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Die Beeinflussung der Magnetisierungsrichtung magnetischer Dünnschichten mittels einer elektrischen Spannung, anstatt eines elektrischen Stromes, ist vielversprechend für die energieeffizientere Nutzung magnetischer Bauelemente in der Datenspeicherung und in anderen Technologien. Ein neuartiger Ansatz für solche magnetoelektrischen Materialien ist die Kontrolle des Magnetismus über elektrochemische Reaktionen. Die elektrische Spannung wird dabei über einen flüssigen oder festen Elektrolyten an die magnetische Schicht angelegt, und elektrochemische Grenzflächenreaktionen führen zur reversiblen Kontrolle magnetischer Eigenschaften. Bisher wurden dazu hauptsächlich Schichten mit senkrechter magnetischer Anisotropie untersucht und zur Charakterisierung nur die Magnetisierungskurven bei angelegter elektrischer Spannung aufgenommen. Für ein tieferes Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen ist eine zusätzliche Untersuchung der magnetischen Mikrostruktur notwendig. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde eine elektrochemische Zelle für flüssige Elektrolyten entwickelt, die mit magneto-optischer Kerr-Mikroskopie kompatibel ist. Mit dieser Messzelle wurden in situ Untersuchungen des Einflusses elektrochemischer Reaktionen auf die magnetischen Eigenschaften von FeOx/Fe-Dünnschichtsystemen durchgeführt. Die mittels Sputtern hergestellten FeOx/Fe Schichten zeigen eine uniaxiale magnetische Anisotropie mit der Magnetisierungsrichtung in der Ebene. Winkelaufgelöste Kerr-Mikroskopiemesssungen zeigten einen magnetisch blockierten Zustand entlang der harten Achse, der eine erhöhte Koerzivität und Remanenz aufweist. Dieser konnte auf die Wechselwirkung zwischen geladenen Néel-Domänenwand-Ausläufern zurückgeführt werden. Anhysteretische Messungen entlang der magnetisch harten Achse ermöglichten die Quantifizierung der uniaxialen Anisotropiekonstanten KU. Bei Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung an die FeOx/Fe Schichten in einem 1 mol/l LiOH Elektrolyten wurde eine reversible elektrochemische Umwandlung von FeOx zu metallischen Fe mittels in-situ Ramanspektroskopie nachgewiesen. Diese Umwandlung führt gleichzeitig zu einer Aufhebung des blockierten magnetischen Zustands. Dadurch konnte ein reversibles An- und Ausschalten der Koerzivität und Remanenz erreicht werden. Über in situ Kerrmikroskopiemessungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass gleichzeitig mit der Abnahme der Koerzivität bei der elektrochemischen Umwandlung auch eine Erhöhung von KU und eine Vergrößerung der magnetischen Domänen auftritt. Mit diesen Analysen konnte die Verringerung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Néel-Domänenwand-Ausläufern als Ursache für die elektrische Kontrolle der Koerzivität aufgedeckt werden. Weiterhin spielt eine verringerte Pinningkraft der magnetischen Pinningzentren durch die FeOx – Fe-Umwandlung eine Rolle. Die elektrochemische Kontrolle der Koerzivität erlaubte es, bei einem geringen magnetischen Feld ein 180°-Schalten der Magnetisierung über eine elektrische Spannung zu erreichen. Die dazu benötigte Schaltenergie wurde zu 121 mJ pro 38.5 mm2 in 60 s abgeschätzt, was sehr vielversprechend für eine Steigerung der Energieeffizienz magnetischer Bauelemente ist. Die elektrochemische Umwandlung von FeOx zu Fe in 1 mol/l LiOH wurde auf das Schichtsystem FeOx/Fe/IrMn mit unidirektionaler Anisotropie in der Schichtebene angewandt. In diesem System kommt es durch die Kopplung von Ferromagnet/Antiferromagnet zu einer unidirektionalen Verschiebung der Hysterese (Exchange Bias). Hier konnte erstmals eine nichtflüchtige, elektrische Kontrolle des Exchange Bias erreicht werden. Mit XPS und dem Vergleich mit einem Model für den Exchange Bias wurde die elecktrochemisch-induzierte Schichtdickenvariation des Ferro-magneten als Ursache aufgedeckt. Die elektrochemische Kontrolle des Exchange Bias ermöglichte eine laterale Strukturierung der damit assoziierten magnetischen Domänen. Damit wurde hier eine neue Struk-turierungsmethode für unidirektionale Systeme vorgestellt. Gegenüber konventionellen Strukturierungsmethoden (beispielweise über Ionenbombardierung) kann so eine elektrochemische Strukturierung vorteilhaft sein, da sie bei Umgebungsbedingungen und ohne Vakuumtechnik funktioniert. Eine