This paper explores the relationship between lagged stock returns and export growth in a panel of worldwide markets. Previous studies have focused on analyzing the effect of future economic output growth on stock returns. This study finds that annualized changes in a foreign country’s exports to the United States five to seven years in the future, defined as long-term, positively predict the annual stock market returns while the nation’s total export changes are already priced-in. An additional percentage point increase in long-term exports to the United States growth results in a 0.1 to 3.5 percentage point rise in annual stock returns. However, both growth in total exports and those to the United States do not predict equity returns over the short-term, defined as average annual growth from year 0 to year 4. Thus, establishing a foothold and cracking the highly competitive and homogeneous United States market is not guaranteed and unpredictable, requiring 5 years of investments before successful foreign firms are able convert it into earnings. Alternatively, investors may be shortsighted, uninformed, and pay limited attention about a foreign country’s exports to the United States beyond their forecast horizon, for example, five years. Moreover, the analysis finds that GDP growth at both the foreign country and United States level does not affect lagged foreign stock returns and could be priced-in, unlike long-term growth in the nation’s exports to United States.

For a small state such as New Zealand, trade and economic partnerships are extremely important for economic survival. However, the tyranny of distance complicates this somewhat. Historically, New Zealand has always been dependent on exporting agricultural products. There are examples in New Zealand’s history of innovative ideas being utilised to New Zealand’s economic advantage, such as the advent of refrigerated shipping to the United Kingdom. An important economic partner for New Zealand is the European Union. The European Union is the world’s largest trade power, a formidable partner for a small state, such as New Zealand, to contend with in trade related matters. The agricultural protectionist policies of the European Union are an issue for New Zealand to work around. However, the European Union is also a welcoming market for high quality products that New Zealand should supply. New Zealand’s small size means that the country has to focus on producing high quality products rather than mass production. This thesis proposes to make recommendations for the types of products New Zealand should export to the European Union, in what quantities, and by which methods. This is important for New Zealand producers and exporters to take into account if New Zealand is to expand its exports to the European Union.

This paper examines the optimal production and export decisions of an international firm facing exchange rate uncertainty when the firm's preferences exhibit smooth ambiguity aversion. Ambiguity is modeled by a second-order probability distribution that captures the firm's uncertainty about which of the subjective beliefs govern the exchange rate risk. Ambiguity preferences are modeled by the (second-order) expectation of a concave transformation of the (first-order) expected utility of profit conditional on each plausible subjective distribution of the exchange rate risk. Within this framework, we show that ambiguity has no impact on the firm's propensity to export to a foreign country. Ambiguity and ambiguity aversion, however, are shown to have adverse effect on the firm's incentive to export to the foreign country.

This thesis principally studies the determination of UK export performance between the wars. Several improvements to the measurement of sterling's nominal and real effective exchange rate in the period are implemented, and the path of the exchange rate is related to UK and foreign exchange rate policies. The nature of competitiveness and the demand and supply mechanisms by which it may influence exports are discussed. In the light of this, and the commodity and geographical breakdown of UK exports, we suggest alternative measures of competitiveness which may appropriately be tested in econometric work. Aggregate UK export volume and price equations for the inter- war period are then estimated. Competitiveness, which is in turn influenced by the exchange rate, and the economic position of primary producing countries, are found to have had significant effects on UK export performance. Similarly specified equations are estimated for UK exports in eight industrial sectors. Distinctive characteristics of sectors may lead to substantial divergences between sectoral and aggregate behaviour. This is confirmed in further work on UK coal exports. Nevertheless, measures of the price of UK exports relative to the price of exports of other industrial countries generally give explanations of UK export performance which are superior to other competitiveness measures. A substantial statistical appendix containing data on, inter alia, UK and foreign exchange rates, trade volumes and values (with geographcial and commodity breakdown), labour costs and prices, together with the sources and methods used in their construction, is provided both for historical interest and to facilitate replication of results and further research.

