Skönmålning i personlighetstest, vilka ofta används som urvalsmetod vid rekrytering är ett stort problem. Skönmålade svar och orealistiska resultat kan leda till felaktiga beslut och misslyckade rekryteringar. Detta examensarbete var skrivet inom ramen för ett forskningsprojekt "Studier avseende ett nytt svenskt arbetspsykologiskt test Understanding Personal Potential (UPP)". UPP-testets konstruktör hävdar att testet reducerar över 90% av effekten av skönmålning (Sjöberg, 2015). Syftet med den föreliggande studien var att undersöka om UPP-testet kan genomskåda skönmålning. Studien hade en experimentell design och genomfördes 2011-2012. Av 60 personer som rekryterades till studien genomförde 48 UPP-testet vid två tillfällen; majoriteten var studenter i kursen Human Factors ur ett individperspektiv vid Högskolan Väst. Vid första testtillfället uppmanades deltagarna att svara ärligt på testets frågor. Vid andra testtillfället var uppgiften att försöka framställa sig själva så bra som möjligt för att kunna få sitt drömjobb. Ett beroende t-test användes för att mäta medelvärdesskillnader i samtliga skalor mellan dessa två tillfällen. Resultatet visade att UPP-testet inte klarade av att korrigera skönmålning på ett effektivt sätt. I 15 av 24 skalor hade medelvärdesskillnader mellan poängvärdena från det första och det andra tillfället en stor eller måttlig effekt d. Resultaten är svåra att diskutera i förhållande till tidigare forskning, eftersom tidigare studier om UPP-testet inte har genomgått en kollegial granskning (eng. peer review) och ofta är svårtolkade. Resultaten diskuteras i relation till tidigare forskning om alternativa sätt att "komma åt" skönmålningsproblemet. / Social desirability in personality tests which are often used as the selection method for recruitment is a big problem. Faked responses and unrealistic results can lead to wrong decisions and unsuccessful recruitment. This thesis was written in the context of a research project "Studies on a new Swedish labor psychological test Understanding Human Potential (UPP)". The author of the UPP test claims that the test reduces over 90% of the effect of social desirability (Sjöberg, 2015). The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the UPP test can detect social desirability. The study had an experimental design and was conducted in 2011-2012. Out of the 60 people who were recruited to the study, 48 took the UPP test on two occasions; the majority were students in the course Human Factors from an individual perspective at University West. At the first test session the participants were asked to honestly answer the test questions. At the second test session they were asked to try to portray themselves as good as possible in order to get their dream job. A paired samples t-test was used to measure the mean difference in all scales between these two occasions. The results showed that the UPP test was not able to correct for social desirability effectively. In 15 of the 24 scales the mean difference between the scores from the first and the second rounds had a large or moderate effect (d). The results are difficult to discuss in relation to previous research because previous studies on the UPP test are not peer reviewed and are often difficult to interpret. The results are discussed in relation to previous research on alternative ways to "get at" the problem of social desirability.

The purpose of the study is to contribute with knowledge about how preschoolers´ communicate the scientific content during a chemistry experiment. In order to answer questions and strive towards the aim, qualitative semi structuredinterviews have been used as a method during the experiment. The purpose of the experiment in the study was to contribute to read out what types of communication the children used to approach the content. The result shows that the children 's questions during the experiment were not about the scientific content, but about what they could or couldn´t do. The children in the study used previous experiences when talking about content and events during the experiment. They described the content with different types of words such as verbs, adjectives and nouns. It was further made clear that the children compared the contents and the properties of the contents to drinks, food and to dishwashing. The result of this study can serve as a contribution to developing the preschool's science education. If preschool teachers know how children communicate scientific content and what they do not talk about, they can adapt the teaching so that it contributes to a development according to the educational realm.