unidirektionale Anisotropie mit der Magnetisierungsrichtung senkrecht zur Schichtebene wird im System GdOx/Pd/Co/Pd/NiO erzielt. In diesem System wird ausgenutzt, dass das Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung über elektrochemische-Reaktionen zur H-Anlagerung in den Co- und Pd-Schichten führt, was eine Änderung der senkrechten magnetischen Anisotrope zur Folge hat. Im Schichtsystem mit Co als ferromagnetischer und NiO als antiferromagnetischer Schicht konnte erstmals mittels einer elektrischen Spannung eine senkrecht zur Schichtebene ausgeprägte Exchange-Bias-Hysterese reversibel an- und ausgeschaltet werden. Für mehrere Zyklen werden Effekte beobachtet, die Trainings-Effekten an konventionellen Exchange-Bias-Systemen ähneln. Das Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung an GdOx/Pd/GdCo/Pd/NiO mit GdCo als ferrimagnetischer Lage führt zu einer Umkehrung der Exchange-Bias-Hysterese und deren vorzeichenbehafteter Verschiebung, welches auf die Umkehrung der magnetischen Ausrichtung der Untergitter zurückgeführt wird.:1 Introduction 1 2 Fundamentals of magnetic thin films 5 3 State of the Art 11 3.1 Voltage control of magnetism 11 3.2 Electrochemical control of magnetism 14 4 Methods 21 4.1 Film fabrication 21 4.2 Ex-situ and in-situ analytical characterization 22 4.3 Electrochemical characterization 24 4.4 Magneto-optical Kerr Magnetometry and Microscopy 25 5 Combining Kerr microscopy and electrochemistry – the in situ cell 29 6 In-plane uniaxial anisotropy and blocked domain state in FeOx/Fe thin films 33 6.1 Microstructure and composition 33 6.2 Magnetically blocked state in pristine FeOx/Fe thin film 34 7 Voltage control of FeOx/Fe thin films with in-plane uniaxial anisotropy 41 7.1 Voltage control of hysteresis by electrochemical reduction of FeOx 41 7.2 Inverse scaling of coercivity and anisotropy revealed by anhysteresis 44 7.3 Voltage control of magnetic domains 46 7.4 Magnetic de-blocking due to change of Néel wall interactions 48 7.5 Switching of magnetization by a low voltage and energy efficiency 51 7.6 Energy efficiency and application potential for data storage and actuation 53 7.7 Interim conclusion 54 8 Voltage control of FeOx/Fe/IrMn thin films with in-plane unidirectional anisotropy 57 8.1 Characterization of the pristine state exchange biased thin films 57 8.2 Electrochemical modification of EB – voltage dependency 58 8.3 Electrochemical modification of EB – time dependency 61 8.4 Model for voltage control of EB by electrochemistry 64 8.5 Non-volatile and reversible voltage control of exchange bias 65 8.6 Nonvolatile change of oxidation state and layer thickness 67 8.7 Electrochemical patterning of EB and magnetic domain state 68 8.8 Interim conclusion 70 9 Voltage control of magnetic thin films with perpendicular unidirectional anisotropy 73 9.1 Co thin films with perpendicular unidirectional anisotropy 73 9.2 Voltage control of EB in Co/Pd/NiO thin films 73 9.3 Interim conclusion 81 9.4 Voltage control of ferrimagnetic GdCo/Pd/NiO thin film 81 10 Evaluation with regard to perspective applications 83 11 Summary 87 12 Appendix 93 References 107 List of Figures 121 Publication List 123 Acknowledgments 125 Symbols 127 Statement of Authorship 129

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As interações magnéticas nas interfaces entre diferentes materiais magnéticos estruturados em camadas são um tópico particularmente importante hoje em dia em física e ciências dos materiais, principalmente quando combinamos materiais ferromagnéticos e semicondutores. O efeito de polarização de troca (exchange bias - EB) associado à interação na interface entre um material antiferromagnético (AFM) e um material ferromagnético (FM) tem sido extensivamente investigado tanto devido à sua importância fundamental para dispositivos como válvulas de spin, efeitos de magneto resistência túnel e magneto resistência gigante, como também devido às suas propriedades físicas básicas. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre três sistemas FM / AFM: o efeito de polarização de troca em bicamadas Fe / EuTe, a estrutura e o magnetismo de filmes de Ni50Mn50 crescidos epitaxialmente sobre um monocristal de Cu3Au(001), bem como bicamadas de Fe / Ni50Mn50 / Cu3Au(001) e, por último, as anisotropias magnéticas no plano e a polarização de troca em bicamadas Ni1-xFex / Fe50Mn50. Para realizá-lo, utilizamos várias técnicas de preparação e caracterização de filmes finos (epitaxia por feixe molecular MBE, espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X XPS, espectroscopia de elétrons Auger AES, difração de elétrons LEED e RHEED, difração de raios X - DRX, efeito Kerr magneto óptico MOKE, SQUID, ressonância ferromagnética RFM e espectroscopia Mössbauer de elétrons de conversão - CEMS). Parte significativa dos resultados registrados e discutidos neste trabalho apresenta um caráter pioneiro, pois o efeito de polarização de troca em sistemas de metais 3d crescidos sobre o antiferromagneto EuTe e o estudo do crescimento de filmes de Ni50Mn50 sobre Cu3Au(001) não haviam sido explorados até então. As bicamadas Fe / EuTe (111) apresentaram o raro efeito de EB positivo e um forte efeito de envelhecimento na interface FM / AFM. O comportamento magnético da camada de Fe é influenciado pela qualidade / textura do filme de EuTe / BaF2(111). Os filmes de Ni50Mn50 de espessura entre 9 e 13 ML cresceram epitaxialmente e camada por camada sobre o monocristal de Cu3Au(001). Não houve variação do parâmetro de rede no plano do filme de Ni50Mn50 relativo ao substrato. Os estudos de magnetometria MOKE realizados nos filmes de Ni50Mn50 / Cu3Au(001), Fe / Cu3Au(001) e Fe / Ni50Mn50 / Cu3Au(001) sugeriram que nossos filmes de NiMn na concentração equiatômica são AFM. As bicamadas de Ni1-xFex / Fe50Mn50 apresentaram além da anisotropia unidirecional induzida (EB), uma anisotropia magnética uniaxial no plano, sendo que as direções dessas duas anisotropias (de troca e uniaxial) não são coincidentes. Além disso, amostras submetidas a um tratamento térmico curto após o procedimento de resfriamento sob campo (field cooling) apresentaram um aumento do efeito de EB. / Magnetic interaction at interfaces between different layered magnetic materials is an important current topic in physics and materials science, particularly when combining ferromagnetic metals and semiconductors. The exchange bias effect associated with the exchange coupling between antiferromagnetic (AFM) and ferromagnetic (FM) systems, has been extensively studied both due to its key role in spin valves and tunneling magnetoresistance devices, among others, and due to its interesting basic properties. This work presents three studies of different FM / AFM systems: the exchange bias effect in Fe / EuTe(111) bilayers, the structure and magnetism of Ni50Mn50 and Fe / Ni50Mn50 bilayers epitaxialy grown on a Cu3Au(001) single crystal and, finally, in plane magnetic anisotropies and exchange bias effect in Ni1-xFex / Fe50Mn50 bilayers. Thin films of these systems were prepared under Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) conditions, and characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Electron Diffraction (LEED and RHEED), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE), Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID), Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) and Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy (CEMS). Most of the results presented in this work had not been reported yet, as for example the exchange bias effect in 3d metals / EuTe (AFM) systems and the study of the growth of Ni50Mn50 films on Cu3Au(001). The exchange bias effect in Fe / EuTe(111) bilayers was investigated employing different cooling fields from 2 to 70 kOe. It has been found positive and negative shifts of the magnetic hysteresis loops. These shifts change drastically with the samples aging, pointing to structural modifications of the FM / AFM interface. Ni50Mn50 films with thickness between 9 and 13 monolayers have been grown epitaxialy and layer by layer on Cu3Au(001) crystal. Magnetometry studies in Ni50Mn50 / Cu3Au(001), Fe / Cu3Au(001) and Fe / Ni50Mn50 / Cu3Au(001) suggested an AFM order in the NiMn films with equiatomic concentration. The Ni1-xFex / Fe50Mn50 bilayers presented both exchange anisotropy (EB) and an additional uniaxial anisotropy at the ferromagnetic layer. It has been found that the characteristic directions of these two anisotropy terms are not coincident. Furthermore, it was observed that samples submitted to a short annealing after the magnetic field cooling procedure presented an increase in the exchange bias effect.

