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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Treatment of Landfill leachates using anion exchange resins

Pathak, Sudhir Kumar 12 June 2013 (has links)
Landfill leachates are often discharged to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) but their highly varied composition makes their treatment in WWTPs difficult. Landfill leachates contain bio-refractory organic matter which easily passes the biological treatment processes at WWTPs and increases the organic matter in the effluent. Leachates also interfere with the UV disinfection process at treatment plants. Another concern is the presence of large amounts of bio-refractory organic nitrogen in the leachates which makes it difficult for WWTPs to meet the tightening total nitrogen requirements. Studies were conducted to evaluate the applicability of anion exchange resins to remove organic matter, UV quenching substance and organic nitrogen from landfill leachates. Leachate samples based on varying age and treatment methods were utilized. The anion exchange resins were found to work effectively for all studied leachates. The resins were found to remove more bio-refractory UV absorbing substances as compared to total organic carbon (TOC), suggesting that anion exchange resins could be employed for removal of UV absorbing substances. Multiple regenerations of the resin showed slight loss in the capacity to remove UV and organic carbon. Fractionation of leachate samples showed effective removal of humic acid (HA) fraction which is responsible for most of UV quenching. The resin was also found to effectively remove the bio-refractory hydrophilic (Hpi) fraction which tends to persist even after HA fraction has bio-degraded. Membrane filtration (1000 Da and 3000 Da Molecular weight cut off) in conjunction with ion exchange resins achieved better removal of organic matter and UV254 absorbing substances. In addition, this also significantly improved the performance of resins. Significant removal of organic nitrogen was also observed using anion exchange though it was less than both UV and TOC. Around 80% removal of organic nitrogen associated with bio-refractory Hpi fraction was achieved using anion exchange suggesting ion exchange as a viable alternative for removing organic nitrogen. / Master of Science
32

Methods to predict and reduce trace metal levels in lettuce grown on contaminated urban soils = Méthodes pour prédire et réduire les métaux traces dans la laitue cultivés sur des sols contaminés / Méthodes pour prédire et réduire les métaux traces dans la laitue cultivés sur des sols contaminés

Tambasco, Giuseppe. January 1998 (has links)
The work in this thesis demonstrates whether resins are better than conventional soil extractants at predicting plant metal concentrations, and whether low-cost soil treatments can effectively reduce metal content and concentrations in lettuce leaves. / Researchers have shown that ion exchange resins can simulate root metal uptake behaviour by acting as ion sinks. Chemical extractants on the other hand, generally do not behave in this manner. Thus, we would expect resins (in either bead or membrane form) to predict plant metal concentrations better than conventional extractants. For the first study, a procedure using anion exchange resin membranes (AEM) treated with either EDTA or DTPA chelators was chosen, since previous studies showed this method to be effective at predicting plant metal uptake, and practical for routine laboratory use. In addition, several conventional extractants were selected for comparison. / For the second part of the thesis, a study was undertaken to test the effectiveness of various food processing byproducts to stabilize metal contaminants in soils, and compare the results with those of a Na-based aluminosilicate (zeolite). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
33

Recuperação de cobre de rejeitos de galvanoplastia utilizando resinas de troca iônica / Recovery of copper of sludges of electroplating using ion exchange resins

