Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-29T17:27:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Clara do Carmo Rios dos Santos.pdf: 702730 bytes, checksum: ccdb4365b28309c1886d1f2283db6fe0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-29T17:27:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clara do Carmo Rios dos Santos.pdf: 702730 bytes, checksum: ccdb4365b28309c1886d1f2283db6fe0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-31 / Nenhuma / Durante as últimas três décadas, a economia chinesa cresceu taxas altíssimas, e ao final da década de 2000 já havia assumido a posição de segunda maior economia mundial. A faceta mais evidente do desenvolvimento da China nesse período foi seu comércio exterior. A emergência chinesa no cenário internacional alarma vários países asiáticos, uma vez que sua dinâmica de crescimento econômico assenta-se nas exportações, e a China se coloca como forte competidora em uma gama muito variada de produtos. Assim, esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal identificar se, de fato, o aumento da competitividade chinesa no mercado internacional causou prejuízo às exportações de países asiáticos em terceiros mercados no período entre 2000 e 2011, empregando para tanto uma metodologia de dados em painel. Os resultados encontrados mostram que isso não ocorreu, e ainda que a China beneficiou as exportações dos países asiáticos em alguns casos. Conclui-se que, apesar de exportar várias categorias de produtos, a China concentra principalmente etapas de produção intensivas em mão de obra. Suas exportações de maior valor agregado dependem, em grande medida, de importações de partes e componentes, fornecidos principalmente por países asiáticos. Assim, a China coloca-se como um importante mercado para países da região. Por outro lado, o excesso de mão de obra chinesa deve se esgotar no futuro próximo, provocando o redirecionamento da produção para setores mais intensivos em capital. Com isso, a China pode abandonar a atual posição de complementaridade em relação aos países asiáticos especializados nesses produtos, tornando-se efetivamente uma competidora. / During the past three decades, China's economy grew very high rates, and at the end of the 2000s had already assumed the position as the world’s second largest economy. The most obvious aspect of China's development in this period was its foreign trade. The emergence of China in the international arena alarm several Asian countries, since their dynamics of economic growth has been based on their exports, and China stands as a strong competitor in a very wide range of products. This dissertation aims at identifying whether, in fact, the increasing Chinese competitiveness in international markets had a negative impact on the exports of Asian countries to third markets between 2000 and 2011, using a panel data methodology. The results show that this has not happened, and that China actually benefited exports of Asian countries in some cases. We conclude that, although export multiple product categories, China mainly concentrated labor-intensive production stages. Its higher value-added exports depend largely on imports of parts and components, which are provided mainly by Asian countries. Therefore, China positions itself as an important market for countries in the region. On the other hand, excess labor in China must be exhausted in the near future, causing redirection of production to more capital-intensive sectors. With this, China may abandon the current position of complementarity regarding Asian countries specialized in these products, effectively becoming a competitor.

O tema referente ao aumento das exportações vem ganhando importância para o comércio exterior brasileiro. Desde 2003 as exportações brasileiras têm apresentado resultados recordes e o saldo da balança comercial acompanha este resultado. Entretanto, as exportações brasileiras tornam-se inexpressivas se comparadas às exportações que ocorrem no mundo, pois elas representam somente pouco mais de 1% das exportações mundiais. Um dos fatores responsáveis por este resultado seria a incidência de barreiras comerciais aos produtos brasileiros exportados, uma vez que estas barreiras aumentam os custos das transações envolvidos nos processos de exportações e são capazes de torná-los inviáveis. Assim, este trabalho possui como objetivo principal utilizar a abordagem da nova economia institucional (NEI) para analisar o desempenho de alguns dos principais produtos da pauta exportadora brasileira considerando a incidência de barreiras comerciais européias sobre eles. Para atingir este objetivo, faz-se necessário levantar as barreiras comerciais impostas pela União Européia, principal parceiro comercial do Brasil, aos produtos brasileiros e mostrar quais os possíveis reflexos que estas barreiras representam ao comportamento do comércio exterior brasileiro. / The subject that refers to the increase of the exports has been becoming an important issue to the brazilian international business. The brazilian exports have been showing an excellent performance since 2003 and the balance of trade imitates this result. However, the brazilian exports become insignificant when are compared to all exports that occur in the world, because they represent only around 1% of the global exports. One of the factors responsible for this result is the incidence of international trade barriers on brazilian exports, because these barriers increase the transaction costs involved in the export process and can discourage business. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to use the new institutional economics approach to analyze the performance of some of the most important products exported by Brazil considering the incidence of european trade barriers on them. To reach this aim, it is needed to show the trade barriers imposed by the European Union on brazilian exports and point the possible reflexes that these barriers represent to the brazilian international business. European Union represents the most important business partner of Brazil.