The antiferromagnetic coupling between a rare-earth (RE) and a tran- sition metal (TM) ferromagnet can be exploited to engineer normal state and superconducting functional devices. RE/TM ferromagnetic multi- layers were previously used as spin-mixers to generate spin-triplet su- percurrents. This was possible due to magnetic inhomogeneity present in the devices, however the precise nature of the inhomogeneity was not understood. Here we present a comprehensive study of the Ni/Gd/Ni system using a powerful element-specific measurement technique: x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. In order to analyse the experimental results we present a novel model based on the Stoner-Wohlfarth model, which shows that significant inhomogeneity exists at the Ni/Gd interfaces due to the competition between the exchange energies within the system and the Zeeman energy of the applied magnetic field. The experiment and model together provide a complete overview of the Ni/Gd/Ni system due to the breadth of temperatures and thicknesses studied. The knowledge gained from this work is then applied to designing and test- ing new spin valves based on the intrinsic inhomogeneity at the RE/TM interface, and both Ni/Gd- and Gd/Ho-based devices show reversible magnetic switching behaviour which alters the superconducting critical temperature.

Pendant les 20 dernières années, le nanomagnétisme a suscité un intérêt grandissant au sein de la communauté scientifique du fait de ses nombreuses applications pour les mémoires magnétiques. A l’échelle nanométrique beaucoup de propriétés des matériaux magnétiques découlent de leurs interfaces avec d’autres matériaux (magnétiques ou non). Cela explique l’omniprésence des hétérostructures composées de plusieurs couches d’épaisseur nanométrique dans le domaine du nanomagnétisme. Dans les hétérostructures que nous étudions, ces propriétés interfaciales sont le décalage d’échange, l’interaction Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya, l’anisotropie magnétique perpendiculaire et l’échange entre deux couches ferromagnétiques. D’abord nous étudions la modification du champ de décalage d’échange dans une bicouche [Pt/Co]xN/IrMn lorsque l’on l’expose à des impulsions laser de lumière polarisée circulairement. Nous montrons que le champ de décalage d’échange après exposition au laser résulte de la configuration du ferromagnétique [Pt/Co]xN. Nous étudions ensuite les conditions nécessaires à un retournement tout optique dépendant de l’hélicité d’un matériau ferrimagnétique de synthèse composé de deux couches de CoFeB /Pt /CoFeB et Co couplées antiferromagnétiquement et concluons que les facteurs clés qui gouvernent le renversement de l’aimantation totale sont les températures respectives des deux couches. Nous nous sommes aussi concentrés sur la propagation de parois de domaine de Néel de même chiralité stabilisées par interaction Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya dans des multicouches de [Pt/Co/Ni]N. Nous avons finalement démontré la possibilité de générer des bulles skyrmioniques par le laser femtoseconde / During the last 20 years, nanomagnetism has attracted a growing interest in the scientific community due to its multiple applications for magnetic memories. At the nanometer scale, many of the properties of the magnetic materials arise from their interfaces with other materials (magnetic or non-magnetic). This explains the omnipresence of heterostructures composed of several layers of thicknesses in the range of the nanometer in the field of nanomagnetism. In the heterostructures we study, those interfacial properties are the exchange bias, the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and the interlayer exchange between two ferromagnetic layers. First we study the modification of the exchange bias field in a [Pt/Co]xN/IrMn bilayer when we expose it to laser pulses of a femtosecond circularly polarized light. We demonstrate that the final exchange bias field after laser pulses results from the magnetic configuration of the [Pt/Co]xN multilayer. We then study the conditions required for a helicity-dependent all optical switching of a synthetic ferromagnetic material composed of a CoFeB /Pt /CoFeB and a Co ferromagnetic layers coupled antiferromagnetically and conclude that the key factors that drive the switching of the total magnetization are the Curie temperatures of both layers. We focused also on the field-driven propagation of Néel domain walls of the same chirality stabilized by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in [Pt/Co/Ni]xN multilayers. We finally demonstrated the possibility to generate skyrmionic bubbles with the femtosecond laser

