This thesis describes a series of studies in which ultrasound was used to measure muscle activity around the shoulder. The preliminary studies used professional musicians as subjects because the chronic nature of their problems with shoulder muscles offered an opportunity to test the usefulness of ultrasound in a changing physical environment. Once protocols, reliability, validity and sensitivity to change were established, the main study focused on ?normal? subjects in order to explore ?normal? variability.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-26 / Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Psicofarmacologia (AFIP) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introdução: Hoje em dia existe uma tendência que aponta para uma correlação positiva entre a prática regular de exercícios físicos e estados de saúde física, sugerindo existir um efeito positivo na prevenção de algumas doenças. Ainda podemos observar outra linha de estudos que vem mostrando uma interação benéfica entre o exercício físico e seus efeitos psicológicos, como melhora na função cognitiva, no humor e influenciando positivamente a qualidade de vida de seus praticantes. Porém existe uma parcela de atletas que pode apresentar um comportamento de dependência por exercícios físicos, desencadeando sintomas de tolerância a esta atividade bem como crises de abstinência na falta desta prática. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do exercício físico agudo realizado até a exaustão voluntária máxima e na intensidade do limiar ventilatório 1 por 30 e 60 minutos nas respostas de humor e no bem estar de atletas dependentes de exercício físico além de observar se estas alterações no humor podem estar relacionadas com o tipo de exercício físico realizado. Método: O estudo foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Hospital São Paulo (#0408/09). Participaram deste estudo 19 voluntários, corredores, sendo todos hígidos, do gênero masculino e com idades entre 20 a 55 anos, selecionados inicialmente por uma avaliação feita através da Escala de Dependência de Exercício e separados por Dependentes e Não Dependentes de exercício físico. Ao serem inseridos no estudo, os voluntários foram submetidos a três protocolos de exercício físico: a) Teste de carga progressiva até a exaustão voluntária máxima; b) Teste em carga retangular na intensidade do Limiar ventilatório 1 realizado por 30 minutos; c) Teste em carga retangular na intensidade do Limiar ventilatório 1 realizado por 60 minutos. Para cada protocolo de exercício físico, os voluntários responderam a cinco instrumentos que avaliam o humor e aspectos de bem-estar, sendo eles: Escala de Humor de Brunel, Visual analogue of Mood Scale, Escala Subjetiva de Experiência em Exercício, IDATE (Traço e Estado) e Inventário Beck de Depressão. Essa avaliação foi realizada em diferentes momentos: Basal, imediatamente após, 30 e 60 minutos após o término dos protocolos. Resultados: Os atletas que compuseram os grupos apresentaram escore de 11±2 pontos obtido na Escala de Dependência de Exercícios, que foram chamados de “Dependentes” e escore de 2±2 pontos para o grupo chamado de “Não Dependente”, além destes resultados observamos que na ergoespirometria os grupos se mostraram homogêneos e as intensidades foram semelhantes e mantidas nos dois protocolos de carga retangular como era previsto. Além destes resultados os atletas não diferiam em seu perfil psicológico no momento basal quando avaliados pelo inventário BECK de Depressão e pelo Questionário IDATE Traço. Quando levamos em conta apenas as intensidades de exercício, os resultados do questionário SEES mostraram menores valores na variável fadiga nos momentos 30´ e 60´ após exercício físico nos protocolos de exercício máximo e 30 min. em LV1, e para variável bem estar positivo maiores valores foram observados somente no teste Max. Já para a variável distresse psicológico deste mesmo questionário, observamos menores valores no protocolo de teste Max e no protocolo de 30 min. em LV1 após o exercício físico. Para as varáveis observadas no questionário VAMS observamos após o exercício físico maiores valores de sedação física e sedação mental apenas no protocolo de exercício de 60 min. em LV1. Para o questionário BRUMS, observamos menores valores para a dimensão tensão, menores valores também para a dimensão raiva, maiores valores na dimensão vigor e menores escores para a variável fadiga principalmente nos protocolos de teste Max e 30min em LV1. Para as variáveis sanguíneas de lactato, cortisol e testosterona, os valores seguiram um padrão já descrito pela literatura o que garante as intensidades previstas para cada protocolo. Quando levamos em consideração ter ou não o sintoma de Dependência de Exercício, observamos maiores valores na variável fadiga avaliada pelo questionário SEES em todos os momentos do teste Max para o grupo Dependente, porém o comportamento de todas as variáveis de humor e bem estar se apresentam semelhantes, mas com certo grau de sensibilidade maior para o grupo