We have studied fundamental aspects of photo-induced dissociation kinetics and dynamics in several phenyl halides. By combining femtosecond pump-probe measurements with ab initio calculations we are able to account for several observations. In mixed phenyl halides, the dissociation kinetics is found to be dependent on the nature, the number, and the position of the substituents, and also on the excitation wavelength. A surprisingly large reduction in the dissociation time constant, compared to that of bromobenzene (~30 ps), is observed when having two or more fluorine atoms. For example, in bromopentafluorobenzene a subpicosecond time constant is obtained. This can be explained by a significant lowering of the repulsive potential energy curves (PEC) along the C-Br bond. However, several of the experimental results cannot be accounted for by one-dimensional PECs. Therefore, we suggest a refined model for the dissociation, in which the excited states of the same spin multiplicity are coupled by employing multidimensional potential energy surfaces. This model has been explicitly evaluated by quantum dynamics simulations in the case of 3-BrFPh, and it seems to be capable of capturing the main features in the measured kinetics. Thereby we are also able to clarify the role of spin-orbit coupling in these molecules.

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A fotodinâmica de sistemas moleculares representa um dos principais tópicos atuais da físico-química molecular. O conhecimento das propriedades dos estados eletrônicos excitados tem permitido desenvolver áreas de vital importância como das energias renováveis, da fotomedicina, dos sensores fluorescentes, entre outras. O objetivo desta tese está orientado a estudar teoricamente a influência do meio (ou efeito de solvente) na fotofísica e nas propriedades dos estados eletrônicos excitados de sistemas moleculares. Nesta tese, primeiramente foi feito um estudo em fase gasosa da superfície de energia potencial do sistema molecular HSO2 e do efeito da energia rotacional na reação OH+SO. Na superfície de energia potencial foram caracterizadas um grande número de estruturas estacionárias e foi encontrado um estado de transição que liga a região mais energética da superfície com a menos energética. Em relação ao papel da energia rotacional na reação mencionada, foi realizado um estudo de trajetórias quase-clássicas, onde foi observado um decréscimo da reatividade com o aumento da energia rotacional total depositada nos reagentes. Posteriormente, foi estudado o efeito do solvente nas propriedades dos estados eletrônicos excitados e nos mecanismos de decaimento de três sistemas moleculares, acetona, 1-nitronaftaleno e daidzein. Na acetona, foi estudada a influência da polarização eletrônica do estado excitado n* provocada pelo solvente no deslocamento espectral da banda de fluorescência. A banda de emissão obtida em água mostra um deslocamento espectral muito pequeno em relação à fase gasosa, em concordância com as evidencias experimentais. Também foi observada pouca dependência do deslocamento espectral com o grau de polarização eletrônica desse estado excitado. O sistema molecular 1-nitronaftaleno foi estudado a fim de esclarecer a ultrarápida desativação eletrônica não fluorescente observada experimentalmente após a transição de absorção, assim como, caracterizar os espectros de absorção transitória também observados nos experimentos. Foi encontrado um intersystem crossing muito eficiente entre o primeiro estado excitado singleto e o segundo estado tripleto, que explica o decaimento não fluorescente deste sistema molecular. O modelo de decaimento proposto permite descrever corretamente os espectros de absorção transitória nos solventes metanol e etanol, através de transições de absorção dos estados eletrônicos tripletos. Finalmente, o sistema molecular daidzein foi estudado a fim de entender porque em solvente polar prótico, como a água, o sistema é fluorescente, mostrando um valor de Stokes shift consideravelmente grande e na presença de solvente polar aprótico, como a acetonitrila, não é observada fluorescência. Nesse sentido, foi estudada a evolução dos estados eletrônicos excitados, na presença dos solventes água e acetonitrila, após as transição de absorção. A topologia dos estados eletrônicos excitados é diferente para cada um dos solventes, em acetonitrila o sistema tem acesso a um intersystem crossing muito eficiente que permite o decaimento não fluorescente. Em água o panorama é diferente, neste caso, não é possível a ocorrência do intersystem crossing e o sistema decai por fluorescência para o estado fundamental. No estado eletrônico fluorescente é observada uma polarização eletrônica significativa que provoca o grande valor de Stokes shift observado experimentalmente. / The photodynamics of molecular systems represents one of the most important topics of the molecular physical chemistry today. The knowledge of the excited electronic states properties has allowed the development of several important