining stable nanoscale structures suitable for scientific studies of low dimensional systems or technological applications, is today a major challenge. For this reason, it is very important to find the appropriate techniques to study the evolution of the microstructure during the crystallization and grain growth, as well as the structure and final composition of the crystallites and the grain boundary interface. In this work, three techniques of structural analysis, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) and small angle X-Ray scattering (SAXS), have been used to study amorphous and nanocrystalline samples obtained with different growth parameters. The material studied was the metallic alloy Fe73,5CU1Nb3Si13,5B9 ( at. % ), grown as amorphous ribbons by rapid quenching from the melt. With the combined use of the aforementioned methods, the crystallization process was studied from the initial amorphous state up to its final nanocrystalline stage. X-Ray diffraction analysis was fundamental for the characterization of the crystalline structure obtained after thermal treatment. Small angle scattering experiments complemented these results through the investigation of amorphous samples produced with different quenching rates. The local order around the Fe atoms was studied using EXAFS and confirmed the information obtained by the previous methods. It must be mentioned that the use of transmission experiments is somewhat hindered in metallic alloys by high absorption and, in the case of SAXS, by the fact that these are dense systems of non-identical scatterers. In the case of the F e alloy studied, this technique led to important results, since it proved that the dimensions of the nanocrystalline particles and the high crystalline volumetric fraction in the annealed samples are directly related to a distribution of atomic aggregates already present in the initial amorphous state, which can be varied by controlling the quenching rate. The combination of analytical methods used in this work proved to be efficient in the study of structural, dimensional and compositional parameters of this nanocrystalline alloy, rendering complementary results which optimized its characterization. This is a very adequate methodology that can be successfully used to study the microstructure of low dimensional systems / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Orientadores: Gustavo Fernandes Lopes, Eduardo Granado Monteiro da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T22:47:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabbris_GilbertoFernandesLopes_M.pdf: 3782519 bytes, checksum: d66cd36be4756310d108388eaef23b5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Materiais multiferróicos apresentam pelo menos duas propriedades ferróicas na mesma temperatura: (anti) ferroeletricidade, (anti) ferromagnetismo, ou ferroelasticidade. Esses materiais têm atraído grande atenção da comunidade científica nos últimos anos devido às suas potenciais aplicações e ao complexo acoplamento entre suas propriedades, o que ainda não é bem compreendido. Neste trabalho, nos concentramos nos materiais multiferróicos da família RMn2O5, que possuem estrutura ortorrômbica com grupo espacial Pbam. Nestes compostos, a transição antiferromagnética acontece a ~40K e a ferroelétrica em torno de 39K para todos os membros da família. A ferroeletricidade vista nesse material é incompatível com o centro de simetria existente no grupo espacial Pbam. Resultados de EXAFS para o composto TbMn2O5 existentes na literatura indicam uma distribuição bimodal de Tb-O na primeira camada de coordenação. Este desdobramento da primeira camada de coordenação independe da temperatura e indica uma possível variação do grupo espacial Pbam. Tais resultados nos motivaram a empreender o estudo da estrutura local da família RMn2O5 a fim de entendermos a correlação entre a estrutura local e a natureza do íon R. Medidas do espectro de XAFS como função da temperatura foram realizadas na linha XAFS2 do Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS). Foram realizadas varreduras na borda K do Mn e em torno da borda L3 dos íons R (Bi, Gd, Pr, Tb). Os resultados para a borda do manganês em todos os compostos indicam que os poliedros de MnO são rígidos. Já na borda do íon R há comportamentos distintos. Enquanto no composto com bismuto observamos uma possível vibração rígida dos poliedros de MnO, para os outros compostos estudados identificamos uma distorção rígida desses poliedros. O comportamento distinto do composto com Bi, em relação aos demais membros da família, parece estar relacionado ao lone pair do bismuto / Abstract: Multiferroic materials present, at the same temperature, at least two of the so-called ferroic properties: (anti) ferroelectricity, (anti) ferromagnetism and ferroelasticity. They have attracted great attention in the last few years due to their potential applications as well as from the basic science point of view, given the intricate coupling between their physical properties, which remains poorly understood. In this work, we have focused on the study of the RMn2O5 family multiferroic materials. Their crystalline structure belongs to the Pbam orthorhombic space group, with an antiferromagnetic and ferroelectric phase transition temperatures below 40 K and 39K, respectively. Such ferroelectric phase is incompatible with the inversion center of symmetry in the Pbam space group. Recently published EXAFS results for TbM n2O5 revealed a first coordination shell with a bimodal Tb-O bond length distribution. Such bond length splitting is temperature-independent and may be related to a change of the Pbam space group. Such results were our main motivation to undertake a systematic study of the local structure of the RMn2O5 multiferroic family, aiming at a better understanding the correlation between the ion R and the local structure. Mn K-Edge and R-ion L3 Edge (R=Bi, Gd, Pr, Tb) temperature-dependent XAFS measurements were performed at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory XAFS2 beam line. Results for the Mn K-edge in all studied compounds reveal the Mn-O coordination polyhedral are rigid. The R-ion results reveal distinct behaviours. For the R=Bi compound, we identified that low energy Mn-O rigid unit vibrational modes are likely to be operative. For the other compounds, we have identified a rigid distortion of the Mn-O polyhedra. The distinct behavior of the BiMn2O5 seems to be related to the Bi 6s2 lone pair / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física

In the UK, large quantities of intermediate level waste pose complex radiological remediation challenges. Chemical understanding of uranium in these Mg-rich sludges is vital. Previous studies have examined uranium uptake by calcium carbonate minerals (calcite and aragonite) under conditions pertinent to both natural and anthropogenically perturbed systems. However, research on uranyl uptake by magnesium-rich minerals such as magnesite [MgCO3], brucite [Mg(OH)2], nesquehonite [MgCO3·3H2O] and hydromagnesite-[Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O] has not, to the best of our knowledge, been previously conducted. Such experiments will improve our understanding of the mobility of uranium and other actinides in natural lithologies such as dolomitic limestones or mafic igneous emplacements, as well as provide key information applicable to nuclear waste repository strategies involving Mg-rich phases. By two EXAFS techniques, we determined: (1) where uranyl (UO22+) is adsorbed, and (2) how uranyl is attached to the mineral surface. Therefore powder experiments of U(VI) were performed with magnesite, brucite, nesquehonite and hydromagnesite. The second experiment (GIXAFS) consisted of single crystals of magnesite (10.4) and brucite (0001). The powders were reacted in solution pH ~8.5 with U(VI)nitrate for 48 hrs. under ambient PCO2 = -3.5. The single crystals were reacted under ambient and reduced PCO2 ~ -4.5 for 48 hrs. with concentrations of U(VI)chlroride above (500; 50 ppm) and below (5 ppm) solubility of schoepite [UO2(OH)2·H2O]. The GIXAFS measurements were made at χ = 0˚ and χ = 90˚ relative to the synchrotron beam polarisation to uequivocally determine the adsorbate structures. Kd values for Mg-carbonate phases were comparable to or exceeded those published for calcium carbonates. GIXAFS results clearly showed polarisation for both ambient and reduced PCO2. XANES results showed uranyl is oriented with the axial oxygens perpendicular to the mineral surface. This implies, using also X-ray reflectivity and diffuse scatter, local hydrated bayleyite [Mg2(UO2)(CO3)3∙18H2O] and possible rutherfordine-like [UO2CO3] regions, which will be useful to predict uranium behaviour in various remediation processes.

Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Charakterisierung der elektronischen Struktur von neuen Halbleitermaterialien. Zu den untersuchten Materialsystemen, welche alle eine relativ kleine Gitterkonstante aufweisen, gehören der Diamant, Siliciumcarbid, amorphes Kohlenstoffnitrid (a-CNx) sowie verschiedene Proben der Serie AlxGa1-xN. Zur Charakterisierung der elektronischen Struktur werden Photoemissionsmessungen für die Bestimmung der besetzten Zustände und Methoden der Röntgenabsorption im Fall der unbesetzten Zustände herangezogen. Mit diesen Methoden wird die Struktur der Oberflächen von CVD-Diamantfilmen für unterschiedliche Oberflächenempfindlichkeiten bestimmt. Außerdem wird die Modifikation der elektronischen Bänder in Naturdiamant durch variierende Cäsiumbedeckungen der Oberfläche ermittelt. Für zwei Rekonstruktionen der 3C-SiC(001)-Oberfläche wird die Oberflächenbandstruktur bestimmt und es werden die Ergebnisse mit existierenden Strukturmodellen und Rechnungen verglichen. Zum Vergleich werden auf dieser Oberfläche weiterhin auch Messungen zur optischen Oberflächenanisotropie durchgeführt und Hinweise auf Beiträge von Oberflächenzuständen zu den Spektren gefunden. In den amorphen Kohlenstoffnitridfilmen können verschiedene Stickstoff- und Kohlenstoffkoordinationen nachgewiesen und deren Temperaturstabilität bestimmt werden. Aus den polarisationsabhängigen Röntgenabsorptionsmessungen an nitridiertem Galliumarsenid bzw. an den Proben der Serie AlxGa1-xN werden Rückschlüsse auf die Phasenzusammensetzung und die geometrische Struktur gezogen.

Nanotechnology is blossoming into one of the premiere technologies of this century, but the key to its progress lies in developing more efficient nanosynthesis methods. Variations in synthetic technique, however, can cause variations in size, structure, and surface characteristics, thereby altering the physical properties and functionality of the particles. Careful structural characterizations are thus essential for understanding the properties and appropriate applications for particles produced by new synthetic techniques.In this work, a new ‘solvent-deficient’ method is presented for the synthesis of an unprecedentedly wide range of metal oxide nanomaterials including at least one metal oxide from each group in Groups 3-4, 6-15, and the Lanthanides. XRD, BET, and TEM structural characterizations as well as chemical purity analyses of the products are given. The intermediates associated with the method are also investigated, allowing the reaction parameters to be rationalized and culminating in a proposed mechanism for the reaction. Several of the reaction intermediates are themselves useful products, expanding the range of this already versatile method. Optimized synthesis parameters as well as structural characterizations are presented for one such intermediate product, the iron oxyhydroxide called ferrihydrite.The Al2O3 nanoparticles produced by the new method show promise in catalyst support applications, and the synthesis and structural analysis (XRD, X-ray PDF, 27Al NMR, TG/DTA-MS) of these nanoparticles is provided. The XRD, PDF, and NMR analyses reveal that the initial boehmite-like phase transforms to the catalytically useful gamma-Al2O3 phase at unusually low temperatures (300-400°C), but boehmite-like local structure defects remain which heal slowly with increasing temperature up to 800°C. The ‘pure’ gamma-Al2O3 may still contain randomized, non-cubic, local structure distortions, and it transforms directly to alpha-Al2O3 at ~1050°C. To rationalize the local structure and the absence of the delta- and theta-Al2O3 phases during the alpha-phase transition, relationships between the many Al2O3 phases are presented via innovative symmetry-mode analyses, revealing a potential quazi-topotactic mechanism for the gamma-to-alpha transition.To stabilize the gamma-Al2O3 phase to higher temperatures for catalyst applications, 3 wt% of a lanthanum dopant was added via a new, 1-pot process based on the new solvent-deficient method. This process is described and X-ray PDF, TEM, 27Al NMR, and EXAFS analyses of the La-doped gamma-Al2O3 nanoparticles reveal that the dopant resides as isolated, adsorbed atoms on the gamma-Al2O3 surface. The first coordination shell of the isolated La is increasingly La2O3-like as calcination temperature increases but changes drastically to be more LaAlO3-like after the alpha-phase transition, which is delayed ~100°C by the La dopant. Combining the EXAFS, PDF, NMR, and symmetry-mode analyses, we provide new insight into the mechanism of stabilization provided by the La dopant.

With the emerging interest in nanoscale materials, the fascinating field of surface science is rapidly growing and presenting challenges to the design of both experimental and theoretical studies. The primary aim of this dissertation is to shed some light on the physical and chemical properties of selected nanoscale materials at the interface. Furthermore, we will discuss the effective application of cutting edge theoretical and experimental techniques that are invaluable tools for understanding the systems at hand. To this effect, we use density functional theory (DFT) with the inclusion of van der Waals (vdW) interactions to study the effect of long-range interactions on the adsorption characteristics of various organic molecules (i.e. benzene, olympicene radical, and sexithiophene) on transition metal surfaces. Secondly, the detailed analysis of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements will be presented. These investigations will be dedicated to the study of (i) the effect of pre-treatment on the coarsening behavior of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on ?-Al2O3 and (ii) deconvoluting the intrinsic (size effects) and extrinsic (ligand effects) physical and electronic properties of Au NPs encapsulated by polystyrene 2-vinylpiridine ligands.

No description available.

No description available.