Dependente de Exercício em todas as outras variáveis de todos os instrumentos de avaliação. Conclusão: Os resultados permitem concluir que exercícios de alta intensidade exercem maiores influências no padrão de humor de atletas quando comparados a exercícios de intensidade moderada, mas vale ressaltar que algumas variáveis propostas em nosso estudo, sofrem influência especificamente da duração do exercício (sedação física e sedação mental). Podemos citar também que existem diferenças na sensibilidade e na percepção das alterações do humor em atletas Dependentes de Exercício, e que para esta população cautela e direcionamento adequado para a prática de exercícios físicos se faz necessário. / Introduction: Actually there is a trend that points to a positive correlation between regular exercise and physical states of physical health, suggesting a positive effect in preventing some diseases. We can still observe other line of research that has shown a beneficial interaction between exercise and psychological effects, such as improvement in cognitive function, mood and positively influence the quality of life of its practitioners. But there is a portion of athletes who may have an addictive behavior by physical exercise, triggering symptoms of tolerance for this activity and withdrawal in the absence of this practice. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute exercise performed until maximal voluntary exhaustion at ventilation threshold 1 (VT1) intensity for 30 and 60 minutes in the responses of mood and well being of athletes addicted to exercise and to observe whether these changes in mood may be related to the type of exercise performed. Methods: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo / Hospital Sao Paulo (# 0408/09). The participants were 19 volunteers, runners, all healthy, male and aged 20 to 55 years, initially selected by an evaluation made by Negative Addiction Scale and separated by dependent and independent exercise. When they entered the study, volunteers underwent three exercise protocols: a) progressive load test until voluntary exhaustion maximum b) Test in rectangular load in the intensity of ventilatory threshold 1 performed for 30 minutes, c) Test rectangular load in the intensity of ventilatory threshold 1 performed for 60 minutes. For each exercise protocol, subjects answered to five instruments used to assess mood and aspects of welfare, they are: Brunel Mood Scale, Visual Analogue Scale of Mood, Subjective Experience Scale Exercise, STAI (Trait State) and the Beck Depression Inventory. This evaluation was done at different times: basal, immediately after, 30 and 60 minutes after the end of the protocols. Results: The athletes who made up the groups had a score of 11 ± 2 points obtained in Exercise Dependence Scale, which were called "Dependent" and score of 2 ± 2 points for the group called "Non Dependent", and these results observed in ergospirometry groups were homogeneous and the intensities were similar and kept in the two protocols rectangular load, as expected. Besides these results, the athletes did not differ in their psychological profile at baseline when evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory and the STAI Trait Questionnaire. When we take into account only the intensity of exercise, the questionnaire results showed lower SEES in the variable fatigue in the 30 'and 60' after exercise in exercise protocols and maximum 30 min. in VT1, and variable positive wellbeing highest values were observed only in test Max To the variable psychological distress of the same questionnaire, we found lower values in the Max test protocol and the protocol of 30 min. in VT1 after exercise. For the observed variables in the questionnaire VAMS observed after exercise of higher mental sedation, physical sedation and only in the exercise protocol of 60 min. in VT1. For BRUMS questionnaire, we observed lower values for the voltage scale, lower values also for the anger scale, higher values in the force size and lower scores for the variable fatigue primarily in testing protocols and Max 30min at VT1. For the variables of blood lactate, cortisol and testosterone, the values followed a pattern already described in the literature which guarantees the intensities provided for each protocol. When we take into consideration whether or not the symptom of Exercise Dependence, we observed higher values in the variable fatigue assessed by questionnaire SEES at all times of testing for the group Max Dependent, but the pattern of all variables of mood and wellbeing are presented similar but with some degree of increased sensitivity to the Dependent Group Exercise for all other variables of all assessment instruments. Conclusion: The results suggest that high-intensity exercise exert major influences on the standard of athletes' mood when compared to moderate-intensity exercise, but it is worth noting that some proposed variables in our study, specifically influenced the duration of exercise (physical sedation and mental sedation). We also mention