areas, such as the renewable energies, the photomedicine, fluorescent sensors, etc. The aim of this thesis is oriented to the theoretical study of the solvent effect on the photophysics and on the excited electronic states properties of molecular systems. In this thesis, it was initially studied the potential energy surface of the HSO2 molecular system in gas phase and the rotational energy effect on the reactivity of the OH+SO reaction. In the potential energy surface a large number of stationary structures were characterized and it was found a transition state which connects the highest energetic region to the lowest one. Regarding the role of rotational energy on the mentioned reaction, a quasi-classical trajectories study was performed, indicating a decrease in the reactivity when the total rotational energy deposited in the reactants is increased. Subsequently, it was studied the solvent effect on the excited electronic states and on the deactivation mechanisms of three molecular systems, acetone, 1-nitronaphthalene and daidzein. In the acetone molecular system, it was studied the influence of the electronic polarization, caused by the solvent, in the fluorescence spectral shift of the n* excited state. The emission band obtained in water shows a small spectral shift compared to the gas phase, in agreement with the experimental evidences. It was also observed a little dependence of the spectral shift with the degree of the excited state polarization. The 1-nitronaphthalene molecular system was studied to clarify the ultrafast non-fluorescent deactivation mechanism experimentally observed after the absorption transitions, as well as to characterize the transient absorption spectra also observed in the experiments. A very efficient intersystem crossing was found between the first singlet excited state and the second triplet state, which explains the nonfluorescent decay of this molecular system. The proposed deactivation model allows properly describing the transient absorption spectra in methanol and ethanol solvents by absorption transitions from the triplet electronic states. Finally, the daidzein molecular system was studied to understand why in polar protic solvent, such as water, the system is fluorescent, showing a very large Stokes shift value and in polar aprotic solvent, such as acetonitrila, the fluorescence is not observed. In that sense, it was studied the evolution of the excited electronic states in water and in acetonitrile after the absorption transition. The topology of the excited electronic states is different for each solvent, in acetonitrile the system is accessible to a very efficient intersystem crossing that enables the non-fluorescent decay. In water the picture is different, the intersystem crossing is not possible to occur and the system decays by fluorescence to the ground electronic state. In the fluorescent state is observed a considerable electronic polarization that causes the so large Stokes shift value experimentally observed.

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Le détecteur NEMO3 a été mis en place au Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, en 2003, afin de rechercher la décroissance double bêta sans émission de neutrinos (ββ0v). La particularité de cette expérience est d’avoir pu étudier plusieurs isotopes dont le 100Mo, le 82Se, le 96Zr ou le 150Nd. En plus d’avoir placé les meilleures limites sur la demi-vie du processus ββ0v pour ces isotopes, ce détecteur a permis des mesures compétitives de leurs désintégrations ββ2v. Le premier objectif de ce travail a été de mesurer les temps de demi-vie des décroissances ββ2v et ββ0v du 82Se vers l’état excité 0+2 du 82Kr grâce aux données de NEMO3. Ces processus n’ayant pas été observés, seules des limites ont été calculées. Les résultats obtenus pour les deux décroissances sont donc T2 1=2(82Se; 0+1 → 0+2) > 1,29 x 1021 ans et T01=2(82Se; 0+1→ 0+2) > 2,31 x 1022 ans, ce dernier étant la première limite sur cette décroissance. SuperNEMO, successeur de NEMO3, cherchera à atteindre une sensibilité de 1026 ans sur la demivie de la décroissance ββ0v du 82Se. Le Radon étant une source de bruit de fond pour la recherche de cette décroissance, sa concentration dans le détecteur doit être inférieure à 0,15 mBq.m-3. Pour parvenir à un tel niveau, l’émanation de Radon des composants de SuperNEMO doit être contrôlée.Le second objectif de cette thèse a donc été de développer deux dispositifs de mesure d’émanation de Radon. Ces deux systèmes, consistants chacun en une chambre d’émanation associée à un détecteur électrostatique, ont par la suite été étalonnés puis leurs bruits de fond ont été caractérisés. Grâce à leurs sensibilités de quelques mBq.m-3, ces dispositifs ont permis de mesurer les taux d’émanation de Radon de plusieurs matériaux destinés à la construction du détecteur SuperNEMO. / The NEMO3 detector was installed in the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, in 2003, in orderto search for neutrinoless double beta decay (ββ0v). The