Orange cultivation is a huge industry which increasing for each year. By the year 2010 theorange production of the world is expected to reach 66.4 million tons per year. Most of theoranges are used for orange juice production. Consequently, a large amount of organic wastes,including seeds, segment membranes and peel, counting up to half of the weight of usedoranges, are generated As alternatives to land filling and incineration, source separation andcomposting together with biogas production are being considered as suitable methods fortreating this fraction of wastes, because it holds a high amount of organic materials in form ofvaluable carbohydrate polymers. However, the presence of peel oil, limonene, known to haveantimicrobial effects, has showed to be a strong inhibitor for the biogas producingmicroorganisms. Therefore the orange peel waste (OP) was mixed with the organic fraction ofmunicipal solid waste (MSW) in this study to keep the concentration of this inhibitorycompound at low level.Based on the results from previous batch experiments, this study was performed in order toconfirm and develop the possible use of orange peel waste in biogas production. Since thebatch experiments showed that the methane production was not affected, when a mixture of70% MSW and 30% OP (calculated on the basis of volatile solids (VS) content added) wasused as substrate, a continuous anaerobic digestion experiment was performed using the samemixture of MSW and OP as a substrate in this study. Furthermore, a reactor utilizing onlyMSW was used as a control. Both reactors were operated during 35 days at thermophilicconditions (55ºC), with an organic loading rate of 3gVS/L/day and a hydraulic retention timeof 21 days. The methane production was around 0,5 Nm3/kgVS/day in both reactors duringthe first period of operation. However, the production of methane started to decrease after 20days followed by a sharp decrease during the last 5 days in the orange peel-containing reactor.Furthermore, a steadily increase (from 4,85g/L to 6,51g/L) in the total content of volatile fattyacids (VFA) could be observed here, while the total content of VFA in the control reactorremained at low levels (0,84g/L). A second experimental set up using a decreased amount ofOP (20% OP and 80% MSW) in the substrate mixture and operating at the same conditions sthe previous experiment was also performed and showed similar trends in the results. Thefailure of the process can be explained by inhibition in the system, which led to theaccumulation of VFA’s resulting in a decreased and finally no methane production. Thisinhibition might be caused by the accumulation of the inhibitory compound, limonene,presented in the orange peel waste. Therefore some treatment of the OP is necessary prior todigestion to avoid this inhibition. Batch digestion of treated vs untreated OP showed that themethane production of treated OP could be increased to 0,628 Nm3/kgVS compared to that of0,408 Nm3/kgVS from the untreated sample. Further investigations utilizing this treated OPfraction in continuous biogas process are necessary in the future.

Medková, E. (2012): Constructivism in geography education. Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Charles University in Prague. The thesis deals with a constructivist model used in Geography classes. The theoretical part focuses on the characteristic of this model and compares it with the traditional transmissive model. It describes the methods used in the constructivist teaching. Part of the practical section was the pedagogical experiment that compared the efficiency of constructivist and transmissive teaching. Experiment was realized in the Primary school in two parallel 7th grade classes. There were two geographical topics tought - monsoons and the development of the Asian states. The development of the Asian states topic was tought transmissively in one class and in a constructivist manner in the second class. As a second step the other topic of monsoons was tought and the teaching method in the classes was interchanged. The efficiency of the teaching was determined by the help of the didactic test and then statistically evaluated.

Dans cette thèse nous présentons des études sur les mésons B effectués en utilisant les données enregistrées par l'expérience Babar auprès de PEP-II à SLAC. D'abord nous présentons la recherche des désintégrations B+→D+K(*)0. Ces modes de désintégration sont intéressants car il s'agit de processus d'annihilation qui fournit des informations importantes sur la dynamique de la désintégration des mésons beaux et les éléments de la matrice CKM, Vij. Les résultats obtenus sur ces modes de désintégration peuvent être utilisés dans des ajustements phénoménologiques. Cela permet de traduire les mesures sur les amplitudes chargées B+→D+K(*)0 en estimations sur les amplitudes B0→D0K(*)0 supprimées par Vub. L'analyse expérimentale est effectuée en utilisant plusieurs modes de désintégration du méson D chargé. Nous n'avons obtenu aucune évidence significative de signal et les limites supérieures sur les rapports d'embranchement suivants ont été établies. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse nous présentons des études sur la violation de CP dans le système des mésons B et en particulier la mesure de l'angle γ du Triangle d'Unitarité. L'angle γ est la phase relative entre les éléments Vub et Vcb de la matrice CKM. Un paramètre crucial qui détermine la sensibilité à γ est le rapport r entre les amplitudes de transition b→u et b→c. Dans cette thèse nous présentons une analyse du canal de désintégration des mésons B: B+→D0K+. Ces désintégrations sont étudiées en utilisant la méthode ADS et le méson neutre D est reconstruit dans son état final Kππ0. En combinant cette analyse avec une analyse similaire qui utilise l'état final Kπ des D0 le rapport r et l'angle γ ont été déterminés.