Indien är en tillväxtmarknad med många möjligheter; det är en plats för nytänkande och frugala innovationer. Frugala innovationer är ett fenomen som Indien är välkänt för. I grunden uppstår frugala innovationer genom sparsamhet i processen för att ta fram effektiva lösningar. Kunskapen om frugala innovationer och dess förhållningssätt kopplat till svenska energiföretag som är inom branschen för förnybara energikällor är dock begränsad. Därför är innovationsmyndigheten Vinnova och Energimyndigheten intresserade av att se om det finns potential för ett antal svenska energiteknikföretag att lyckas etablera sig på Indiens marknad för förnybara energikällor, där effektivitet och sparsamhet är viktigt. Undersökningen har skett genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod i form av intervjuer med de företag som har varit tillgängliga och även med en expert med kunskap om den Indiska marknaden. Teorier har främst hämtats ifrån tryckt litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar. Under studiens gång arbetade författarna fram en modell som kan användas för att bedöma ett företags förmåga att etablera sig på en främmande marknad. I modellen ingår ett antal viktiga aspekter inom områden som ekonomi, innovation, marknad och tillväxt. Forskningen har kommit fram till slutsatser om samtliga undersökta företags potential att lyckas i Indien. I studien fann författarna att om man ska ha potential att lyckas på den Indiska marknaden, ska man bland annat ha en aktuell och effektiv produkt, stark ekonomi, konkurrenskraftighet samt marknadsmöjligheter. / India is an emerging market with many opportunities; it's a place for rethinking and frugal innovations. Frugal innovation is a phenomenon that India is well known for. Frugal innovations arise by thrift in the process of developing effective solutions. Knowledge about the frugal innovations and its approach linked to Swedish energy companies that is in the business of renewable energy is limited. Therefore, the innovation agency Vinnova and the Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten) are interested to see if there is potential for a number of Swedish energy companies to establish in the Indian market for renewable energy, where efficiency and economy are important. The survey was done by a qualitative research in the form of interviews with the companies that have been available and also an expert with knowledge of the Indian market. Theories were mainly collected from printed literature and scientific articles. During the study, the authors came up with a model that can be used to estimate a company's ability to establish itself in a foreign market. The model includes a number of important aspects, such as financial aspects, innovation, market and growth. The research has come to conclusions about all the studied companies potential to succeed in India. In the study, the authors found that if you're going to have the potential to succeed in the Indian market, you should have an up-to-date and effective product, strong economy, competitiveness and market opportunities.

The objective of this thesis is to examine price performance, and estimate the aggregate export and food crop output response to output price and non-price variables in tropical Africa and its four main agro-climatic regions. The analysis of real producer prices indicates that there are more countries that exhibited a statistically significant decrease in real producer prices than a significant increase. Moreover, nominal protection coefficient analysis shows that African crop exporters, on average, received a small proportion (50 to 60 percent) of border prices. Using pooled cross-section and time series data, a partial adjustment model was then specified to estimate agricultural export and food output response. The results show that aggregate agricultural export and food supply responses to output prices in tropical Africa are both positive and significant but inelastic. The price elasticity for the export crop output in Tropical Africa is 0.02 in the short run and 0.04 in the long run, and for the food crop output 0.05 in the short-run and 0.07 in the long-run. The responsiveness of agriculture varies, however, across the main agro-climatic regions in tropical Africa. The estimated coefficient of the price variable and price elasticity estimates regions reveal that producers in the Eastern and Southern Africa, and Western Africa regions were responsive to price incentives, while producers in the semi-arid Sudano Sahel and Central Africa regions were not. The trend variable, as proxy of technology, is positive and significant in most regions, suggesting that the provision of non-price factors along with favourable price incentives, could be very effective in raising agricultural production in these regions.

I traditionella analyser av exportmarknadsandelsutvecklingen antas den vara bestämd av det exporterande landets kostnadsutveckling eller av den strukturella sammansättningen i det exporterande landets export. Utredningar baserade på dessa typer av analyser lyckades inte på ett tillfredsställande sätt förklara de svenska exportmarknadsandelarnas utveckling under andra hälften av 1970-talet och under 1980-talet. I denna avhandling diskuteras uppläggningen och resultaten av de ovanstående slagen av analyser och lanseras ett tidigare oprövat angreppssätt för att förklara exportmarknadsandelarnas utveckling. Detta angreppssätt är baserat på industriell omvandlingsteori, vilket för analyser av exportmarknadsandelarnas utveckling innebär att denna antas vara bestämd av det enskilda landets industriella omvandling. Utifrån detta angreppssätt genomförs ett antal analyser. Syftet med dessa är att undersöka samband mellan å ena sidan av industriell omvandlingsteori bestämda faktorer och å andra sidan exportmarknadsandelarnas utveckling. Avhandlingen avslutas med en diskussion om hur exportmarknadsandelarnas utveckling kan studeras med en ansats som både tar hänsyn till strukturella förhållanden – arbetskraftskostnader och exportens strukturella sammansättning – och den industriella omvandlingen. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Göttingen.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat Anabilim Dalı, 2007. / Bibliyografya var.