La marge ibérique est un milieu biologiquement productif régit par l'influence d'un upwelling saisonnier et des apports continentaux. Les foraminifères benthiques sont des protistes matins qui présentent une grande sensibilité aux conditions environnementales. Ils apparaissent ainsi comme des bio-indicateurs particulièrement efficaces dans ce type de contexte. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, les faunes de foraminifères benthiques, vivants, morts et fossiles prélevées sur un total de 23 carottes interfaces et deux carottes et deux carottes piston, essentiellement situées au débouché de quatre feluves ouest-ibériques majeurs (Douro, Mondego, Tage et Sado) ont été étudiés.Cette analyse faunistique, conjointe à des mesures sédimentaires et géochimiques a permis d'identifier l'impact de la qualité de la matière organique, et donc des apports fluviatiles sur la distribution des faunes vivantes en période hivernale. La comparaison des faunes mortes et vivantes sur les premiers centimètres de sédiments illustre la variation saisonnière de la réponse faunistique à l'upwelling et aux apports continentaux. Elle met également en évidence l'impact des processus taphonomiques sur la conservation de ces bio-indicateurs en vue de permettre une meilleure compréhension du signal fossile de ces faunes. L'application paléoenvironnementale de ces bio-indicateurs a été menée sur une carotte longue prélevée au large du Tage qui permet une reconstruction des derniers 5700 ans cal. BP. Elle a permis de mettre en évidence des périodes caractérisées par des apports importants de matière organique issus du fleuve ainsi que des variations de l'intensité de l'upwelling. / The Iberian Margin is a highly productive system driven by coastal upwelling and river inputs. Benthic foraminifera are marine protists particularly sensitive to environmental conditions. Hence they appear well suited bio-indicators for such environment. In the framework of this thesis, living, dead and fossil benthic foraminifera were analized on 23 surface sediment cores and two piston cores essentially from locations off the major rivers of the Portuguese Coast (Douro, Mondego, Tagus and Sado). This faunal analysis, combined with sedimentary and geochemical measurements allow thhe identification of the impact of fluvial exports and organic matter quality during the late winter period. The comparison of dead and living communities, on the first few centimeters of the sediment, shows the seasonal variation of faunas controlled by upwelling activity and riverine discharges intensity. The impact of taphonomical processes on the preservation of these bio-indicators is also investigated in the perspective of a better understanding ofthe fossil signal of these faunas. The paleoenvironmental application of these bio-indicators was then conducted on a 10 m long core from the Tagus shelf that allows paleoreconstruction for the last 5,700 cal. yr BP. The fossil benthic foraminifera record shows that some periods were characterized by intense river runoff and others by variable intensity of the seasonal upwelling.