specificity of this experiment was the possibility to study several isotopes simultaneously. Among them were 100Mo, 82Se, 96Zr or 150Nd. In addition to setting the best limits on these isotopes half-lives for theββ 0v process, the detector performed precise measurements of their 2v ββdecays. The first point of this work was to measure the half-lives of 2v ββand 0v ββdecays of 82Se to the 0+2 excited state of 82Kr using NEMO3 data. Since those processes have not been observed, only limits were set. The resulting half-life limits are T2 1=2(82Se; 0+1 → 0+2) > 1:29 x 1021 yr and T01=2(82Se; 0+1 → 0+2) > 2:31 x 1022 yr. The latest is the first limit ever measured for this decay. SuperNEMO is the successor to NEMO3 and will aim to reach an half-life sensitivity of 1026 yr for the 0v ββdecay of 82Se. Radon being a source of background for the search of this decay, its concentration inside the detector must be less than 0:15 mBq.m-3. To reach this objective, Radon emanation from the detector componants has to be checked. The second goal of this thesis was thus to develop two setups able to measure Radon emanation. Those two devices, each consisting of an emanation chamber associated to an electrostatic detector, were calibrated before their backgrounds were characterized. With a sensitivity of a few mBq.m-3, these setups measured the Radon emanation rate of several materials which will be used for the construction of the SuperNEMO detector.

No description available.

<p>Atomic physics plays an important role in determining the evolution stages in a wide range of laboratory and cosmic plasmas. Therefore, the main contribution to our ability to model, infer and control plasma sources is the knowledge of underlying atomic processes. Of particular importance are reliable low temperature dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients.</p><p>This thesis provides systematically calculated DR rate coefficients of lithium-like beryllium and sodium ions via ∆n = 0 doubly excited resonant states. The calculations are based on complex-scaled relativistic many-body perturbation theory in an all-order formulation within the single- and double-excitation coupled-cluster scheme, including radiative corrections.</p><p>Comparison of DR resonance parameters (energy levels, autoionization widths, radiative transition probabilities and strengths) between our theoretical predictions and the heavy-ion storage rings experiments (CRYRING-Stockholm and TSRHeidelberg) shows good agreement.</p><p>The intruder state problem is a principal obstacle for general application of the coupled-cluster formalism on doubly excited states. Thus, we have developed a technique designed to avoid the intruder state problem. It is based on a convenient partitioning of the Hilbert space and reformulation of the conventional set of pairequations. The general aspects of this development are discussed, and the effectiveness of its numerical implementation (within the non-relativistic framework) is selectively illustrated on autoionizing doubly excited states of helium.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

La série de détecteurs NEMO est conçue pour la recherche de la double désintégration β sans émission de neutrino qui prouverait que le neutrino est une particule de Majorana (i.e. identique à son antiparticule) et massif. Après avoir présenté l’état des lieux en physique des neutrinos et les détecteurs NEMO 3 et SuperNEMO, cette thèse s’articule en deux parties indépendantes. La première concerne l’étude du bruit de fond provenant des neutrons pour optimiser le blindage destiné au premier module de SuperNEMO. La conclusion de cette étude montre que l’ajout de plaques de polyéthylène boré par rapport au blindage de NEMO 3 (de part et d’autre du blindage en fer) permet d’obtenir un bruit de fond négligeable provenant des neutrons, dans la fenêtre en énergie du canal deux électrons où la double désintégration β sans émission de neutrino du sélénium-82 est attendue, en cinq ans de prise de données de ce premier module. La seconde partie, via l’analyse des données du détecteur NEMO 3, permet une indication de la désintégration double β standard du néodyme-150 vers l’état excité 0+1 du samarium-150. La feuille de néodyme qui est placée dans le détecteur est analysée en détail pour obtenir cette indication à 3, 7σ avec une demi-vie mesurée de : T1/2 (150 Nd0+ →0+1 ) = [7, 12 ± 1, 28 (stat.) ± 0, 91 (syst.)] × 10E19 ans / The NEMO detector series is designed to search for the neutrinoless double β decay, which would prove that the neutrino is a Majorana particle (i.e. identical to its own antiparticle) and has a nonzero mass. After an introduction to neutrino physics and a description of both the NEMO 3 and SuperNEMO detectors, this thesis is articulated in two independent parts.The first provides an investigation of the neutron background in order to optimize the shielding for the first SuperNEMO module. The outcome of the study recommends the addition of borated polyethylene to the NEMO 3 shielding (on both sides of the iron shielding) to obtain a negligible background, coming from neutrons in the energy window of the two-electron channel where the neutrinoless double β decay of selenium-82 is expected, for the duration of five years for which data will be taken with this first module. In the second part, the neodymium foil located in the NEMO 3 detector is deeply analyzed to obtain an indication of the standard double β decay of neodymium-150 to the 0+1 excited state of samarium-150. The measured half-life, with a significance of 3.7σ, is: T1/2 (150 Nd 0+ →0+1 ) = [7.12 ± 1.28 (stat.) ± 0.91 (syst.)] × 10E19 years