that there are differences in sensitivity and perception of mood changes in Dependent athletes, and that for this population and caution adequate direction for the physical exercise is necessary / FAPESP: 2009/07823-7 / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Background: In Canada, women aged 15-24 report the highest rate of depression, an age group which represents a significant proportion of undergraduate students (Hanlon, 2012). Although pharmacology remains the primary treatment for depression, it may not be the most sufficient (Stanton et al., 2014). Physical activity has been demonstrated to have a large and significant antidepressant effect in individuals with depression (Schuch et al., 2016), though what remains challenging is identifying the most effective way to activate this population. Physical Activity Counselling (PAC) has been shown in research to effectively increase levels of physical activity (Fortier et al., 2011). However, the effects of PAC have not been considered in a population of female students with depression specifically. Purpose: To investigate the effects of PAC on depressive symptoms, affect and physical activity in female undergraduate students with depression. Methods: Five female undergraduate students with depression received two months of PAC from a registered Kinesiologist. The study followed a multiple baseline, single-subject design in which measures were taken during four study phases: baseline, intervention, end point and follow-up. Data was collected, including daily objective measures of physical activity, using accelerometers, and self-reported measures of depressive symptoms, positive affect, negative affect and physical activity, using online surveys administered every second day. Results: Visual analyses revealed that depressive symptoms decreased and self-reported physical activity increased from baseline throughout subsequent study phases in all five participants, as hypothesized. Statistical analyses supported these results. Estimated effect sizes of grouped averages indicated that decreases in depressive symptoms from baseline throughout each study phase ranged from small to large, while increases in self-reported physical activity were in the medium to large range. Conclusions: Findings of this study provide initial support for Physical Activity Counselling as a potential strategy to increase physical activity levels and reduce depression among female undergraduate students with depression. Future research is recommended on this important topic.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Sport and exercise psychology practitioners work with military service members to enhance performance prior to and during active duty but have no clear role during military career exits. Given health and wellness concerns veterans face as they transition out of the military and reintegrate back into civilian life, it may be of benefit to establish non-VA practitioners as a transitioning resource. To determine sport and exercise psychology practitioner preparedness to address military to veteran transition needs, similarities and differences between transition experiences of former athletes and military veterans is needed. A mixed methods approach, known as a convergent design, compared the transition experiences of 42 athletes and 64 veterans (N=106) during the quantitative phase and 9 athletes and 15 veterans (N=24) during the qualitative phase. The quantitative phase consisted of independent sample t-tests to determine differences in outcome scores for four valid and reliable measures: Satisfaction with Life Scale, World Health Organization’s abbreviated quality of life measure, Career Transition Inventory, and Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale. The qualitative phase consisted of recorded semi-structured phone interviews, which gathered information regarding an individual’s career transition experience. Overall, athlete participants represented 14 sports from the National Collegiate Athletic Association and National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics universities. Veteran participants came from each military branch and a variety of pay grades. Quantitative analysis revealed athlete and veteran participants scored similarly on each outcome measure or domain. Veteran participants had lower physical health and social relationship domain scores, but comparatively better transition control scores. Qualitative analysis revealed four themes: 1) the necessity of preparation for the transition process, 2) factors impacting the career transition process, 3) transitioning resulted in the loss of structure, and 4) establishing oneself outside of former career. Results indicate shared outcomes and perspectives between former athletes and veterans in regard to their career transition process. Transition process similarities indicate sport and exercise psychology practitioners may be qualified to effectively assist transitioning veterans in the same capacity they assist transitioning athletes.