<p>Syftet med den här undersökningen är att ta reda på hur experiment kan förändra barns förståelse kring vattnets kretslopp. Det är åtta barn mellan fyra och fem år som har deltagit i undersökningen genom intervjuer, sagoberättande och konstruerat vattnets kretslopp i en glasburk. Förståelsen om vattnets kretslopp var olika från individ till individ, det varierade i svaren från barnen om vatten finns och om det finns vatten överallt på jorden, men alla var inte överens om att det fanns. I den första intervjun var det inte många som visste vad vattnets kretslopp var. En kille förklarade vattnets kretslopp mycket bra genom intervjufrågorna och följdfrågorna jag ställde till honom. I den andra intervjun hade de flesta barnen en helt annan förståelse om vattnets kretslopp. Spontana reflektioner från barnen var att vatten kom ifrån vattenkranen, bäckar, badhuset och från Norge.</p> / <p>The purpose of this survey is to understand how experiments can change children's understanding of circle of water. Eight children between four and five years old have participated in the survey through interviews, storytelling, and have simulated the circle of water in a can of glass. The understanding of the circle of water changes from one person to another, the answer from the children varied about where to find water and if there is water all over the world, but not everyone agreed. In the first interview not everyone agreed on what the circle of water was. In the second interview the children had quite different understandings of the circle of water. Spontaneous reflection from the children was that water emerged from water taps, streams, public swimming pools, and from Norway.</p>

<p>This essay discusses different opinions about experimental archaeology. To start with literature was examined and a questionnaire was sent out to students and working archaeologists. The possibility for experiments to mediate archaeology to people without an education in archaeology is lifted and is also mentioned in the questionnaire. In the discussion part of the essay the results from the questionnaire and the literature are used to see what opinions are the strongest. The mediating is also discussed and the result is compiled in the conclusion. There are different opinions about experimental archaeology, but no prominent difference between what students and archaeologists answered. It is possible to see different opinions in the literature, but concerning the mediating most of the writers agree that the experimental archaeology is a good method to communicate with the laymen.</p>

People engage in a multitude of different relationships. Relatives, spouses, and friends are modestly to moderately similar in various characteristics, e.g., personality characteristics, interests, appearance. The role of psychological (e.g., skills, global appraisal) and social (e.g., gender, familial status) similarities in personal relationships and the association with relationship quality (emotional closeness and reciprocity of support) were examined in four independent studies. Young adults (N = 456; M = 27 years) and middle-aged couples from four different family types (N = 171 couples, M = 38 years) gave answer to a computer-aided questionnaire regarding their ego-centered networks. A subsample of 175 middle-aged adults (77 couples and 21 individuals) participated in a one-year follow-up questioning. Two experimental studies (N = 470; N = 802), both including two assessments with an interval of five weeks, were conducted to examine causal relationships among similarity, closeness, and reciprocity expectations. Results underline the role of psychological and social similarities as covariates of emotional closeness and reciprocity of support on the between-relationship level, but indicate a relatively weak effect within established relationships. In specific relationships, such as parent-child relationships and friendships, psychological similarity partly alleviates the effects of missing genetic relatedness. Individual differences moderate these between-relationship effects. In all, results combine evolutionary and social psychological perspectives on similarity in personal relationships and extend previous findings by means of a network approach and an experimental manipulation of existing relationships. The findings further show that psychological and social similarity have different implications for the study of personal relationships depending on the phase in the developmental process of relationships. / Verwandte, Partner und Freunde ähneln sich in einer Vielzahl von Merkmalen wie z.B. Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, Einstellungen oder Aussehen. Die Bedeutung von Ähnlichkeit in psychologischen und demografischen Eigenschaften von Beziehungspartnern und die Zusammenhänge mit der Qualität der Beziehung wurden in vier unabhängigen Studien untersucht. Junge Erwachsene (N = 456; M = 27 Jahre) und Paare aus vier verschiedenen Familienformen (N = 171 Paare, M = 38 Jahre) beurteilten in einem PC-gestützten Fragebogen die sozialen Beziehungen in ihrem ego-zentrierten Netzwerk hinsichtlich wahrgenommener Ähnlichkeit, emotionaler Nähe und Reziprozität der Unterstützung. Ein Teil der Paare (77 Paare und 21 Einzelpersonen) nahm an der Ein-Jahres-Längsschnittstudie teil. In zwei Experimenten (N = 470; N = 802) wurde die Wahrnehmung von Ähnlichkeit manipuliert, um die Kausalwirkung auf die emotionale Nähe und die Erwartung von reziprokem Verhalten in Beziehungen zu prüfen. Die Studien zeigten, dass innerhalb eines sozialen Netzwerkes ähnliche Beziehungspartner auch emotional näher beurteilt wurden, es jedoch kaum wechselseitige Beeinflussungen innerhalb bestehender Beziehungen gab. In spezifischen Beziehungen, wie Eltern-Kind- oder Freundschaftsbeziehungen, konnte psychologische Ähnlichkeit den Effekt der fehlenden genetischen Verwandtschaft teilweise aufheben. Merkmale der Person moderierten diese Zusammenhänge auf der Beziehungsebene. Die Ergebnisse verknüpfen die evolutionspsychologische und die sozialpsychologische Perspektive der Ähnlichkeitsforschung und ergänzen bisherige Befunde durch den Einsatz des Sozialen Netzwerkansatzes und der experimentellen Manipulation von bestehenden Beziehungen. Zudem zeigen die Befunde, dass psychologische und demografische Ähnlichkeit unterschiedliche Implikationen für die Beziehungsforschung haben, in Abhängigkeit von der Entwicklungsphase der Beziehung.