A participação do Brasil no mercado externo de frutas tem aumentado nos últimos anos e, apesar de o Brasil não apresentar participação relevante no mercado internacional, sabe-se que pode crescer ainda mais, visto o potencial do País. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a competitividade das exportações brasileiras de frutas no mercado internacional, possibilitando identificar os fatores que têm sido responsáveis pelos ganhos de competitividade das exportações brasileiras de frutas entre os anos de 1989 a 2006. Para a realização deste estudo foram selecionadas as sete principais frutas frescas exportadas pelo Brasil em 2007: banana, lima/limão, maçã, mamão, manga, melão e uva. A base teórica utilizada foi o conceito de competitividade e os modelos Constant Market Share - CMS e Vantagem Comparativa Revelada - VCR. Quanto aos efeitos que mais contribuíram para o desempenho das exportações de frutas brasileiras, o efeito competitividade foi o mais importante, principalmente no segundo período analisado (1997/98/99 a 2004/05/06). O mamão foi a única fruta para qual os efeitos crescimento de mercado e destino das exportações foram mais representativos do que a competitividade. Apesar de o modelo CMS distinguir os efeitos explicativos da evolução das exportações, esse modelo não permite a identificação dos fatores que explicam o efeito competitividade. Assim, algumas variáveis foram analisadas no estudo na tentativa de explicar os fatores que contribuíram para a competitividade. Dentre elas o câmbio, o preço e a qualidade foram as mais importantes. No geral, o dólar valorizado contribuiu para o aumento da competitividade das frutas. Quanto ao preço de exportação da fruta nacional mais atrativo no mercado externo, ele apresentou maior peso quando o produto enfrenta no mercado destino a concorrência com frutas de outras origens. No estudo, verificou-se que o preço atrativo da fruta brasileira foi importante para explicar o fator competitividade para banana, maçã e manga. Já no caso das frutas exportadas pelo País na entressafra dos principais concorrentes, o principal fator foi o ganho de qualidade da fruta brasileira e a diversificação das variedades exportadas. Esse foi o caso da uva e do melão, que ao longo dos anos 2000 conseguiu melhorar a qualidade da fruta e ofertar um portfólio maior de variedades. No caso do grupo lima/limão, que tem na lima ácida tahiti o seu maior representante, o esforço da cadeia em mostrar uma nova fruta, até então desconhecida pelo consumidor europeu, foi um dos principais fatores que explicam o fator competitividade. / Brazil\'s participation in the international market of fruits has increased in recent years and, although Brazil does not present a relevant participation in the international market, it is known that can grow even more, seen the potential of the country. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the Brazilian exports competitiveness of fruit in the international market, possible to identify factors that have been responsible for gains in competitiveness in Brazilian exports of fruit between the years 1989 to 2006. For this study were selected the seven main fresh fruits exported by Brazil in 2007: banana, lime/lemon, apple, papaya, mango, melon and grapes. The theoretical basis used was the concept of competitiveness, and the models Constant Market Share - CMS and Revealed Comparative Advantage - VCA. The effect that most contributed to the Brazilian exports performance of fruit was the competitiveness, especially in the second period analyzed (1997/98/99 to 2004/05/06). The papaya was the only fruit for which the effect market growth and destination of the exportations had been more representative of the competitiveness. Although the CMS model distinguishes the effects explaining the evolution of exports, this model does not allow the identification of the factors that explain the competitiveness effect. Thus, some variables were analyzed in the study in an attempt to explain the factors that contributed to competitiveness. Among them the exchange rate, price and quality were most important. Overall, the valuated dollar contributed for the increase of the competitiveness of the fruits. As the price of domestic exports of fruit was more attractive in foreign markets, it showed better weight when the product faces competition in the market destination with fruit from other origins. In the study, we found that the attractive price of Brazilian fruit was important to explain the competitiveness factor for banana, apple and mango. In the case of the fruits exported for the Country in the period between harvests of the main competitors, the main factor of the Brazilian fruit was the gain in quality and the diversification of the exported varieties. This was the case of grapes and melons, which over the years 2000 has improved the quality of fruit and offered a bigger portfolio of varieties. In the case of the group lime/lemon, which has in the Tahiti acid lime the better representative, the chains effort was to show a new fruit, until then unknown by European consumers, it was one of the main factors to explain the competitiveness factor.