The potential of music to facilitate superior performance during high to elite level gymnastics conditioning instigated this research. A team of seven gymnasts completed a fixed conditioning programme eight times, alternating the two variable conditions. Four sessions of each condition were conducted: without music (session 1), with music (session 2), without music (3), with music (4), without music (5), and so forth. Quantitative data were collected in both conditions through physiological monitoring of the gymnasts, and administration of the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS). Statistical analysis of the physiological data made it possible to quantify the presence as well as the magnitude of the musical intervention’s impact on various aspects of the gymnasts’ physiological functioning during conditioning. The SIMS questionnaire results were used to evaluate if their motivation towards conditioning was altered by the intervention. Thematic analysis of qualitative data collected through semistructured interviews revealed themes reflecting the gymnasts’ sentiments towards the data collection process. Gymnast-specific descriptions and experiences of the team as a whole were integrated with the quantitative data to facilitate greater dimension in establishing the impact of the intervention. The results showed positive physiological, motivational and emotional effects. In the presence of music, superior sympathetic nervous activation and energy efficiency, with more economic breathing, dominated the physiological data. Fatigue and arousal levels (emotional and physiological) were also conducive to improved conditioning outcomes compared to conventional conditioning (without music). Greater levels of positive affect and motivation emerged in analysis of both the SIMS and interview datasets. Overall, the intervention was found to promote psychophysiological coherence during the physical activity. In conclusion, a strategically constructed musical intervention, designed to accompany a gymnastics conditioning session for high to elite level gymnasts, has ergogenic potential. / Dissertation (MMus (Musicology))--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Music / MMus (Musicology) / Unrestricted

<p> Over two-thirds of youth participate in a structured sport, making it a vital context in which transactional relations with cognitive development can occur. Yet, little is known about how these constructs inform one another across childhood. Most previous studies have focused on health benefits of sport participation, or on demographic and family characteristics as predictors of participation. Though some previous literature has explored the cognitive impacts of sport participation during childhood, as well as whether early cognitive skills may predict later sport participation, critical gaps remain. Specifically, there is a need to investigate the extent to which there are longitudinal relations between these constructs as well as the nature of those associations throughout childhood. Thus, this dissertation examines whether: (1) participating in sports during preschool predicts kindergarten cognitive outcomes (i.e., executive functioning, math, language, literacy), (2) executive functioning and pre-academic skills (i.e., math, language, literacy) at 54 months predict participating in a structured sport (open-skilled, closed-skilled) in third and fifth grade, and (3) if there are bidirectional relations between executive functioning and academic outcomes (i.e., math, language, literacy) and structured sports (open-skilled, closed-skilled) in third and fifth grade. Findings from this dissertation indicated that associations between sport participation and cognition in children are complex, such that the direction of these associations likely depend on developmental period and conceptualization of sport. In particular, there may be positive transactional relations between early sport and cognitive skills, but not in middle childhood. Further, the results suggest that there may be bidirectional relations between open-skilled sport participation and executive functioning across childhood. In addition, almost all associations between closed-skilled sport participation and cognitive skills were nonsignificant. Thus, open-skilled sport participation may demand more cognitive resources than closed-skilled sport participation. Results from this dissertation reinforce the need to use intensive longitudinal data analysis to continue exploring transactional relations between sport participation, executive functioning, and academic skills. Finally, it is vital to reconsider how we evaluate sport participation in children and to include context-specific measures of participation that likely influence relations between these constructs. </p>

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Women make up only 7% of the incarcerated population (Guerino, Harrison, & Sabol, 2012). However, this number is rising exponentially. The female prison population has increased eight-fold since 1980 (Carson & Gionelli, 2013). Up to 70% of women who are incarcerated will recidivate (Mallik-Kane & Vischer, 2008). A major contributor to this rapid increase and high rate of recidivism is that women's physical and mental health needs are not met while they are incarcerated. Creating gender sensitive programming that addresses women's physical and mental health needs while they are incarcerated and that can influence their lives after they leave could help decrease recidivism and increase the quality of life of thousands (Bloom, Owen, & Covington, 2003). While structured exercise programs are being offered with more frequency in women's prisons to help address these mental and physical health problems, attendance has been low and program staff struggle to retain participants. This research examined women's motivation to exercise, what they felt were benefits of engaging in physical activity, and what they perceived the barriers to physical activity are while incarcerated. The study was conducted in conjunction with an indoor cycling class being offered at the Philadelphia County Women's prison. Twenty-four women enrolled in the study and completed pre-program interviews and pencil and paper measures. Twelve women completed a follow up test; six graduated from the cycling program; six dropped out. Results show that women who build connections (relatedness) with instructors and peers are more likely to adhere to a structured exercise program, and that the basic psychological needs laid out by Self-Determination Theory are related to adherence. Additionally, women can internalize a range of reasons for and benefits of exercise that can help them overcome a range of institutional, individual, and environment barriers evident in a correctional setting. / Kinesiology

