Samhällets digitalisering har inte bara ändrat på sättet som konsumenter söker information om produkter och tjänster. Nu ser vi även hur företag följer trender och anpassar sig för att nå konsumenterna där de befinner sig. Electronic word-of-mouth har visat sig ha en stor påverkan på företags försäljning, med online rekommendationer och recensioner som andra konsumenter kan läsa och ta del av. Ihop med influencers, de nya trendsättarna, har nu företag börjat arbeta med influencer marketing för att synas med sina produkter där konsumenterna hittar sin inspiration och tips. Med ökade misstankar kring att influencers utnyttjar sin popularitet till egen vinning vid samarbeten och när de tar emot PR-produkter, så har tillit och trovärdighet blivit en viktig komponent när en influencer ska göra en e-wom rekommendation till sina följare. Med ett experiment som bygger på teorin om tillit, kommer denna studie undersöka hur studenter på Karlstads Universitet uppfattar ett inlägg där en influencer rekommenderar en produkt i tre olika scenarion. De olika inläggen visar en rekommendation av en influencer gjord på eget val, en rekommendation av en produkt som influencern mottagit i PR-utskick, samt en rekommendation av en produkt i ett samarbete med ett företag. Frågeställningarna för uppsatsen lyder: I vilken utsträckning ändras tilliten och trovärdigheten till en influencer när denne rekommenderar en produkt i tre olika scenarion? Samt i vilken utsträckning påverkar kön och medieanvändning resultatet? Resultatet i studien tyder på att det inte finns ett scenario som är bättre än de andra, utan det uppstår en ambivalens. Ett scenario kan öka med trovärdigheten i en faktor, medan samma scenario tappar trovärdigheten i en annan. Studien visar även på att varken kön eller medieanvändning spelar roll för tilliten och trovärdigheten. / The digitalisation of today's society has not only changed the way consumers seek information about products and services. Now we can also see how companies are following trends and adapting to reach consumers where they are. Electronic word-of-mouth has proven to have a huge impact on corporate sales, with online recommendations and reviews that other consumers can read and take a part of. Together with influencers, the new trendsetters, companies has now started working with influencer marketing to get their products to where the consumers find their inspiration. However with increased suspicions that influencers nowadays are using their popularity for their own gain with collaborations and when they receive promotional products, trust and credibility has become an important component for when an influencer make an e-wom recommendation to their followers. With the method of an experiment based on the theory of trust, this study will explore how students at Karlstad University perceive a post by an influencer, who recommends a product in three different scenarios. The various posts shows an influencer doing a recommendation on their own will, a recommendation of a product that the influencer has received in a PR-package, and finally a recommendation of a product in collaboration with a company. The questions that the essay will research are: To what extent does trust and credibility to an influencer change when she recommends a product in three different scenarios? And to what extent does gender and media consumption affect the outcome? The results of the study indicate that there is no scenario that is better than the others. Instead there is an ambivalence that occur amongst the scenarios. One scenario can have it’s credibility increase in one factor, while the same scenario loses credibility in another. The study also shows that neither gender nor media consumption plays a role in the trust and credibility.

In this thesis, the design of experiment is studied. Firstly, a theoretic background in mathematical statistics necessary for understanding is built (chapter 2). The design of experiment is then presented in chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 3 is divided into several subchapters in which its brief history is provided as well as its complex theoretic description (basic principles, steps for planning, etc.). Chapter 4 deals with particular types of the design of experiment (Factorial experiments or Response surface design). Simple examples are provided to illustrate the theory in chapters 3 and 4. Last part of the thesis is strictly practical and focuses on an application of the theory for particular data sets and its evaluation (chapter 5).

The main topic of this thesis focuses on finding out how teachers in primary and pre- primary education, according to their opinion, approach to incorporating science experiments into teaching, what are the conditions for experiments in teaching and how students react to the experiments. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on analysis of information related to science experiments and their incorporating into curriculum. The practical part of the thesis includes data collection methods by interviewing teachers and by surveying opinion of students on the experiments, and their evaluation. KEYWORDS: Scientific Literacy, scientific Pre-Literacy, School Experiment

Tile Calorimeter modules are regularly tested in the CERN SPS North Area, as they are an integral part of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. In this thesis, test beam data from November 2018 were used for two separate analyses. Muon SPS H8 beam allowed for the review of radial electromagnetic cali- bration in the extended barrel module EBC65. Data from November 2018 test beam confirmed the correctness of previously established and used constants for rectifying uneven response in A, BC and D cell rows. In the second analysis, hadron beam from the SPS accelerator impinging on the Tile Calorimeter modules in the projective geometry was utilized. It served to determine the distribution of the mean energy in the calorimeter for hadronic showers in Tile Calorimeter at η varying from −0.05 up to −0.65. 1

Gamification soll durch Spielelemente die Motivation in spielfremden Kontexten erhöhen, an Untersuchungen zur Wirkung einzelner Spielelemente mangelt es jedoch. Die vorliegende Studie leistet einen Beitrag dazu diese Lücke zu schließen. In einem Experiment mit 505 Teilnehmern konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Spielelemente Abzeichen, Feedback, Fortschrittsanzeige und Story einzeln und kombiniert angewendet zu signifikanten Motivationssteigerungen führen, sich aber im Motivationspotenzial unterscheiden.