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa que teve por objetivo compreender a trajetória de exportação de empresas brasileiras do setor calçadista, visando identificar como a permanência nas atividades internacionais relaciona-se ao aprendizado organizacional. Com base nesse objetivo, elaborou-se sua construção teórica, a qual estabelece o diálogo entre a literatura sobre aprendizagem organizacional e a de internacionalização de empresas. Ao relacionar esses dois referenciais, pretendeu-se preencher uma das lacunas verificadas na literatura, qual seja, apreciar a capacidade explicativa do aprendizado e do conhecimento no comportamento de internacionalização. Assim sendo, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, investigando pelo método do process-tracing, dez empresas do setor calçadista brasileiro. O foco de análise buscou identificar as causas responsáveis por manter as organizações exportando de forma contínua, e se essa continuidade ou o aprofundamento da experiência internacional relacionava-se a uma nova base de conhecimentos organizacionais incorporada pelas empresas. A análise dos dados revelou que a permanência e continuidade nas exportações decorrem de diferentes conjuntos de causas que exibem diferentes resultados. Isto significa que as causas são de natureza conjuntural e combinatória, demonstrando que o caminho de internacionalização e o aprendizado organizacional são movimentos complexos compostos de avanços e retrocessos na evolução das empresas nos mercados externos. Portanto, em vez de explicar o comportamento nas exportações em si, deve-se explicar esse comportamento a partir de tipos. Dois tipos de permanência e continuidade foram identificados: permanência sustentada na visão estratégica e com a incorporação de uma nova base de conhecimentos e permanência sustentada em fatores ambientais, sem a incorporação de uma nova base de conhecimentos. / The aim of this investigation was to research and study the exports path Brazilian companies follow in order to identify and understand the relationship between the fact of being in the international market on a permanent basis and organizational learning. A theoretical frame was created to link the existing literatures about organizational learning and the process of internationalization of companies. The goal of relating these two referential points was to fill in one of the observed gaps in the literature, that is to analyze the awareness knowledge management and organizational learning bring to internationalization processes. Ten Brazilian shoe-manufacturing companies were investigated on a qualitative basis by using the processtracing method. This study focused its analyses on pinpointing the reasons that keep these companies doing business and boosting exports on a regular basis and also on the investigation whether knowledge management and new organizational practices adopted by the companies or even the international experience enterprises have acquired influenced this reality. The analysis of the facts have demonstrated there are several different reasons that lead to working in the international market on regular and permanent conditions. This means the outcomes are also varied and shows they all come from a combination of factors. The path internationalization and organizational learning follow is made of dynamic and complex back and forth trends which are subject to the evolution and fluctuation of the companies in the foreign market. Therefore instead of explaining the exports behavior in se two types of permanency behavior were sorted out: the one that keeps the companies in the market supported by strategic points-of-view and the adoption of new techniques and practices and the one that keeps good market conditions available supported by environmental factors without utilizing a new database.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa que teve por objetivo compreender a trajetória de exportação de empresas brasileiras do setor calçadista, visando identificar como a permanência nas atividades internacionais relaciona-se ao aprendizado organizacional. Com base nesse objetivo, elaborou-se sua construção teórica, a qual estabelece o diálogo entre a literatura sobre aprendizagem organizacional e a de internacionalização de empresas. Ao relacionar esses dois referenciais, pretendeu-se preencher uma das lacunas verificadas na literatura, qual seja, apreciar a capacidade explicativa do aprendizado e do conhecimento no comportamento de internacionalização. Assim sendo, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, investigando