The field of personal fitness training is one of the fastest growing occupations in the United States. Historically, scholars, undergraduate institutions, and national certifying organizations that focused on the education of personal fitness trainers have given instructional priority to biological and exercise science content. However, more recent research has underscored the value of psychological and interpersonal skills in driving clients' health and fitness goal attainment. Consequently, the goal of the present study was to determine the impact of a five-hour exercise psychology experiential workshop on levels of perceived importance, confidence in knowledge, and content knowledge of key exercise psychology concepts and skills in a non-randomized sample of personal fitness trainers and students (n = 41). Through a sequential explanatory mixed methods research design, participants were assessed quantitatively pre-intervention and post-intervention. A qualitative follow-up assessment was conducted one-month post-intervention with a sub-set of participants (n = 17). The workshop produced significant improvements in self-reported measures of confidence in knowledge and perceptions of importance of key exercise psychology concepts and skills as well as content knowledge of the exercise psychology concepts covered in the workshop. Further quantitative analyses revealed that certain demographics, namely gender, age, and academic coursework had distinct associations with each of the outcome variables. Follow-up qualitative analyses suggested that participants rated the workshop highly and described their experience in predominately positive terms. Suggestions were provided on how to improve the workshop, particularly focusing on elements of its content and overall structure. Results from the current study highlight the need for increased exposure of personal fitness trainers to instruction in exercise psychology. Given the benefits of developing exercise psychology knowledge, skills, and abilities, the results of this research indicate that preparation for the personal fitness training profession can be enhanced through increased attention to exercise psychology. Limitations of the current study and future directions for outcome research and practice are discussed. / Kinesiology

Background. Despite on-going efforts to reduce bullying among adolescents, this phenomena remains a persistent public health problem (Espelage & Colbert, 2015). Positive youth development (PYD)-physical activity based programs have the potential to target health risk behaviors by focusing on positive psychological assets and promoting personal growth (Fraser-Thomas, Côté, & Deakin, 2005). Similarly, physical activity has been associated with physical and psychosocial benefits as it enhances the process of development, promote life skills, and foster personal and interpersonal skills through peers and non-parental adult interactions (Fraser-Thomas et al., 2005; Weiss, Smith, & Stuntz, 2008). While we know quite a bit about PYD programs and understand the importance of physical activity related to its influence on bullying behaviors, we know far less about the effectiveness of anti-bullying programs that combine both PYD with physical activity components. However, addressing this gap in the literature could inform prevention science research efforts as it would enhance understanding on how such interventions might decrease bullying in youth. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of positive youth development (PYD) physical activity based interventions on bullying behaviors among pre- and young adolescents (8 - 14 years old). Methods. A systematic review was conducted and included a search of five databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ERIC and CINAHL), and reference lists of included studies and reviews from 2003 to 2017. Additional information was requested from study authors. The study inclusion criteria included interventions that used both PYD and physical activity components, recruited participants who ranged in age from 8 to 14, and that targeted bullying behaviors (bullying, victimization, and bystander). Two independent reviewers assessed studies, and extracted data, and one reviewer evaluated risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (Higgins, Sterne, Savović, Page, & Hróbjartsson, 2016). Studies were placed into two groups based on type of study (quasi-experimental and experimental). To determine effect sizes for the quasi-experimental designs and experimental designs, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and standardized mean differences (SMD) were used, respectively. Results. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, of which three were quasi-experimental and four were experimental studies. For bullying outcome, the quasi-experimental studies were found to have a small effect size (r = -.24 to -.22) while experimental designs had small, medium, and large effect size (SMD = -.68 to -.27). For victimization, a medium effect size was found in one study (SMD = -.53), and for bystander involvement, a medium effect size was found for unadjusted model (r = .37), and a small/negligent effect size was found for the adjusted model (r = -.05). Reductions in bullying and victimization, and increase in prosocial bystander behavior were found across the physical activity-based, PYD interventions, which utilized a combined approach of PYD components (e.g., caring, empathy, respect), and physical activity context, as well as the use of an interactive and supportive approach to deliver the program’s PYD component between the participants and staff. Selection bias, lack of blinding bias, attrition to follow-up bias, and failure to control for confounding were found across the studies, with experimental study designs reporting generally better quality than quasi-experimental. Conclusion. PYD-based, anti-bullying interventions with a physical activity component are promising in reducing bullying among adolescents. Findings revealed that the further interventions should be structured into a physical activity-based PYD setting that foster youth’s psychosocial development and provide them with opportunities to develop these PYD components in a mastery-oriented climate, which in turn may reduce problem behaviors The small number of studies identified strongly suggests that there remains a critical need for PYD-physical activity based interventions that target bullying behaviors.