The thesis is devoted to organometallic chemistry teaching problematics at Czech secondary schools. In this thesis it is analyzed what space in the schooling is given this theme by educational programs. Furthermore, the thesis are in terms of the theme of organometallic compounds analyzed secondary school textbooks commonly used chemical education, and there is estimated interest of teachers for the newly prepared materials on this topic as well. As a reaction to the conclusions of the analyzes was prepared explanatory text on the topic of organometallic compounds intended for teachers who can use it for their own learning and to prepare their lessons as well. The second main output of this work is a set of test tasks relating to the created explanatory text of organometallic compounds. These questions are not only intended for testing mastering the topic of organometallic compounds by pupils, but also serves as an mastery-level proposal of the topic that students especially in grammar schools and secondary vocational schools should achieve. Explanatory text and a set of test tasks were verified by teachers teaching chemistry through direct interview method and then there were incorporated comments emerged in the interviews into them. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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This is about how pupils in years 4 to 6 of compulsory school and their teachers make meaning in teaching activities and texts. The aim of the study is to investigate the teaching and learning of writing and the pupils’ discursive texts. Another aim is to use linguistic theories and develop methods and analytical concepts for studying teaching practices. Sources for the material are the teaching practices in two classes, the teachers and the pupils. The field studies lasted for two years, consisting of observations and interviews. Twelve pupils’ texts and four writing projects are studied in depth. The theoretical framework is linked to systemic functional linguis­tics, critical discourse analysis, dialogical conception of language and new literacy studies. Analytical tools are also derived from rhetorical structure theory, relief theory and theory of text sequences. These tools have been adap­ted and are also applied in the analysis of the teaching practice. To analyse pupils’ meaning making in their texts, a theory of mobility in texts is used. The analyses show two different categories of texts and teaching practices. The hierarchically composed texts are characterized by hierarchies concerning the entire text. The sequentially coupled texts are charac­terized by many vague relations between text entities. One conclusion is that the students in the hierarchically composed texts develop knowledge during writing. They make meaning recursively when writing and they seem to grasp the text as a whole in a way they do not in the sequentially coupled ones. In the sequentially coupled texts, pupils seem to develop knowledge mostly before they write the text, rather than during the writing. In the hierarchically composed practice the pupils deepen their knowledge about text. The result can be interpreted as showing that pupils primarily need education about global text levels in order to develop text knowledge and subject knowledge. Teaching practice seems to promote all pupils’ meaning making if the practice is characterized by many interpersonal relations in the chains of spoken and written texts and if pupils learn to write texts that can structure their meaning making in a functional way.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Telma Cristina da Silva Frasca Castelhano.pdf: 5832237 bytes, checksum: cfac7ff79d546b1edcbf34af81098c6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is related to the research line "Text and Discourse in oral and written forms" of Postgraduate Program in Portuguese Language of PUC-SP. The general objective is to contribute to teachers and students regarding the preparation for taking entrance examinations with results that might provide a guideline on textual production of dissertative texts. The specific objectives are: highlight the text sequences and their encrustation on the textual scheme of the texts that are considered as model by the board that corrects the exams of Fuvest; confront the point of view projected by the reduced text proposed by Fuvest as a starting point for the production of essays by the applicant, with the projection of a new point of view selected by the candidate, having as parameter the understanding of the reduced proposed theme, i.e. the strategy used for the opinionated construction; highlight the theming and expansions by semantic progression of essays considered "well written", i.e. referral. The theoretical foundation is based on Textual Linguistics and, more specifically, in Textual Analysis of Discourses. To achieve our goal, we followed the study of textual sequences of Adam (2011) and the studies of Silveira (2012) on the argumentative text of a thesis and two theses. The results of the analyzes indicate that: the hierarchical explanatory sequence is most frequent in the texts published by Fuvest compared with the argumentative sequence; there is semantic progression by theming through the new point of view selected by the candidate / Esta dissertação se insere na linha de pesquisa Texto e Discurso nas modalidades oral e escrita , do Programa de Pós-Graduados em Língua Portuguesa da PUC-SP. O objetivo geral é contribuir com professores e alunos na situação de preparação para prestar o vestibular, com resultados que possam oferecer orientações a respeito da produção de textos dissertativos. Os objetivos específicos são: destacar as sequências textuais e suas incrustações no esquema textual dos textos considerados modelo pela banca corretora da Fuvest; confrontar o ponto de vista projetado pelo texto reduzido proposto pela Fuvest como ponto de partida para a produção das redações pelo candidato, com a projeção de um novo ponto de vista selecionado pelo candidato, tendo por parâmetro a compreensão do tema reduzido proposto, ou seja, a estratégia utilizada para a construção opinativa; evidenciar a tematização e expansões por progressão semântica das redações consideradas bem escritas , ou seja, a referenciação. A fundamentação teórica situa-se na Linguística Textual e, mais especificamente, na Análise Textual dos Discursos. Para atingirmos nossos objetivos, buscamos os estudos das sequências textuais em Adam (2011) e os estudos de Silveira (2012) sobre o gênero dissertativo de uma tese e de duas teses. Os resultados obtidos das análises apontam que: a sequência explicativa hierarquizada é mais recorrente nos textos publicados pela Fuvest que a sequência argumentativa; há progressão semântica por tematização por meio do ponto de vista novo selecionado pelo candidato

In this essay I defend the notion of deductive explanation mainly against two types of putative counterexamples: those found in genuinely indeterministic systems and those found in complex dynamic systems. Using Railton's notions of explanatory information and ideal explanatory text, deductivism is defended in an indeterministic setting. Furthermore, an argument against non-deductivism that hinges on peculiarities of probabilistic causality is presented. The use of the notion of an ideal explanatory text gives rise to problems in accounting for explanations in complex dynamic systems, regardless of whether they are deterministic or not. These problems are considered in the essay and a solution is suggested. This solution forces the deductivist to abandon the requirement that an explanation consists of a deductive argument, but it is argued that the core of deductivism is saved in so far as we, for full explanations, can still adhere to the fundamental requirement: If A explains B, then A is inconsistent with anything inconsistent with B.