For the qualification and validation of two-phase CFD-models for medium and large-scale industrial applications dedicated experiments providing data with high temporal and spatial resolution are required. Fluid dynamic parameter like gas volume fraction, bubble size distribution, velocity or turbulent kinetic energy should be measured locally. Considering the fact, that the used measurement techniques should not affect the flow characteristics, radiation based tomographic methods are the favourite candidate for such measurements. Here the recently developed ultrafast X-ray tomography, is applied to measure the local and temporal gas volume fraction distribution in a vertical pipe. To obtain the required frame rate a rotating X-ray source by a massless electron beam and a static detector ring are used. Experiments on a vertical pipe are well suited for development and validation of closure models for two-phase flows. While vertical pipe flows are axially symmetrically, the boundary conditions are well defined. The evolution of the flow along the pipe can be investigated as well. This report documents the experiments done for co-current upwards and downwards air-water and steam-water flows as well as for counter-current air-water flows. The details of the setup, measuring technique and data evaluation are given. The report also includes a discussion on selected results obtained and on uncertainties.

Title: Chemical experiments in chemistry teaching and learning at secondary schools - motivation and curriculum acquisition Summary: This diploma thesis focuses on chemical experiments and their usage in learning phases - namely in motivation phase, acquisition phase, retention phase and control phase. On the set of tried experiments, their possible usage in chemistry teaching and learning in motivation and acquisition phases is demonstrated. Instructions, explanation, comments and photographies are attached to each experiment. For usage in acquisition phase worsheets have been made for each experiment to improve curriculum acquisition.

This thesis evaluates the vigilance parameters of two species of tits affected by the presence of a predator in wintertime. During preferential experiments, tits have had a choice of two feeders in the vicinity of the installed dummy predator. For that purpose was used a dummy sparrowhawk, incomplete or occluded sparrowhawk torsos, and harmless pigeon. It is known that the tits are able to recognize dangerousness presented by the dummy, and according to expected risk dare to visit one of the feeders. It leads to a question whether the tits are somehow influenced by the presence of the dummies, and if so, how specifically are they influenced. It turned out, that the tits in presence of a dangerous dummy significantly increased their vigilance. Both observed species at the feeders behave oppositely. Behaviour of all the birds at the feeder is also affected by their total count at the precise moment and by the presence of a dummy at the other feeder.

LIPANSKÁ, B. 2011: Effect of alarm calls on tit's behavior on feeder. MSc Thesis. Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague. Alarm calls of the Great tit (Parus major) used in the context of ground-predators or perching-raptors consist of high-frequency tonal syllables and of series of churring syllables with broad-frequency range. The function of some acoustical parametres of these complex calls was tested in playback experiment on feeder. As the most effective appeared to be alarm calling of two birds simultaneously. More important for warning function of the calls were broad-frequency range syllables. The length of series of these syllables had an opposite impact than in some north-American chickadees (genus Poecile). The Blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) responds to Great tit's alarm calls, but its reactions are weaker. This difference can be caused by its lower competition ability against the Great tit. Key words: antipredation behavior, alarm calls, tits, playback experiment

Arabidopsis arenosa represents a promising model for studying the mechanisms underlying the adaptation to serpentine soil. Genetic basis of serpentine adaptation is still poorly known and A. arenosa possesses many advantages as a tool to complete that knowledge. The first step of this study was to reveal the presence of a local adaptation to serpentine soil in a population of A. arenosa. To do so, I used the data from a reciprocal transplant experiment realized between a Czech pair of serpentine - non-serpentine populations and I explored the phenotypes associated with the adaptation. Subsequently, I produced the F2 hybrids coming from crosses between serpentine - non-serpentine parents and I studied the expression of fitness traits in F2 plants growing in serpentine in order to estimate the number of loci underlying the adaptation which I compared with other studies. I confirmed the presence of a local adaptation, with the population of serpentine origin performing better than the non-serpentine population in the serpentine substrate of origin, associated with accumulation of heavy metals in the leaves. Analyses of the soil composition revealed differences in heavy metals and nutrients contents, Ca/Mg ratio and pH between the two localities. Those results fitted with the function of the candidate...