Nos últimos anos, materiais orgânicos tem ganhado grande interesse em áreas que envolvem espectroscopia óptica não linear. Isso se dá devido aos materiais possuirem consideráveis efeitos ópticos não lineares, apresentarem facilidade de síntese e possuirem propriedades fotofísicas e fotoquímicas que os tornam capazes de serem empregados em um vasto número de possíveis aplicações. Entre os materiais orgânicos, é possível destacar as Porfirinas e Ftalocianinas. A síntese desses materiais possibilita um grande número de classes ou grupos distintos, os quais podem ser distinguidos por suas estruturas periféricas e/ou íons metálicos que podem ser inseridos no interior dos macrociclos. Isso resulta em alterações das suas propriedades ópticas, ou seja, através de alterações das estruturas químicas das Porfirinas e Ftalocianinas é possível modelar suas propriedades ópticas, e assim, de acordo com essas propriedades, discriminar em quais aplicações podem ser empregados. Tais materiais, tendo em vista suas propriedades fotofísicas, podem ser empregados como fotossensitizadores na terapia fotodinâmica, células solares, limitadores ópticos ou fotobactericidas entre outras mais. Sendo assim, nesta Dissertação de Mestrado é realizado uma caracterização espectroscópica linear e não linear desses materiais, para assim deterinar propriedades ópticas específicas que podem ser empregadas nas aplicações citadas. Para tal caracterização espectroscópica, foram empregadas técnicas de espectroscopia linear e não linear, dentre elas a técnica de Varredura-Z foi empregada em três configurações distintas (Varredura-Z por Pulso Único, por Trem de Pulsos e por Luz Branca Supercontínua) para determinação de absorções de estados excitados. Tempos de vida de fluorescência, tempos de decaimento radiativo e de conversão interna, seções de choque de absorção de estado singleto e tripleto (fundamental e excitado) e eficiências quânticas (fluorescência, conversão interna e converção para tripleto) foram os parâmetros determinados e, assim, através desses parâmetros, foi possível entender como alterações nas estruturas químicas (periféricas e íons metálicos) influenciam consideravelmente as propriedades de Porfirinas e Ftalocianinas. / In last years, organic materials have won great interest in areas involving non-linear optical spectroscopy. This is due to the fact that the materials have considerable non-linear optical effects, are easy to synthesize, and have photophysical and photochemical properties that make them capable of being used in a wide range of possible applications. Among the organic materials, it is possible to highlight Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines. The synthesis of these materials enables a large number of distinct classes or groups, which can be distinguished by their peripheral structures and / or metal ions that can be inserted into the macrocycles. It results in changes of its optical properties, that is, replacing the chemical structures of such Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, it is possible to tune its optical properties, and thus, according to these properties, to discriminate in which applications they can be used. Such materials, in view of their photophysical properties, can be used as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, solar cells, optical limiters or photobactericides among others. Thus, in this Master\'s Dissertation, a linear and nonlinear spectroscopic characterization of these materials is carried out in order to determine specific optical properties that can be employed in the cited applications. For this spectroscopic characterization, linear and nonlinear spectroscopy techniques were employed, among them the Z-Scan technique was employed in three distinct configurations (Z-Scan by Single Pulse, by Pulse Train and by Supercontinuum White Light) for determination of absorptions of excited states. Fluorescence lifetimes, radiative decay and internal conversion times, single and triple triplet (fundamental and excited) and quantum efficiencies (fluorescence, internal conversion, and triplet formation) were the parameters determined, and with these parameters, it was possible to understand how changes in the chemical structures (peripheral and metallic ions) modify considerable the optical properties of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines.