As exportações chinesas deslocam as exportações brasileiras? Esta dissertação avaliou se este fenômeno de fato ocorreu no mercado latino americano no período 2000-2009. Para identificar como se deu este deslocamento foram analisados o número de produtos exportados por ambos os países e os indicadores de similaridade, de qualidade e de variedade entre as pautas de exportação brasileira e chinesa. Ambos os países aumentaram o número de produtos exportados para a América Latina, mas a China aumentou numa maior proporção. O índice de similaridade entre as pautas de exportação brasileira e chinesa chegou a 28,9% em 2009, indicando que as pautas se tornaram mais similares. O índice de qualidade foi positivo durante todo o período, indicando que, em média, as exportações brasileiras foram de maior qualidade que as chinesas. O índice de variedade, também positivo durante todo o período, mostrou que a variedade dos produtos brasileiros é maior que dos produtos chineses, ou seja, que o Brasil exporta mais produtos que a China, entretanto, nos três últimos anos a tendência é de queda na variedade dos produtos. / Do Chinese exports displace Brazilian exports? This dissertation analyzes whether this actually occurred in the Latin American market during the 2000-2009 period. To identify how this shift occurred, the number of products exported by both countries and the indicators of similarity, quality and variety of exports between the Brazil and China were analyzed. Both countries have increased the number of products exported to Latin America market, however, China increased it in a greater proportion. The index of similarity between the Brazilian and Chinese exports basket reached 28.9% in 2009, indicating that the exports have become more similar. The quality index was positive during whole period, indicating that, on average, Brazilian exports were of better in quality than the Chinese exports. The positive variety rate during the whole period shows that the variety of Brazilian products is higher than the Chinese products, namely, that Brazil exports more goods than China, however, for the past three years the tendency is to fall in products variety.

The study is oriented to explore the general characteristics of agriculture, the biological control as a pest control mechanism and agro export industry. In this context, we try to promote the use of biological control as a strategy to support nontraditional exports related to products such as asparagus and fresh avocados grown in the La Libertad Department (Peru), through an agronomic and management approach. Biological control is the basis of integrated pest management (IPM) and contributes to the conservation of agricultural ecosystems allowing to export companies reduce costs, fulfill international phytosanitary measures and supports the preservation of the environment and health. Thus, the Peruvian agro export companies could build a sustainable competitive advantage and seek a positioning as socially responsible firms. We analyze variables such as crop statistics, comparative costs between biological control and chemical control, main destination markets for asparagus and fresh avocados, international standards, among others. / El estudio se orienta a explorar las características generales de la actividad agrícola, el control biológico como mecanismo de control de plagas y la industria agroexportadora. En este contexto, se intenta promover el uso del control biológico como estrategia para apoyar las exportaciones no tradicionales de productos referentes, como lo son el espárrago y las paltas frescas cultivadas en el departamento de La Libertad (Perú). Ello se realiza mediante un enfoque gerencial y agronómico. Con respecto al control biológico, este es la base del manejo integrado de plagas (MIP) y contribuye a la conservación de los ecosistemas agrícolas, permitiendo a las empresas exportadoras reducir costos, cumplir con las medidas fitosanitarias internacionales y apoyar la preservación del ambiente y la salud. De esta manera, las empresas agroexportadoras peruanas podrían construir una ventaja competitiva sostenible y buscar un posicionamiento como firmas socialmente responsables. A lo largo de este estudio, se analizaron variables, tales como estadísticas de los cultivos, costos comparativos entre control biológico y control químico, principales mercados de destino de los espárragos y paltas frescas, la normatividad internacional, entre otros aspectos.

En el presente trabajo de investigación se planteó como principal objetivo determinar los obstáculos a las exportaciones de langostinos en el Perú en el año 2021. Por otro lado, tuvo como finalidad conocer las barreras de exportación que enfrentaron las empresas langostineras a raíz de la crisis sanitaria generada por el coronavirus. El estudio tuvo un enfoque mixto, ya que se hizo un análisis estadístico para obtener la percepción de las empresas exportadoras de langostinos con respecto a las barreras de exportación. Asimismo, es de tipo aplicada por lo que se basa en la teoría existente para revolver determinados problemas; y de nivel descriptivo, ya que se analizaron los fenómenos observados durante el proceso de investigación. De la misma forma, el diseño de la investigación fue no experimental y transversal, debido a que se manipularon las variables para así poder describir y analizarlo en un contexto dado. La población de estudio abarcó a las empresas encargadas de la exportación de langostinos en el país. Finalmente, se concluyó que los principales obstáculos son la competencia internacional, la inestabilidad política en el país, la falta de programas de apoyo estatal, la volatilidad cambiaria de la moneda estadunidense que crean mayores costos y dificultan el comercio de langostinos en el exterior. / The main objective of this research was to determine the obstacles to shrimp exports in Peru in the year 2021. On the other hand, its purpose was to determine the export barriers faced by shrimp companies as a result of the sanitary crisis generated by the coronavirus. The study had a mixed approach, since a statistical analysis was carried out to obtain the perception of shrimp exporting companies with respect to export barriers. It is also applied in that it is based on existing theory to solve certain problems; and descriptive, since the phenomena observed during the research process were analyzed. Likewise, the research design was non experimental and cross-sectional, since the variables were manipulated in order to describe and analyze it in a given context. The study population included the companies in charge of shrimp exports in the country. Finally, it was concluded that the main obstacles are international competition, political instability in the country, the lack of government support programs, and the exchange rate volatility of the U.S. currency, which create higher costs and make it difficult to trade shrimp abroad.

It is commonly believed about sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that the region has a comparative advantage in primary resources as reflected by its high share of primary exports to total exports. In acknowledging the region's comparative advantage, the study tries to put the determinants from the Wood and Mayer (1998, (999) (W-M) Heckscher-Ohlin based model in the context of two relatively diversified countries (South Africa and Mauritius) and two commodity-export-dependent countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria and Cô̌̌te d'Ivoire). The study finds that the skill and land resource measures used in the W -M (1998, 1999) thesis do not explain why Nigeria, having a similar level of skill per worker ratio to South Africa, has not diversified. Further, Mauritius having relatively the highest skill per land ratio specialises in low-skill textiles and clothing, while South Africa specialises in the more human capital-intensive "other manufactures" group. The other measure, a low land per worker ratio that explains Mauritius' relatively higher share of manufacturing exports, also fails to apply to Nigeria. The thesis thus concludes that the W-M land and skill measures could only be rough proxies in determining comparative advantage in manufacturing exports. However, employing the Dutch disease hypothesis recognises the potential of land abundance as a natural resource, namely minerals in South Africa, oil in Nigeria, and cocoa in Cǒ̌te d'Ivoire. The Dutch disease is a dynamic process of structural economic and political development that will permit an understanding of why natural resource abundant countries do not have a comparative advantage in manufacturing, at least in the short to medium term. The study therefore investigates commodity dependence and the Dutch disease effects to examine whether primary resource- based industrialisation offers an escape from underdevelopment. It establishes that South Africa, a mineral resource rich country, diversified based on a broad mineral-energy-complex (MEC) reinforcing the notion that land abundant countries will first invest in capital- intensive primary resource processing. However, the thesis concludes that in Nigeria and Cǒ̌te d'Ivoire where external shocks are more predominant probably because of single commodity export reliance, the manufacturing sector lags behind more due to resource and spending effects that a natural resource boom generates in these economies.

Thesis (MA. Agricultural Management (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / The role of agricultural exports to agriculture’s share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in South Africa is of extreme importance and exhibits strong interest from all parts of the economy. Many believe that agriculture can salvage the declining economic growth under such global economic conditions. The decision to diversify and expand exports of these avocados, apples, mangoes and oranges will improve the South African economy’s unstable conditions. This study accounts for all the factors that are truly unique to South African’s economy. Therefore, the study will help to shift the focus of avocado, apple, mango and orange growers to export more due to the international market demand for such produce. The aim of the study was to analyse the link between avocado, apple, mango and orange exports and agriculture’s share of Gross Domestic Product in South Africa. The specific objectives are to determine the correlation between avocado, apple, mango and orange exports and the agriculture’s share of Gross Domestic Product in South Africa, investigate the contribution of avocado, apple, mango and orange exports and the agriculture’s share of Gross Domestic Product in South Africa, determine the growth rate (trends) of avocado, apple, mango and orange exports and determine the volatility of avocado, apple, mango and orange exports. The study used secondary time series data that covered a sample size of 17 years (1994 - 2011) of avocado, apple, mango and orange exports in South Africa. Two Stages Least Square models and Growth rate and Volatility models were used for data analysis. i Empirical results for agricultural exports equation revealed that agricultural economic growth in South Africa was significant with a positive coefficient. While a negative relationship between the Net Factor Income (NFI) and the agricultural exports in South Africa was noticed. Real Capital Investments had a significant positive coefficient. Consequently, results from agricultural economic growth equation revealed that agricultural exports were significant with a positive correlation. A relationship between NFI and agricultural GDP was also witnessed. Like other variables, Real Capital Investment was significant but negatively correlated. The results of growth rate and volatility models showed positive trends. Furthermore, results showed that the quantity of agricultural exports was positively related to agricultural economic growth. Another point of interest was that while these exports were positive and significantly related, the magnitude of its coefficient is smaller than the coefficients of Real Capital Investments. It is in this framework that the positive correlation exists between agriculture economic growth and agricultural exports. It is recommended that investment opportunities in the agricultural sector need to be investigated further because there is limited knowledge of the subject. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery and the private sector need to join hands and build a mutual relationship to aid develop an agricultural economy which can be able to exports more than what it imports. This can also be done by subsidising farmers with capital to relieve them of other expenses.

El objetivo de la presente investigación es estudiar los factores que condicionan a los agricultores a acceder a los créditos financieros, en donde tienen prenda sus tierras con título de propiedad en los departamentos de Cajamarca e Ica asimismo se identificara los problemas que tienen las tierras agrícolas en los departamentos mencionados como prenda de garantía de la oferta exportable y que factores le dan valor a estas tierras para ello se realizara un análisis de los microcréditos que otorgan las entidades como Agrobanco y los programas como COFIDE y SEPYMEX. / Trabajo de investigación

Las expotaciones tienen una participación sobresaliente en el PBI nacional. Del mismo modo, se ha experimentado un crecimiento de las mismas en un 565% en la última década y las exportaciones no tradicionales representan un nada despreciable 32% del total exportado, con perspectivas de crecimiento. En la actualidad, Perú, es líder en crecimiento de exportaciones en la región latinoamericana, por encima de países como Colombia, Chile, Brasil y México; y el segundo con mayor incremento de la IED en la última década. A lo largo del presente estudio se describirán la oportunidad y la viabilidad de la exportación de banano orgánico al mercado canadiense, al mismo tiempo que se propone una alternativa estratégica para su exitosa inserción. / Trabajo de investigación

A volatile real exchange rate and high unemployment rate is a growing concern in South Africa, therefore the right macroeconomic policy is required. The challenge is to find stability in the real exchange rate paired with a low inflation rate, both of which are necessary to promote long term economic growth, which in turn creates more job opportunities. This study analyses the impact of the exchange rate on unemployment in South Africa by considering quarterly data for the period 2003 to 2013. In this study, the macroeconomic transmission channel is divided into two transmission paths, imports and exports. These find their roots in the Phillips curve and the Keynesian theory on unemployment respectively. The vector error correction model (VECM), together with an analysis of the impulse response functions and variance decompositions, are implemented to determine the short and long run impacts of the exchange rate on unemployment. After the completion of a variety of specifications, estimations and tests, both macroeconomic transmission paths revealed in the empirical analysis that the real exchange rate has a significant impact on unemployment. In the imports transmission path, the real exchange rate, imports and the CPI have significant long term relationships with unemployment. Furthermore, the exports transmission path found significant short term relations with unemployment in considering the real exchange rate, exports and economic growth. The impulse responses in both transmission paths indicated that a shock in the exchange rate will have a significant effect on unemployment in the short run. Similar results were found with the variance decomposition. In the import transmission path, movements in the real exchange rate explained an increasing portion of the variance in unemployment. Alternatively, in the export transmission path the real exchange rate and exports explained an increasing portion of the variance. The evidence therefore suggests that South Africa should focus more on stabilising the exchange rate, since fluctuations in unemployment are a result of shocks in the real exchange rate, following the macroeconomic transmission channels discussed. / MCom (Economics)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015