Syftet med den här undersökningen är att ta reda på hur experiment kan förändra barns förståelse kring vattnets kretslopp. Det är åtta barn mellan fyra och fem år som har deltagit i undersökningen genom intervjuer, sagoberättande och konstruerat vattnets kretslopp i en glasburk. Förståelsen om vattnets kretslopp var olika från individ till individ, det varierade i svaren från barnen om vatten finns och om det finns vatten överallt på jorden, men alla var inte överens om att det fanns. I den första intervjun var det inte många som visste vad vattnets kretslopp var. En kille förklarade vattnets kretslopp mycket bra genom intervjufrågorna och följdfrågorna jag ställde till honom. I den andra intervjun hade de flesta barnen en helt annan förståelse om vattnets kretslopp. Spontana reflektioner från barnen var att vatten kom ifrån vattenkranen, bäckar, badhuset och från Norge. / The purpose of this survey is to understand how experiments can change children's understanding of circle of water. Eight children between four and five years old have participated in the survey through interviews, storytelling, and have simulated the circle of water in a can of glass. The understanding of the circle of water changes from one person to another, the answer from the children varied about where to find water and if there is water all over the world, but not everyone agreed. In the first interview not everyone agreed on what the circle of water was. In the second interview the children had quite different understandings of the circle of water. Spontaneous reflection from the children was that water emerged from water taps, streams, public swimming pools, and from Norway.

Smärta är en komplex biopsykosocial process i vilken vårdgivarnas bemötande verkar kunna spela en viktig roll. Syftet med denna uppsats var att genom ett experiment undersöka om validering leder till lägre grad av katastrofierande, negativ affekt och ilska samt mer tillfredsställelse med bemötandet jämfört med invalidering. De 62 deltagarna, samtliga studenter utan smärtproblematik, randomiserades till betingelserna validering respektive invalidering. En smärtinducerande övning utfördes varpå deltagarna skattade en rad psykologiska mått. Efter varje övning gavs antingen betingelsen validering eller invalidering. Resultaten indikerar att validering leder till lägre grad av katastrofierande och högre grad av tillfredsställelse jämfört med invalidering. Inga signifikanta skillnader återfanns för negativ affekt och ilska. Sammanfattningsvis verkar validering som bemötande ha en positiv effekt på smärtrelaterade processer. / Pain is a complex, biopsychosocial process, where doctor-patient communication seems to play an important role. This study experimentally tested whether validation leads to less catastrophizing, negative affect and anger, and higher satisfaction compared to invalidation, in a sample of 62 healthy students. The participants were randomized to either validation or invalidation. After engaging in a pain inducing task, the participants completed a form, measuring different psychological aspects, followed by a short interaction where the validation or invalidation was provided by the experimenter. The results indicate that validation leads to less catastrophizing and more satisfaction than invalidation. No significant results were found for negative affect or anger. In summary, validation seems to have a positive effect on pain outcome.