pelo método do process-tracing, dez empresas do setor calçadista brasileiro. O foco de análise buscou identificar as causas responsáveis por manter as organizações exportando de forma contínua, e se essa continuidade ou o aprofundamento da experiência internacional relacionava-se a uma nova base de conhecimentos organizacionais incorporada pelas empresas. A análise dos dados revelou que a permanência e continuidade nas exportações decorrem de diferentes conjuntos de causas que exibem diferentes resultados. Isto significa que as causas são de natureza conjuntural e combinatória, demonstrando que o caminho de internacionalização e o aprendizado organizacional são movimentos complexos compostos de avanços e retrocessos na evolução das empresas nos mercados externos. Portanto, em vez de explicar o comportamento nas exportações em si, deve-se explicar esse comportamento a partir de tipos. Dois tipos de permanência e continuidade foram identificados: permanência sustentada na visão estratégica e com a incorporação de uma nova base de conhecimentos e permanência sustentada em fatores ambientais, sem a incorporação de uma nova base de conhecimentos. / The aim of this investigation was to research and study the exports path Brazilian companies follow in order to identify and understand the relationship between the fact of being in the international market on a permanent basis and organizational learning. A theoretical frame was created to link the existing literatures about organizational learning and the process of internationalization of companies. The goal of relating these two referential points was to fill in one of the observed gaps in the literature, that is to analyze the awareness knowledge management and organizational learning bring to internationalization processes. Ten Brazilian shoe-manufacturing companies were investigated on a qualitative basis by using the processtracing method. This study focused its analyses on pinpointing the reasons that keep these companies doing business and boosting exports on a regular basis and also on the investigation whether knowledge management and new organizational practices adopted by the companies or even the international experience enterprises have acquired influenced this reality. The analysis of the facts have demonstrated there are several different reasons that lead to working in the international market on regular and permanent conditions. This means the outcomes are also varied and shows they all come from a combination of factors. The path internationalization and organizational learning follow is made of dynamic and complex back and forth trends which are subject to the evolution and fluctuation of the companies in the foreign market. Therefore instead of explaining the exports behavior in se two types of permanency behavior were sorted out: the one that keeps the companies in the market supported by strategic points-of-view and the adoption of new techniques and practices and the one that keeps good market conditions available supported by environmental factors without utilizing a new database.

[pt] Face ao movimento de globalização e, portanto, à crescente competição interna e externa, diversas empresas brasileiras vêm buscando não apenas iniciar ou aumentar a comercialização de seus produtos em mercados estrangeiros, como também tornar suas marcas conhecidas internacionalmente. O objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar as estratégias de marketing empregadas por estas empresas no esforço de internacionalização de suas marcas. Para alcançar este fim, realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva, através do método survey, com empresas exportadoras dos segmentos de revestimentos cerâmicos, de confecções, moveleiro, calçadista, joalheiro e cosmético. Os resultados do levantamento revelaram uma visão geral das estratégias de marketing internacional, com ênfase principalmente na dimensão de marca, desenvolvidas nos setores de atividade citados anteriormente, bem como indicaram importantes particularidades setoriais. / [en] Due to the globalization movement and therefore the increasing internal and external competitive environment, several Brazilian companies are pursuing not only to initiate or to leverage their product sales to foreign markets, but also to make their brands internationally known. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the marketing strategies employed by these companies in their brand internationalization efforts. In order to achieve this aim, a descriptive research was done through a survey with exporting firms from the ceramic tiles, textile, furniture, footwear, jewelry and cosmetic segments. The outcomes revealed an overview of the international marketing strategies, focusing specially the brand dimension, undertaken by these economic sectors, as pointed out important particular sector issues.