Adriana Azedias Andrade Evaristo 14 February 2012 (has links)
Neste estudo, a sorção e recuperação de íons metálicos de resíduos sólidos industriais provenientes de uma indústria de galvanoplastia situada no Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) foram investigadas através da utilização de duas resinas comerciais de troca iônica: Lewatit VPOC 1800 (fortemente ácida, tipo gel) e Lewatit VPOC 1960 (fortemente básica, tipo gel), produzidas pela Lanxess-Bayer Chemicals. As características físico-quimicas das resinas e do lodo galvânico foram determinadas. Os estudos de sorção das resinas foram conduzidos em batelada e em coluna. Baseado nesses estudos, os parâmetros de sorção e das curvas de ruptura foram determinados. Os estudos de equilíbrio e cinética de sorção também foram realizados. O resíduo de galvanoplastia era composto pelos metais: Cu2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ni2+ e Cr3+. A capacidade de sorção qe das resinas Lewatit VPOC 1800 variou entre 0,1-1,9 mg g-1 para Cu2+, 0,01-0,6 mg g-1 para Fe3+ e 0,2-0,4 mg g-1 para Al3+. Enquanto que para a resina Lewatit VPOC 1960, os valores de qe variou entre 0,01-0,4 mg g-1 para Cu2+ e 0,01 0,2 mg g-1 para Fe3+ dependendo da concentração do metal e do tempo de contato. A capacidade de sorção para a resina Lewatit VPOC 1960 foi restrita para íons Cu2+ e Fe3+ os quais formam complexos aniônicos com íons Cl-. O modelo de Freundlich foi o mais adequado para descrever o equilíbrio de troca iônica de ambas as resinas. Já em relação ao mecanismo de sorção, o modelo pseudo-segunda ordem tipo 1 foi o mais aplicável. O ponto de ruptura das resinas Lewatit VPOC 1800 e Lewatit VPOC 1960 em relação aos íons Cu2+ocorreu quando passou através da coluna, 1860 cm3 e 2220 cm3 de solução de resíduo sólido respectivamente (20 g de resina, 100 mg L-1 de íons Cu2+, vazão de 60 cm3 min-1). Os íons metálicos Cu2+, Fe3+, Al3+, foram dessorvidos em alta proporção da resina Lewatit VPOC 1800 passando pela coluna solução aquosa de H2SO4 2,4 mol L-1. Já os metais Cu2+ e Fe3+ foram eluídos da resina Lewatit VPOC 1960 com solução aquosa de HCl 2,0 mol L-1. A recuperação seletiva de Cu2+ não foi alcançada porque Cu2+ e Fe3+ precipitam na mesma faixa de pH / In the present study, the sorption and recovery of metal ions from industrial solid residues proceeding from galvanoplasty industry (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) was investigated by using two commercial ion exchange resins Lewatit VPOC 1800 (strong acid, gel type) and Lewatit VPOC 1960 (strong basic, gel type) produced by Lanxess - Bayer Chemicals. The physical-chemical characteristics of the resins and galvanic sludge were determined. The studies of sorption of the resins were conduced under batch and column conditions. Based on these studies the sorption parameters and the breakthrough curves for both resins were determined. Studies of equilibrium and kinetic of the sorption were also performed. The electroplating residue were composed of the metals Cu2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ni2+ and Cr3+. The sorption capacity qe of the resin Lewatit VPOC1800 varied between 0.1-1.9 mg g-1 to Cu2+, 0.01-0.6 mg g-1 to Fe3+ and 0.2-0.4 mg g-1 to Al3+. While for the resin Lewatit VPOC1960 the values of qe varied between 0.01-0.4 mg g-1 to Cu2+ and 0.01-0.2 mg g-1 to Fe3+ depending of the metal concentration and contact time. The sorption capacity for Lewatit VPOC1960 was restricted to ions Cu2+ and Fe3+ that to form anionic complexes with chloride. The Freudlich model was more adequate to describe the ion exchange equilibrium for both resins and the sorption mechanism was compliant to the kinetic model of pseudo second order type 1. The breakpoint to Cu2+ occurred after passing 1860 cm3 and 2220 cm3 of residue solution through the resins Lewatit VPOC1800 and Lewatit VPOC1960, respectively (20 g of the resin, 100 ppm of Cu2+, flow rate of 60 cm3 min-1). The metals Cu2+, Fe3+ and Al3+ were desorbed on high proportion of the Lewatit VPOC1800 through passing a aqueous solution H2SO4 2.4 mol L-1. Already the metals Cu2+ and Fe3+ were eluted to Lewatit VPOC1960 with HCl aqueous solution 2.0 mol L-1. The selective recuperation of the Cu2+ was not reach because the Cu2+ and Fe3+ precipitated on similar pH
34

Recuperação de cobre de rejeitos de galvanoplastia utilizando resinas de troca iônica / Recovery of copper of sludges of electroplating using ion exchange resins