Catalysts consisting of silver on α-Al₂O₃, α-SiC, and β-SiC supports were synthesized and tested for catalytic performance in the gas-phase direct oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide. For this study, which used no promoters, ethylene oxidation selectivity of SiC-supported catalysts ranged from 10 to 60% and conversion from 0-4.5%. Silicon carbide supported catalysts exhibited poor performance except for a surface-modified β-SiC-supported catalyst, which demonstrated conversion and selectivity similar to that of an α-Al₂O₃-supported catalyst. This Ag/β-SiC catalyst was further investigated with a kinetic study, and the reaction orders were found to be 0.18 with respect to ethylene and 0.34 with respect to oxygen. The kinetic results were consistent with Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expressions developed from single-site and dual-site reaction mechanisms. Gold nanoparticles on titanium oxide and titania-silica supports are active for the formation of propylene oxide by the oxidation of propylene with hydrogen and oxygen mixtures. This study investigates the effect of cyanide treatment on gold supported on titanosilicate zeolite supports (Au/TS-1). Catalysts treated with weak solutions of sodium cyanide resulted in preferential removal of small gold particles, while catalysts treated with strong solutions resulted in dissolution of the gold and re-precipitation as gold (+1) cyanide. X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that catalysts which produce propylene oxide in the presence of hydrogen and oxygen mixtures had supported gold (+3) oxide nanoparticles of 3 nm size after synthesis, which were reduced to gold metal at reaction conditions. Samples treated with strong solutions of sodium cyanide resulted in supported gold (+1) cyanide particles of large size, 9-11 nm. These particles did not produce propylene oxide but, surprisingly, showed high selectivity toward propylene hydrogenation. Increasing gold (+1) cyanide particle size resulted in a decrease in hydrogenation activity. TS-1 and Au/TS-1 surfaces were studied with laser Raman spectroscopy. Surface fluorescence was substantially reduced with a low-temperature ozone treatment, allowing observation of titanosilicate framework bands. Hydrocarbon vibrations are observed for TS-1 and Au/TS-1 under propylene. Density functional theory models indicated that propylene adsorbed to a metal site along the Ï bond would show a Raman spectrum very similar to gas-phase propylene except for out-of-plane C-H vibrations, which would be moved to higher energy. This adsorption spectrum, with out-of-plane vibrations shifted to higher energy, was observed for both TS-1 and Au/TS-1. Langmuir adsorption isotherms were generated for both TS-1 and Au/TS-1, and a scaling factor derived from propylene uptake experiments allowed these isotherms to be scaled to propylene coverage of titanium. / Ph. D.

Les approches macroscopiques (cinétique chimique) et microscopiques (spectroscopie EXAFS polarisée) ont été couplées dans le but de caractériser les mécanismes moléculaires de fixation de cations divalents (Co, Zn) sur l' hectorite, une smectite magnésienne, et sur le quartz. À pH = 6,5, haute force ionique, et pour un rapport Zn/hectoritc de - 50 umol/g, une adsorption spécifique de Co et Zn a lieu. Cette adsorption n' atteint pas l'équilibre avant plusieurs heures, et coïncide avec une libération initiale accrue de protons et de Mg en solution, puis une inhibition à long terme (t >= 48 h) de la cinétique de dissolution de l' hectorite. Co et Zn adsorbés forment des complexes de surface mononucléaires en continuité structurale de la couche octaédrique des feuillets d' hectorite. À basse force ionique, Co et Zn sont initialement adsorbés par échange cationique. Cette réaction atteint l'équilibre en moins de 5 min. Ces cations forment initialement des complexes de sphère externe sur les sites d'échange, puis ils migrent progressivement vers les sites de bordure des feuillets, où ils forment des complexes de surface similaires à ceux formés à haute force ionique. Le mécanisme et l'amplitude de l'adsorption de Zn sur l'hectorite à pH 7,3, à haute force ionique et pour un rapport Zn/hectorite de 1480 umol/g, dépend de la concentration en silice dissoute [Si) . La quantité de Zn adsorbé est limitée pour [Si) ~ 30-60 umoI/L, et Zn forme des polymères de petite taille (2-3 octaèdres) en continuité structurale de la couche octaédrique de l'hectorite. La quantité de Zn adsorbé est beaucoup plus importante pour [Si) ~ 540 umoI/L; cette adsorption est corrélée à une adsorption de Si, et correspond à la nucléation de phyllosilicates TOT zincifères en épitaxie dans le plan ab des feuillets. Une analyse approfondie de spectres EXAFS de Co adsorbé sur le quartz révèle que cet élément polymérise sous forme de couches d'octaèdres liées à des couches de tétraèdres de Si, pour former des phyllosilicates cobaltifères. Le mécanisme de cette néoformation est discuté.