Unemployment within the South African economy has indicated to be a prominent issue with an official unemployment rate of 25.2% in the year 2013 (Statistics South Africa, 2013). The South African government released the National Growth Path that is primarily focused on creating stable economic growth, in order to create jobs as well as eradicate inequality. This is followed by the Industrial Policy Action Plan 2 (IPAP2) document which includes a policy package to facilitate the specific industries that are identified for job creation (DTI, 2012). Thus, employment creation has become a real concern within the South African context. The highest percentage of total employment has remained within the services industry since 2004, at a rate above 60%. This is double the combined employment within agriculture and industry, with agriculture at 5% and industry at 25% of total employment. Thus the services industry has contributed to the highest amount of employment in South Africa. The exports of services have grown consistently since the year 2004. The largest exporter within the services industry is the travel sector, with substantial exports which peaked at 9 billion dollars in 2013. When analysing the remaining service sectors within the South African economy, it indicates that there can be a greater deal of growth in exports, with the majority of service sectors exporting less than 1 billion dollars. Export expansion can be a basis to growth in employment creation, if policy can specifically be focused towards it. Because of the demand for methods and strategy for employment creation, this study reviewed the literature regarding the effects of export expansion, as well as research methods to identify labour intensive sectors and their spill-over effects. Studies show that the increases in exports have a predominantly positive effect on employment. Furthermore, these studies also found prominent inter-linkages of services sectors within the economy. The aim of this study was to determine the most employment-intensive services sectors and their linkages with other sectors within the South African economy, in order to make recommendations for policy makers towards sustainable economic growth and job creation in the services sector. The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) used in this study model generally explains through a general table of a region or nation, by listing the regional or national economy accounting data within a square table. Thus the main goal of the SAM model was to form a comprehensive economic-wide database, which included information about all the productive activities in the economy, as well as incorporating unproductive institutions and markets, such as capital markets, factor markets, government, households and the rest of the world. The above model can thus be used to determine the link between a specific sectors expansion and the labour intensity of that sector. Furthermore, the model is not only limited to measure labour intensity, but it can also measure the specific GDP and production spill-over effects for a specific sector within the economy. Therefore, the study could analyse the spill-over effects of specific services sectors, as well as the possible employment effect it could have throughout the South African economy. The results of the study could then also be used as a strategy for export expansion and employment creation. There is currently no policy focused strategy for the services industry, which could become beneficial. The first step for the empirical analysis was to identify the services sectors which are tradable/ exportable. The following SAM services sectors are more tradable/ exportable than others in commercial terms, and thus they will be used in the analysis of this study: - Building and Construction - Trade - Accommodation - Communication - Finance and Insurance - Real Estate - Business Services - Community, Social and Personal Services In the second part of the study, the objective was to determine the most employment-intensive services sectors and its linkages with other sectors within the South African economy, in order to make recommendations for policy makers towards sustainable economic growth and job creation in the services sector. The results of this study indicated that an increase in the exports of services in South Africa has a definite impact on employment in the following sectors: - Production o Accommodation, Real Estate and Building and Construction - GDP o Accommodation, Real Estate and Building and Construction - Labour o Community, Social and Personal Services, Accommodation, and Business Services / MCom (International Trade), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The South African government recognises the need for export growth to contribute towards economic growth and articulates this in different national policy documents. It is evident that the Western Cape Province also recognises the need for export growth, as the province is facing various economic and socio-economic challenges. Therefore, aligning policies to focus on export promotion which supports the labour intensive sectors within the province by uplifting employment and eradicate poverty. The aim of this study is to determine specifically export market diversification opportunities for the Western Cape Province. The main objective is to determine the Western Cape’s world-wide market diversification opportunities with the highest export potential. The literature underlines the importance of export growth and the benefits of export diversification. It can also be concluded that countries operating in the extensive margin are more likely to generate high economic growth and development opportunities. By implementing export diversification strategies, higher employment levels and output growth can be achieved on a provincial and national level. A three-step methodological process to determine the export market diversification opportunities for the Western Cape Province is used. Firstly, the products in which the Western Cape Province has a revealed export specialisation are determined by using the revealed trade advantage (RTA); secondly, the geographical concentration of the Western Cape’s exports of these products is determined by means of the Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI); and lastly, the export market opportunities for the Western Cape Province’s export-orientated products that are geographically concentrated are determined by using the decision support model (DSM). The results of the study identified 188 geographically concentrated export products for the Western Cape and 2 866 realistic product-country level export diversification opportunities. It is recommended that the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the Western Cape trade promotion organisation, WESGRO, in collaboration with the relevant export councils and industry associations, use the results of this study to focus their export promotion and diversification strategies on the identified product-country combinations. / MCom, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015