Static techniques to measure different magnetic properties of coupled magnetic nanostructured systems is researched and documented with an extensive analysis of the tunnel diode oscillator (TDO). The VSM was used to obtain the major hysteresis loop for the samples and the TDO was used to measure the magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility was employed to conceive the static critical curve. The thesis describes both equipments, VSM and TDO, that were used to obtain data for our experiments. Albeit a more comprehensive outlook on the TDO is provided. The theoretical functionality of TDO, previous successful applications for experiments, and the physical setup in the laboratory is explored. The novel addition of the double Helmholtz coil in this setup is described. The viability of replacement of the big electromagnet and the advantages of the Helmholtz coil are discussed. Magnetization dynamics in a series of FeCoB/Ru/FeCoB synthetic antiferromagnetic samples were investigated via reversible susceptibility measurements acquired through the TDO. The major hysteresis loop generated by the VSM were used to calculate the coercivity and magnetic saturation of the sample. The VSM and TDO were subsequently used to explore the magnetization switching in a di_erent coupled magnetic system, the exchange bias samples. A range of NiFe/FeMn samples were studied with varying thickness of the antiferromagnetic layer.

A study is presented detailing experimental investigations of magnetization dynamics in nanostructured systems which are coupled magnetically. This work seeks to characterize the anisotropy of such systems through experimental techniques which probe microwave resonant absorption in the materials. A custom-built experimental setup, designed and assembled in our labs, is explained in detail. This setup allows for angular-dependent ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements in the sample plane through vector network analyzer spectroscopy and is adaptable to two different types of coplanar waveguides. This technique has proven effective for characterization of multiple types of magnetic systems, including multilayered structures as detailed here, with different types of anisotropies while allowing us to draw analogies with more common characterization techniques. The angular FMR setup has been used to study coupled systems, such as those coupled through the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida interaction as well as exchange-biased structures. These types of coupled systems have technological impacts and are highly applied in the components of magnetoresistive random access memory. Using this new characterization technique, properties of synthetic antiferromagnets have been revealed which had not been observed before. In addition to these experiments, magnetic susceptibility and FMR in exchange biased systems have been investigated at temperatures as low as 2 K. This investigation used a new FMR spectrometer and was one of the first studies to use this instrument. For the first time a new method of identifying several types of coupling which can be present in layered nanostructures is presented and supported through comparison with known techniques, thus connecting a new characterization technique for layered structures with decades-old procedures. Many results within this work are also supported theoretically with computer simulations.

[Truncated abstract] Although exchange bias was discovered more than four decades ago, a satisfactory understanding of every instance of exchange bias observed in experiment has not yet emerged. Understanding exchange bias is complicated by many factors. For example, details of the antiferromagnet interface structure set up during the initial field cooling, thermal activation processes in the ferromagnet and antiferromagnet, and domain formation and domain wall movement in the antiferromagnet are all important in determining features associated with exchange bias. Two exchange bias systems are investigated in this thesis. One is a disordered system: a single layer Co/CoO film with random interfaces prepared by a reactive RF sputtering technique. The other is a ‘model’ system of Fe/KFeF 3 bilayers with compensated interfaces prepared by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The central theme of this work is to understand exchange bias and other related magnetic properties in these two very different systems. The Co/CoO exchange bias system studied here is different in structure from conventional exchange bias systems such as bilayer and multilayer systems where interfaces between ferromagnet and antiferromagnet are reasonably well defined. In this Co/CoO system, the Co and CoO is in the form of particles distributed randomly in a sputtered film. The interfaces between the Co and CoO are randomly distributed and may not be continuous over a large length scale. More importantly, the interface area is dependent on the shape and size of the particles and on their distribution. Many unique magnetic properties are related to the random interface in this system. For example, exchange bias and coercivity obtained at low temperatures are very large due to the large interface area between Co and CoO particles. The interface area can be controlled by changing the Co/CoO mass ratio in the film. Unlike in bilayer systems, film thickness