For the past three decades, export manufacturing has played an important role in Thailand's economic success. Among the exporters, the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have increasingly taken part. As a result, export performance at both micro and macro level has become of interest to academics, exporting firms, intermediaries and Thai government policy makers. Thus, extensive studies concerning determinants of export performance are reported in literature on export marketing. However, despite the significance of resources in implementing marketing strategies and performance, the Resource-Based View (RBV) has not been explicitly and fully explored in this literature. Moreover, the vital role of intermediary resources in export performance has been also largely ignored. Hence, the applicability of RBV should be examined to investigate the effects of firm resources and export intermediary resources on export performance. Similarly, marketing control, in spite of its importance, used by manufacturing exporters in relation to their intermediaries, has not been substantially explored. The availability of firm and export intermediary resources provides flexibility for manufacturing exporters in maintaining marketing control over their intermediaries, which in turn, influences export performance. Hence, the aim of the study is to investigate the applicability of RBV and marketing control theory in determining export performance. Moreover, in the export marketing literature, there are very few studies in developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia: this study, therefore focusses on export performance of SMEs in an export-driven, developing economy, Thailand. During the course of its investigation, this study used the 'drop-in questionnaire' method of delivering and collecting the questionnaires in person with the purpose of enhancing responses from export managers. With respect to their individual export ventures, they were asked to provide answers regarding the availability of firm resources, their perception of the availability of export intermediary resources, and the use of marketing control mechanisms on export intermediaries. Preliminary data analysis used Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and was followed by the development of a structural model, which was then tested with AMOS 4.0 Package. ix The results from the above analyses substantiate the empirical link between resources, firm and export intermediary resources, and strategic export performance, and also between the availability of resources and the use of marketing controls. The findings show that production and marketing capabilities (firm resources) and good relationships and cooperation with exporters (export intermediary resources) have an important direct effect on export performance. Hence, the study confirms the applicability of RBV in export literature. The results also indicate that firm's marketing capabilities, export intermediary's relationship and cooperation, and knowledge and experience, influence the use of marketing control, thereby supporting the hypotheses that the availability of firm and export intermediary resources facilitates the use of marketing control.

This thesis examines the economy of Roman Cyprus during the Antonine and Severan periods. Though historians have worked on earlier periods of Cypriot economic history, this period has been largely neglected except for a few passing references. This thesis attempts to rectify this deficiency. The tools which have been most relevant to the study are archaeological evidence, and literary and epigraphical references, though when necessary, inferences have been drawn from what is known about other provinces, and tentative conclusions reached by applying these insights, where appropriate, to the special conditions in the island. Perhaps the most important result of the study is that Roman Cyprus had a healthy, flourishing economy which made a significant contribution to the prosperity of the Roman Empire.

The Sugar Industry in Fiji is facing a lot of problems. Since the Government of Fiji has not fulfilled their commitments to the European Union (EU), the EU has backed away from supporting the industry. The milling efficiency has been constantly declining since the mid 1980’s and farm productivities have not kept pace with the changing international market for sugar. To be able to obtain the economies of scale, the sugar production in Fiji has to increase with 75 % from the current level of production. A lot of towns in Fiji would be nothing without the Sugar Industry, and thousands of people are dependent on the industry for their sustenance. Due to this fact, it is certain that the loss of confidence in the industry, or any likely collapse, would imply disaster for Fiji as a whole. It will lead to serious implications on the economic, social and political stability of Fiji. The overall aim of this thesis is to study the effects of the EU measures especially on the Sugar Industry in Fiji, to be able to understand to which extent the industry depends on the support from the EU. The aim is also to analyse and discuss different competition strategies on how Fiji can compete and be a part of the global market of sugar. This research was made from a qualitative approach in order to gain a deeper understanding about the problem. Abduction made it possible to work parallel with different parts of the thesis. A combination of primary and secondary data gathering has been used, with the secondary data as a basis for building the empirical part of the thesis. The primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with people at different positions within the Sugar Industry in Fiji. Fiji is dependent on the Sugar Industry and since there is no other obvious donor for Fiji today, and it is crucial that the industry gets support, the conclusion is that Fiji also is dependent on the support from the EU. Even though Fiji has the possibility to increase their competitiveness on the regional as well as on the international market, there is no need for Fiji to strive after the world market at the moment.