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En normkonflikt försätter rättssubjektet i en svår sits. Vissa normkonflikter medför till och med att ett rättssubjekt inte på något sätt kan agera helt och hållet lagenligt, så länge konflikten inte är löst. Detta innebär bland annat brister i rättssäkerhet samt att rättsreglerna inte lyckas guida rättssubjektets beteende, vilket brukar anses vara en av lagens viktigaste egenskaper. I uppsatsen har diskuterats frågor om uppkomst av, problem med samt hantering av normkonflikter inom miljörätten. Två fallstudier har använts för att diskutera olika typer av normkonflikter som förekommer i miljörättslig lagstiftning. Det har i uppsatsen konstaterats att det ena fallet är ett exempel på att lagen både förbjuder och tillåter samma beteende, och att det andra fallet är ett exempel på att lagen både förbjuder och föreskriver samma beteende. Vidare har det i uppsatsen föreslagits att motstridiga etiska antaganden som kan tänkas ligga bakom bestämmelserna kan utgöra delförklaringar till att normkonflikterna uppstår, och att det kan vara rimligt att använda etiska teorier vid tolkning av lagen i fall där det förekommer oklara till synes etiska uttryck i lagen. / A conflict of norms puts the legal subject in a difficult position. As a consequence of some conflicts of norms, a legal subject cannot act legally correct in any way, as long as the conflict is not solved. This brings about a lack of rule of law and also that the legal rules do not succeed to guide the legal subject’s actions, which is often regarded as one of the most important properties of the law. In the essay, questions about the emergence of, problems with and solutions to conflicts of law within the field of environmental law have been discussed. Two cases have been used to discuss different kinds of conflicts of norms that can be found in environmental legislation. It has been found in the essay that one of them is an example of the law both prohibiting and permitting the same behaviour, and that the other case is an example of the law both prohibiting and prescribing the same behaviour. Furthermore, it has been suggested in the essay that conflicting ethical assumptions that might underlie the rules can be partial explanations to why the conflicts of norms emerge, and that it can be reasonable to use ethical theories when interpreting the law in cases where unclear and seemingly ethical expressions occur in the law.

Recent studies have indicated that individual differences in Executive Functionings (EF) are independent predictors of multitasking performance and mediated by spatial ability. However, these studies lacked multiple measures of EF and their observed effects of spatial processing may have been induced by the nature of the spatial task per se. In this study, participants completed a multitasking session in which they monitored deadlines of four digital clocks running at different rates along with separate measures of EF (inhibition and updating) and spatial ability (mental rotation). Results showed that individual differences in mental rotation and EF were independent predictors of multitasking performance, even when task-specific spatial cues were eliminated. Furthermore, males showed a better multitasking performance than females, and these gender effects were fully mediated by spatial ability. These findings suggest that efficient multitasking involves EF, but that relying on spatial abilities can alleviate cognitive control demands.

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The relation between Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) and certain anxiety disorders such as Panic Disorder and the panic response itself are well established by theory and research. Adolescence is understood to be a risk period for the development of Anxiety disorders. Certain styles of coping such as avoidance has beensuggested to be risk factors as well. In this study, the relation between AS and coping is explored using self-report measures (CASI-R and A-COPE), aiming to see if adolescents with high or low AS have an association with certain coping styles, understood by theory also to be potential risk factors. No reliable association were found between groups with high or low AS and any coping style. AS and total extent of coping did not correlate. A small and negative, significant correlation was found between age and AS. / Relationen mellan Ångeskänslighet (AS, Anxiety sensitivity), och visa ångestsyndrom som Panikångest, såväl som panikångestresponen själv är idag väl teoretiskt och empiriskt etablerad. Tonåren är vidare förstådd som en riskperiod för utvecklingen av ångestsyndrom. Vissa copingstilar som undvikande har även föreslagits vara en riskfaktorer. Den här studien undersöker relationen mellan AS och Coping, med hjälp av självskattningsformulär, med syftet att undersöka om ungdomar med förhöjda eller låga nivåer av AS kan sägas vara associerade med användningen av specifika copingstilar, teoretiskt förstådda som riskfaktorer. Ingen reliabel association kunde påvisas mellan grupper med höga eller låga nivåer av AS, och någon specifik copingstil. AS och totalnivå av användning av coping korrelerade ej. En liten, negativ, signifikant korrelation gick att finna mellan Ålder och AS.

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The foundation for this thesis is an ongoing discussion about quality in Swedish elderly care: Which are the most important factors that contribute to elderly care in terms of satisfaction among older persons, and what are the primary reasons for their differences? Aims. The principal aim was to examine what determines satisfaction with elderly care in home care and nursing homes, using the perspective of older persons (Studies I and II). The secondary aim was to analyze why these determinants differ, using the perspective of care workers, managers, and observers (Studies III and IV). Methods. Study I analyzed aggregated statistical data from the level of municipalities and districts (N = 324) based on the Swedish elderly care quality reports “Open Comparisons”, while Study II analyzed individual data based on the original ratings in the annual, nationwide elderly surveys (N = 95,000). Study III describes field observations and interviews with care workers and managers in two municipalities, one with a high rating for user satisfaction and one with an average rating. Study IV describes investigations in these two municipalities concerning their organizing principles and departmental‑level management climate. Results. The results relating to the principal aim showed that process factors (such as respect, information, and influence) are related considerably more closely than structural factors (such as budget, staffing levels, and training levels) to satisfaction with care. Other process factors (such as treatment, safeness, staff and time availability) were also able to alleviate person factors (such as health, anxiety, and loneliness). Moreover, the results relating to the secondary aim showed that differences in user-oriented elderly care are mainly due to interpersonal factors between the caregiver and the older person. Care workers, however, reported that other factors (such as organizing principles and leadership support) influence the quality of the care process. Overall, older persons who receive home care generally report higher satisfaction with care than those in nursing homes, and feeling less safe. It may be that differences in the process of aging explain this. Value. This thesis shows that satisfaction with elderly care can be largely explained by psychological quality at the individual level. The sizes of structural resources and organizing principles at the municipal level have minimal effect (< 5%). The thesis also presents a theoretical multiple-level Quality Agents Model to explain the sources of differences in satisfaction with care, and it presents recommendations for elderly care practices. A renewed focus on the psychology of satisfaction may contribute to the development of quality in elderly care.

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Intrinsically motivated behaviors have been defined as behaviors that do not come with any primary external rewards. Previous studies on intrinsic motivation has often depended on self-report measures, or only tested how subjects’ motivation is impacted by punishments or no gain differences. The present study aims to test these two conditions, with the addition of a third, where selecting an information gain option results in reward. This will be tested empirically using an existing information theoretic operationalization, where subjects will choose between information gain or no information gain. Results of the study show that information gain has some degree of attraction when subjects expect no gain differences, and when comparing punishment and reward conditions. / Curiosity and the reward of learning