Adriana Azedias Andrade Evaristo 14 February 2012 (has links)
Neste estudo, a sorção e recuperação de íons metálicos de resíduos sólidos industriais provenientes de uma indústria de galvanoplastia situada no Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) foram investigadas através da utilização de duas resinas comerciais de troca iônica: Lewatit VPOC 1800 (fortemente ácida, tipo gel) e Lewatit VPOC 1960 (fortemente básica, tipo gel), produzidas pela Lanxess-Bayer Chemicals. As características físico-quimicas das resinas e do lodo galvânico foram determinadas. Os estudos de sorção das resinas foram conduzidos em batelada e em coluna. Baseado nesses estudos, os parâmetros de sorção e das curvas de ruptura foram determinados. Os estudos de equilíbrio e cinética de sorção também foram realizados. O resíduo de galvanoplastia era composto pelos metais: Cu2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ni2+ e Cr3+. A capacidade de sorção qe das resinas Lewatit VPOC 1800 variou entre 0,1-1,9 mg g-1 para Cu2+, 0,01-0,6 mg g-1 para Fe3+ e 0,2-0,4 mg g-1 para Al3+. Enquanto que para a resina Lewatit VPOC 1960, os valores de qe variou entre 0,01-0,4 mg g-1 para Cu2+ e 0,01 0,2 mg g-1 para Fe3+ dependendo da concentração do metal e do tempo de contato. A capacidade de sorção para a resina Lewatit VPOC 1960 foi restrita para íons Cu2+ e Fe3+ os quais formam complexos aniônicos com íons Cl-. O modelo de Freundlich foi o mais adequado para descrever o equilíbrio de troca iônica de ambas as resinas. Já em relação ao mecanismo de sorção, o modelo pseudo-segunda ordem tipo 1 foi o mais aplicável. O ponto de ruptura das resinas Lewatit VPOC 1800 e Lewatit VPOC 1960 em relação aos íons Cu2+ocorreu quando passou através da coluna, 1860 cm3 e 2220 cm3 de solução de resíduo sólido respectivamente (20 g de resina, 100 mg L-1 de íons Cu2+, vazão de 60 cm3 min-1). Os íons metálicos Cu2+, Fe3+, Al3+, foram dessorvidos em alta proporção da resina Lewatit VPOC 1800 passando pela coluna solução aquosa de H2SO4 2,4 mol L-1. Já os metais Cu2+ e Fe3+ foram eluídos da resina Lewatit VPOC 1960 com solução aquosa de HCl 2,0 mol L-1. A recuperação seletiva de Cu2+ não foi alcançada porque Cu2+ e Fe3+ precipitam na mesma faixa de pH / In the present study, the sorption and recovery of metal ions from industrial solid residues proceeding from galvanoplasty industry (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) was investigated by using two commercial ion exchange resins Lewatit VPOC 1800 (strong acid, gel type) and Lewatit VPOC 1960 (strong basic, gel type) produced by Lanxess - Bayer Chemicals. The physical-chemical characteristics of the resins and galvanic sludge were determined. The studies of sorption of the resins were conduced under batch and column conditions. Based on these studies the sorption parameters and the breakthrough curves for both resins were determined. Studies of equilibrium and kinetic of the sorption were also performed. The electroplating residue were composed of the metals Cu2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ni2+ and Cr3+. The sorption capacity qe of the resin Lewatit VPOC1800 varied between 0.1-1.9 mg g-1 to Cu2+, 0.01-0.6 mg g-1 to Fe3+ and 0.2-0.4 mg g-1 to Al3+. While for the resin Lewatit VPOC1960 the values of qe varied between 0.01-0.4 mg g-1 to Cu2+ and 0.01-0.2 mg g-1 to Fe3+ depending of the metal concentration and contact time. The sorption capacity for Lewatit VPOC1960 was restricted to ions Cu2+ and Fe3+ that to form anionic complexes with chloride. The Freudlich model was more adequate to describe the ion exchange equilibrium for both resins and the sorption mechanism was compliant to the kinetic model of pseudo second order type 1. The breakpoint to Cu2+ occurred after passing 1860 cm3 and 2220 cm3 of residue solution through the resins Lewatit VPOC1800 and Lewatit VPOC1960, respectively (20 g of the resin, 100 ppm of Cu2+, flow rate of 60 cm3 min-1). The metals Cu2+, Fe3+ and Al3+ were desorbed on high proportion of the Lewatit VPOC1800 through passing a aqueous solution H2SO4 2.4 mol L-1. Already the metals Cu2+ and Fe3+ were eluted to Lewatit VPOC1960 with HCl aqueous solution 2.0 mol L-1. The selective recuperation of the Cu2+ was not reach because the Cu2+ and Fe3+ precipitated on similar pH
35

Utilização de resina de troca iônica pré-fermentativa para elaborar vinhos base de espumantes

Cisilotto, Bruno 28 June 2017 (has links)
Considerando que os vinhos espumantes são produtos importantes para o setor vitivinícola brasileiro, pesquisas relacionadas com melhorias na elaboração deste produto são relevantes para a qualidade, diversificando os produtos. A acidez dos vinhos normalmente sofre correções durante o processo de elaboração com ácidos orgânicos, porém, atualmente, existem outras alternativas que estão sendo testadas e utilizadas com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade do produto. Dentre essas alternativas encontram-se as resinas de troca iônica recomendadas para aplicações enológicas que são formadas por uma matriz de poliestireno reticulado com divinilbenzeno. Essas resinas são encapsuladas em microesferas de 0,3 a 1,2 mm e possuem alta estabilidade físico-química. Depois de serem tratadas com ácido, estas resinas adquirem carga positiva com H+ e intercambiam estes cátions com K+, Ca2+ e outros cátions presentes no mosto, liberando ácido tartárico e outros ácidos, reduzindo o pH. Estas modificações químicas podem afetar a composição química dos mostos, vinhos e também o metabolismo das leveduras. Tendo isso em vista, o objetivo deste trabalho centrou-se em analisar, reunir e interpretar dados e informações avaliando o impacto da técnica na cinética fermentativa, nas características químicas dos mostos e nas características químicas e organolépticas dos vinhos resultantes, provenientes de um mesmo mosto, com diferentes tempos de passagem por uma resina de troca iônica (catiônica) comercial, específica para uso enológico. Para os experimentos, um mosto de Chardonnay (75 L) foi extraído com uma prensa pneumática e clarificado com sol de sílica/gelatina. O mosto passou pela coluna de resina tantas vezes quanto necessário para obter a redução de pH desejada. Os tratamentos do experimento incluíram um mosto controle com índice de pH 3,2, e mostos com pH 3,14, 3,07, 3,01 e 2,93, obtidos pelo tratamento com resina de troca catiônica. Todos os mostos foram inoculados com a mesma levedura selecionada (20g/hL), e as fermentações foram monitoradas através da redução de massa (liberação CO2 g/L). Os resultados da cinética dos processos fermentativos foram ajustados pela equação não linear sigmoidal de Gompertz e expressos como: duração da fase Lag (Lag=horas), liberação total de CO2 (Ymax=g/L), taxa máxima de liberação de CO2 (µmax=g/L/dia). As análises dos mostos incluíram medição do pH, acidez total, cor, polifenóis totais, ácido tartárico, nitrogênio amoniacal e metais (cátions). Nos vinhos foram realizadas análises básicas, de compostos voláteis, análise organoléptica e de oxidação ao longo do tempo (medida através da mudança de cor das amostras). Os parámetros cinéticos mostraram diferenças significativas entre o controle e os tratamentos, exceto para o tratamento com pH 2,93 o qual obteve maior liberação de CO2 total. As reduções dos três paramentros foram lineares (r>95) dentro da faixa de pH de 3,2 a 3,01. Por outro lado nos pHs mais baixos (3,01 e 2,93) as diferenças não foram significativas. As análises dos mostos apresentaram diferenças significativas seguindo a tendência do funcionamento das resinas, com redução dos cátions e aumento da acidez total e concentração de ácido tartárico livre. A quantidade de nitrogênio amoniacal teve uma redução significativa nos tratamentos. Alguns compostos volateis dos vinhos variaram sua concentração levando a um aumento na concentração dos álcoois superiores e uma redução nos acetatos e ésteres etílicos. A oxidação dos vinhos foi acompanhada ao longo do tempo e mostrou maior resistência nos vinhos com o pH alterado. Na análise organoléptica houve uma preferência pelo vinho controle e os vinhos com o pH mais próximo dele. Esse estudo mostrou que o tratamento com resinas catiônicas afeta a fermentação, mostos e vinhos, podendo contribuir de maneira positiva ou negativa, dependendo do tratamento, para a elaboração de vinhos base de espumante. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-08-07T14:26:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Bruno Cisilotto.pdf: 2701671 bytes, checksum: 80977f5043994edfe2b0b01b8fcf58bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T14:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Bruno Cisilotto.pdf: 2701671 bytes, checksum: 80977f5043994edfe2b0b01b8fcf58bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-07 / Considering that sparkling wines are important products for the Brazilian wine sector, researches related to different elaboration techniques are relevant for the increase of enological options and product diversity. The acidity of wines is usually corrected during the process of elaboration with organic acids, but currently there are other alternatives that are being tested and used in order to improve the quality of the product. Among these alternatives are the cation exchange resins recommended for enological applications are constituted by a matrix of polystyrene reticulated with divinylbenzene. These resins are encapsulated in microspheres from 0.3 to 1.2 mm, and have high physic-chemical stability. After an acid treatment, the resins are positively charged with H+ and exchange these cations with K+, Ca2+ and other cations present in grape must, releasing tartaric and other acids, reducing the pH. These chemical modifications may affect the chemical composition of must, wines and also yeast metabolism. In view of this, the purpose of this work was to analyze, gather and interpret data and information evaluating the impact of the technique on fermentative kinetics, on the chemical characteristics of musts and on the chemical and organoleptic characteristics of the resulting wines, from a same must, with different times of passage through a commercial cation exchange resins, specific for enological use. For the experiments, a Chardonnay must (75 L) was obtained by pneumatic press extraction, and clarified with silica and gelatin. The must passed through a resin column, as many times as necessary to obtain the desired pH reductions. The experiment treatments included the control must with pH index 3.2, and must with pH 3.14, 3.07, 3.01, and 2.92, obtained by cation-exchange resin treatment. All the musts were inoculated with the same commercial yeast strain (20 g/hL), and fermentation was monitored by mass reduction (CO2 release (g/L)). Kinetic data were adjusted by a modified non-linear sigmoidal equation of Gompertz, and expressed as: Lag-phase duration (Lag=hours), total CO2 release (Ymax=g/L) and maximum rate of CO2 release (µmax=g/L/day). Musts analyses included the measured of pH, total acidity, color, total polyphenols, tartaric acid, ammoniacal nitrogen and metals (cations). There were basic analysis made in the wine and also volatile compounds, organoleptic and oxidation within time (measured by the samples’ color change). The kinetic parameters showed significant differences among the control and the other treatments, except for the treatment with pH of 2,93, which had a higher total CO2 release. The reductions of the three parameters was linear (r>95) on the pH range of 3,2 and 3,01. However, at the lowest pHs (3.01 and 2.93) the differences were not significant. Must analyses showed significant differences following the tendency from the resin’s operation for cation’s reduction, increase of total acidity, and concentration of free tartaric acid. The amount of ammoniacal nitrogen had a significant decrease on the treatments. Some wine volatile compounds concentration exhibited significant differences between treatments, leading to an increase in higher alcohols concentration, and a decrease in acetate and ethylic esters. The oxidation of wines was accompanied through time and showed a major resistance on the wines with altered pH. In the organoleptic analysis, there was a preference for the control wine and the wines with similar pH to the control. This study shows that the treatment with cationic resins affects the fermentation, must and wines and it can contribute in a positive or negative way, depending on the treatment, for base-wine production.
36

Utilização de resina de troca iônica pré-fermentativa para elaborar vinhos base de espumantes

Cisilotto, Bruno 28 June 2017 (has links)
Considerando que os vinhos espumantes são produtos importantes para o setor vitivinícola brasileiro, pesquisas relacionadas com melhorias na elaboração deste produto são relevantes para a qualidade, diversificando os produtos. A acidez dos vinhos normalmente sofre correções durante o processo de elaboração com ácidos orgânicos, porém, atualmente, existem outras alternativas que estão sendo testadas e utilizadas com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade do produto. Dentre essas alternativas encontram-se as resinas de troca iônica recomendadas para aplicações enológicas que são formadas por uma matriz de poliestireno reticulado com divinilbenzeno. Essas resinas são encapsuladas em microesferas de 0,3 a 1,2 mm e possuem alta estabilidade físico-química. Depois de serem tratadas com ácido, estas resinas adquirem carga positiva com H+ e intercambiam estes cátions com K+, Ca2+ e outros cátions presentes no mosto, liberando ácido tartárico e outros ácidos, reduzindo o pH. Estas modificações químicas podem afetar a composição química dos mostos, vinhos e também o metabolismo das leveduras. Tendo isso em vista, o objetivo deste trabalho centrou-se em analisar, reunir e interpretar dados e informações avaliando o impacto da técnica na cinética fermentativa, nas características químicas dos mostos e nas características químicas e organolépticas dos vinhos resultantes, provenientes de um mesmo mosto, com diferentes tempos de passagem por uma resina de troca iônica (catiônica) comercial, específica para uso enológico. Para os experimentos, um mosto de Chardonnay (75 L) foi extraído com uma prensa pneumática e clarificado com sol de sílica/gelatina. O mosto passou pela coluna de resina tantas vezes quanto necessário para obter a redução de pH desejada. Os tratamentos do experimento incluíram um mosto controle com índice de pH 3,2, e mostos com pH 3,14, 3,07, 3,01 e 2,93, obtidos pelo tratamento com resina de troca catiônica. Todos os mostos foram inoculados com a mesma levedura selecionada (20g/hL), e as fermentações foram monitoradas através da redução de massa (liberação CO2 g/L). Os resultados da cinética dos processos fermentativos foram ajustados pela equação não linear sigmoidal de Gompertz e expressos como: duração da fase Lag (Lag=horas), liberação total de CO2 (Ymax=g/L), taxa máxima de liberação de CO2 (µmax=g/L/dia). As análises dos mostos incluíram medição do pH, acidez total, cor, polifenóis totais, ácido tartárico, nitrogênio amoniacal e metais (cátions). Nos vinhos foram realizadas análises básicas, de compostos voláteis, análise organoléptica e de oxidação ao longo do tempo (medida através da mudança de cor das amostras). Os parámetros cinéticos mostraram diferenças significativas entre o controle e os tratamentos, exceto para o tratamento com pH 2,93 o qual obteve maior liberação de CO2 total. As reduções dos três paramentros foram lineares (r>95) dentro da faixa de pH de 3,2 a 3,01. Por outro lado nos pHs mais baixos (3,01 e 2,93) as diferenças não foram significativas. As análises dos mostos apresentaram diferenças significativas seguindo a tendência do funcionamento das resinas, com redução dos cátions e aumento da acidez total e concentração de ácido tartárico livre. A quantidade de nitrogênio amoniacal teve uma redução significativa nos tratamentos. Alguns compostos volateis dos vinhos variaram sua concentração levando a um aumento na concentração dos álcoois superiores e uma redução nos acetatos e ésteres etílicos. A oxidação dos vinhos foi acompanhada ao longo do tempo e mostrou maior resistência nos vinhos com o pH alterado. Na análise organoléptica houve uma preferência pelo vinho controle e os vinhos com o pH mais próximo dele. Esse estudo mostrou que o tratamento com resinas catiônicas afeta a fermentação, mostos e vinhos, podendo contribuir de maneira positiva ou negativa, dependendo do tratamento, para a elaboração de vinhos base de espumante. / Considering that sparkling wines are important products for the Brazilian wine sector, researches related to different elaboration techniques are relevant for the increase of enological options and product diversity. The acidity of wines is usually corrected during the process of elaboration with organic acids, but currently there are other alternatives that are being tested and used in order to improve the quality of the product. Among these alternatives are the cation exchange resins recommended for enological applications are constituted by a matrix of polystyrene reticulated with divinylbenzene. These resins are encapsulated in microspheres from 0.3 to 1.2 mm, and have high physic-chemical stability. After an acid treatment, the resins are positively charged with H+ and exchange these cations with K+, Ca2+ and other cations present in grape must, releasing tartaric and other acids, reducing the pH. These chemical modifications may affect the chemical composition of must, wines and also yeast metabolism. In view of this, the purpose of this work was to analyze, gather and interpret data and information evaluating the impact of the technique on fermentative kinetics, on the chemical characteristics of musts and on the chemical and organoleptic characteristics of the resulting wines, from a same must, with different times of passage through a commercial cation exchange resins, specific for enological use. For the experiments, a Chardonnay must (75 L) was obtained by pneumatic press extraction, and clarified with silica and gelatin. The must passed through a resin column, as many times as necessary to obtain the desired pH reductions. The experiment treatments included the control must with pH index 3.2, and must with pH 3.14, 3.07, 3.01, and 2.92, obtained by cation-exchange resin treatment. All the musts were inoculated with the same commercial yeast strain (20 g/hL), and fermentation was monitored by mass reduction (CO2 release (g/L)). Kinetic data were adjusted by a modified non-linear sigmoidal equation of Gompertz, and expressed as: Lag-phase duration (Lag=hours), total CO2 release (Ymax=g/L) and maximum rate of CO2 release (µmax=g/L/day). Musts analyses included the measured of pH, total acidity, color, total polyphenols, tartaric acid, ammoniacal nitrogen and metals (cations). There were basic analysis made in the wine and also volatile compounds, organoleptic and oxidation within time (measured by the samples’ color change). The kinetic parameters showed significant differences among the control and the other treatments, except for the treatment with pH of 2,93, which had a higher total CO2 release. The reductions of the three parameters was linear (r>95) on the pH range of 3,2 and 3,01. However, at the lowest pHs (3.01 and 2.93) the differences were not significant. Must analyses showed significant differences following the tendency from the resin’s operation for cation’s reduction, increase of total acidity, and concentration of free tartaric acid. The amount of ammoniacal nitrogen had a significant decrease on the treatments. Some wine volatile compounds concentration exhibited significant differences between treatments, leading to an increase in higher alcohols concentration, and a decrease in acetate and ethylic esters. The oxidation of wines was accompanied through time and showed a major resistance on the wines with altered pH. In the organoleptic analysis, there was a preference for the control wine and the wines with similar pH to the control. This study shows that the treatment with cationic resins affects the fermentation, must and wines and it can contribute in a positive or negative way, depending on the treatment, for base-wine production.
37

Processamento de soluções graxas em resina de troca ionica / Fatty soluctions processing in ion exchange resin

Cren, Erika Cristina 12 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Antonio Jose de Almeida Meirelles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T23:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cren_ErikaCristina_D.pdf: 3396631 bytes, checksum: 2aba05c13e0a564804083d131df53687 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Alguns óleos vegetais são sensíveis às condições drásticas do processo de refino, físico ou químico, podendo assim apresentar problemas quando submetidos a estes processos, tais como perda de substâncias desejáveis, como os compostos nutracêuticos, escurecimento do óleo, além de perdas elevadas de óleo neutro. Desta forma a busca de alternativas no processamento de óleos vegetais se torna relevante. O processo de extração líquido-líquido vem sendo estudado como alternativa para a desacidificação destes óleos vegetais, pois utiliza condições brandas de processo. No entanto, esta técnica apresenta a desvantagem de demandar grandes volumes de solvente para a extração, havendo a necessidade de recuperação do solvente usado para sua futura reutilização. As resinas de troca iônica vêm sendo utilizadas em muitos segmentos da indústria de alimentos, para separação e purificação de ácidos orgânicos. Assim, resinas de troca iônica e de adsorção podem ser empregadas como complemento da extração líquido-líquido, em particular na remoção de ácidos graxos da corrente de extrato e na recuperação do solvente para sua reutilização posterior. Contudo, identifica-se também um potencial uso da resina de troca iônica na desacidificação direta de óleos vegetais brutos, sugerindo assim uma nova alternativa à desacidificação de óleos vegetais sensíveis às condições dos refinos tradicionais, uma vez que este processo também opera em condições brandas como a extração líquido-líquido, porém não necessita de grandes volumes de solvente para a desacidificação. Além disso, esta nova alternativa de refino permite que parte do solvente utilizado na extração de óleo da semente, polpa ou farelo, possa ser utilizada como solvente do processo de troca iônica, podendo ser misturado a outros solventes ou até mesmo substituído por outros na extração de óleo, uma vez que estudos vêm sendo feitos para substituir o hexano da extração devido à sua periculosidade. Este novo processo ainda visa reciclar todo o solvente utilizado para posterior reutilização no processo de refino. A nova alternativa também pode gerar eliminação de algumas etapas do processo tradicional de refino de óleos, uma vez que na proposta o hexano da extração pode ser parcialmente utilizado na troca iônica e eliminado completamente do óleo neutro em apenas uma coluna de destilação que pode operar a até 140o C, condição branda para alguns óleos nos quais se quer preservar características nutracêuticas. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar sistemas modelo que simulassem a corrente de extrato da extração líquido-líquido (etanol + acido oléico) e sistemas modelo que simulassem uma corrente de saída da extração de óleos vegetais (solventes butanol e/ou hexano + ácido oléico e solventes butanol e/ou hexano + ácido oléico + óleo vegetal), quanto à capacidade da resina de troca iônica remover a acidez livre daquelas correntes. Desta forma, os comportamentos destes sistemas em resina de troca iônica foram investigados. Foram realizados estudos de equilíbrio, cinética e em coluna (sistema contínuo), com respectivas modelagens a fim de obter parâmetros que descrevessem o comportamento de troca iônica para os sistemas propostos. Bons resultados foram obtidos, demonstrando o potencial para uso da resina para os fins propostos. Por fim, uma nova alternativa de processamento de óleos pode ser formulada empregando-se resinas de troca iônica / Abstract: Some edible oils are sensitive to the drastic conditions of the caustic and physical refining, some difficulties arise when such processes were used, like losses of neutral oil and nutraceutical substances. In this way, the investigation of new alternatives of processing edible oils is relevant. The liquid-liquid process has been investigated as alternative for the deacidification of such oils, because it uses mild conditions of processing. But this process has the disadvantage of demanding large amounts of solvent for the extraction, so that the solvent needs to be recovered for posterior utilization. Ion exchange resins have been used in many areas, for purification and separation of organics acids. In this way, it could be used as a complement of the liquid-liquid extraction, for removing fatty acids from the extract stream and recovering the solvent for posterior use. A potential use of ion exchange resins to directly deacidify crude oil was also identified, so a new alternative to the deacidification of edible oils that are sensitive to the drastic conditions of traditional refining was proposed. This new alternative of refining can use the solvent (hexane) employed in the extraction of the oil as solvent of the ion exchange process. This solvent could be mixed with other solvents or substituted by other less dangerous. In this new process a further objective is the recovery of all solvent used for posterior reutilization. This new process could eliminate some steps of the traditional refining, once that the hexane could be used partially on the ion exchange process and eliminate from the refined oil in only one stage, in mild conditions that preserve the nutraceutics characteristics of some oils. In this way, this work has as objectives the investigation of the deacidification by ion exchange resins of systems that simulate the extract of liquid-liquid extraction (ethanol + oleic acid) and systems that simulate the outlet stream of oil extraction from the seeds (solvent butanol or/and hexane + oleic acid and solvent butanol or/and hexane + oleic acid + rice oil). So the behavior of these systems in ion exchange resins was investigated. Experimental studies of equilibrium, kinetics and breakthrough were conducted and an appropriate modeling of the experimental results was also performed. The objective was to determine the parameters that describe the process of ion exchange for investigating the viability of using ion exchange resins in new processes of refining. Good results were obtained, indicating the possibility of using ion exchange resins for removing fatty acids from organic solutions / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos
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Caractérisation des résines échangeuses d'ions d'intérêt pour les réacteurs à eau sous pression : Application et validation d'un modèle dédié / Characterization of ion exchange resins for nuclear power plants : Application and validation of a dedicated model

Mabrouk, Aurélie 19 October 2012 (has links)
Dans les centrales nucléaires à eau sous pression, les Résines Echangeuses d'Ions (REI) sont utilisées dans les circuits d'épuration. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une étude qualitative a été réalisée afin de prédire les tendances du comportement d'une REI dans le cadre de son utilisation en condition centrale nucléaire. Fort des résultats de cette étude, nous avons cherché à caractériser quantitativement le comportement des REI en colonne. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des solutions analytiques mais ces dernières se sont révélées valables uniquement dans des cas particuliers. Afin de trouver une solution générale, nous nous sommes donc tournés vers une solution numérique : OPTIPUR. En vue de la valider et aussi de mieux comprendre la cinétique en colonne, nous avons réalisé une étude expérimentale. Cette dernière vise à caractériser la résistance au transfert de masse en colonne et à mener une étude de sensibilité sur les paramètres influençant ce phénomène. Cette étude repose sur la détermination de la fuite ionique cinétique, correspondant à une certaine concentration de polluant présente en sortie de colonne en début d'expérience. Pour cela, nous avons testé l'influence de nombreux paramètres sur la fuite ionique cinétique. Nous avons ainsi vu l'importance de la vitesse de filtre et donc des conditions hydrodynamiques sur la fuite ionique cinétique. Ces nombreux résultats de fuite cinétique, ont été modélisés à l'aide de la corrélation empirique de Dwivedi & Upadhyay afin de tester sa validité. Par la suite, nous avons simulé nos résultats de fuite ionique cinétique avec deux options du logiciel OPTIPUR : option Mass Transfer Coefficient (MTC) et Nernst-Planck (NP). Ces dernières encadrent les résultats expérimentaux. L'option MTC d'OPTIPUR donne des résultats inférieurs alors que ceux obtenus avec l'option NP sont supérieurs aux résultats expérimentaux. Nous avons vu que dans le cadre d'un échange ternaire, seule l'option NP est valide. Nous avons proposé des solutions pour mieux caler les résultats obtenus numériquement. D'autres simulations ont été réalisées afin de vérifier les capacités de prédiction de l'appareil pour des expériences plus longues (allant jusqu'à la saturation de la REI). Les tendances observées étaient celles attendues. L'outil OPTIPUR est un outil précis et robuste pour étudier la cinétique en colonne. / In pressurized water reactor, ion exchange resins (IER) are used in systems purification. In this thesis, a qualitative study has been performed to predict the behavior of IER while used in nuclear plants conditions. Then, we searched to characterize the IER behavior in column through a quantitative study using analytical solutions. But these solutions worked only for particular cases. In order to find a general solution, we used a new numerical solution: OPTIPUR. To validate this general solution and get a better understanding of the kinetic in column, we performed an experimental study to characterize the resistance to mass transfer in column and to study the sensibility on the parameters influencing this phenomenon. This study is based on the characterization of the initial leakage (initial pollutant concentration at the column outlet). We tested numerous parameters on the initial leakage. We understood the importance of the superficial velocity and indeed of the hydrodynamic conditions on the initial leakage. These numerous results about initial leakage were modeled with an empirical correlation of Dwivedi and Upadhyay in order to validate it. Then, we modeled our results with the two options of OPTIPUR software: option Mass Transfer Coefficient (MTC) and Nernst-Planck (NP). These options encircle experimental results. The MTC option of OPTIPUR gives lower results while those obtained with the NP option are higher than the experimental results. We observed also that only the NP option was valid for a ternary exchange. We proposed solutions to get a better fit with the results obtained with OPTIPUR. We performed other simulations to check the prediction abilities of the software for longer experiments (until the IER saturation). The tendencies were those expected. The OPTIPUR software showed is accuracy and robustness to study column kinetic.
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The rate inhibiting effect of water as a product on reactions catalysed by cation exchange resins : formation of mesityl oxide from acetone as a case study

Du Toit, Elizabeth Louisa 27 February 2004 (has links)
It is known that when water is a product in reactions catalysed by cation exchange resins, it inhibits the reaction rate much more than predicted by the reverse reaction or dilution effects. In this work the inhibiting effect is ascribed to the preferential association of the catalytically active sites with water. In the derivation of the kinetic model, a Freundlich type adsorption isotherm was used to quantify the number of sites occupied by water. This is combined with a power law expression for the reaction rate. The resultant expression can accurately predict the reaction rate for various initial concentrations of water and mesityl oxide. Even when water was initially added to the reaction mixture, this model still gave an absolute average error of 6.5% compared to a 54.6% error when the same approach was followed but with the more popular Langmuir isotherm to describe site deactivation. The kinetic expression previously proposed for this reaction system by Klein and Banchero also failed when water was added to the reaction mixture and gave an average error of 71.1%. The procedure used to derive the model is therefore suggested for all cation exchange catalysed reactions where water is one of the products. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted
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Methods to predict and reduce trace metal levels in lettuce grown on contaminated urban soils = Méthodes pour prédire et réduire les métaux traces dans la laitue cultivés sur des sols contaminés

Tambasco, Giuseppe. January 1998 (has links)
No description available.

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