in this single layer Co/CoO system turns out not to be critical for exchange bias and coercivity. The independence of film thickness may be technically important. More interestingly, because the interface is random, exchange bias can be setup by field cooling in any direction. Both training and magnetic viscosity effects were studied and provided evidence of thermal activation processes in this Co/CoO system. Training is explained as formation of a domain wall in the CoO with motion limited locally due to limited continuity of Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Thin Films - Exchange Bias Systems interfaces between the Co and CoO. Specific magnetization measurements over time were made and studied using viscosity theory. The magnetic viscosity was found to be strongly temperature dependent. There is a broad distribution of blocking temperatures which might be due to a broad distribution of Co particle sizes

DIAS, Diego Felix. Síntese e caracterizações de nanopartículas de FeCo/(Fe,Co)3O4 com acoplamentos magnéticos sintetizadas pelo método sol-gel proteico. 2015. 84 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2016-02-05T18:59:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_dfdias.pdf: 4365302 bytes, checksum: 86e3e995f04f6424f30d8e5ab94293bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2016-02-05T18:59:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_dfdias.pdf: 4365302 bytes, checksum: 86e3e995f04f6424f30d8e5ab94293bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T18:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_dfdias.pdf: 4365302 bytes, checksum: 86e3e995f04f6424f30d8e5ab94293bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / FeCo Nanoparticles coated with (Fe,Co)3O4 (Magnetite doped with cobalt) were synthesized by the chemical route known as Sol-Gel Protein. The synthesized materials were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), Mössbauer spectroscopy, Scanning Electronic Miscroscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM). The results show that the increase in temperature directly influences the size of the shell (Shell) and increased the ratio of remanent magnetization to the saturation magnetization. The effect of Exchange Spring and Exchange Bias were observed in the hysteresis curves. The Core-Shell structure was formed a non-homogeneous manner, ie not all the magnetite particles were coated. / Nanopartículas de FeCo recobertas com (Fe,Co)3O4 (Magnetita dopadas com cobalto) na estrutura casca caroço (Core-Shell), foram sintetizadas pela rota química conhecida como Sol-Gel Proteica. Os materiais sintetizados foram caracterizados por Termogravimetria (TG), Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Magnetometria de Amostra Vibrante (VSM), Espectroscopia Mössbauer, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET). Os resultados mostram que o aumento da temperatura de re-oxidação influi diretamente no tamanho da casca (Shell) bem como o aumento da razão entre a magnetização remanente pela magnetização de saturação. O efeito de Exchange Spring e Exchange Bias foram observados nas curvas de histerese. A estrutura Core-Shell foi formada de maneira não homogênea, ou seja, nem todas as partículas foram recobertas pela magnetita.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:07:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo7979_1.pdf: 1162128 bytes, checksum: e48cdf9eab0eaa4de2840f161367280d (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Nesta dissertação investigamos propriedades dinâmicas de válvulas de spin e mecanismos de relaxação em filmes de Permalloy. Foi utilizada a técnica de ressonância ferromagnética operando na banda X de microondas, à temperatura ambiente. As estruturas de válvulas de spin foram depositadas por sputtering dc e possuem composição do tipo Si(001)/NiO(900Å)/Py(100Å)/Cu(tcu)/Py(100Å)/Cu(45Å). Analisamos as propriedades de ressonância ferromagnética para quatro amostras com diferentes espessuras da camada espaçadora de Cobre. Mostramos que existe uma competição entre o acoplamento indireto entre as camadas de Py, mediado pela camada de Cobre, com o acoplamento direto entre a camada presa de Py e a camada de NiO. Os resultados experimentais obtidos para estas estruturas foram interpretados através de um modelo fenomenológico que leva em conta a energia livre magnética do sistema. Com o objetivo de estudar os processos de relaxação em filmes de ferromagnéticos, foram preparadas amostras de Permalloy com camadas adjacentes de materiais diversos. Verificamos que a dependência da largura de linha de FMR apresenta comportamentos que dependem do material adjacente. Filmes de Permalloy depositados diretamente sobre substratos de Si apresentam uma dependência com a espessura do Py do tipo 1/t2. Filmes de Py sanduichados por camadas de Paládio apresentam uma dependência do tipo 1/t. Concluímos que diferentes mecanismos de relaxação atuam nas amostras. Fizemos uma conexão dos nossos resultados com as teorias fenomenológicas existentes