O objetivo central desta tese é analisar o desempenho econômico de um conjunto amplo de países sob a ótica da competitividade externa, que explicita a competitividade estrutural relativa das economias. Para isso esta tese conta com três ensaios. O primeiro ensaio constrói um índice de qualidade da pauta exportadora e qualidade da pauta importadora para 143 países e comprova a significância desses índices na determinação da renda per capita. Além disso, o ensaio utiliza os resultados para analisar os canais de transmissão entre setor externo e renda apontados por alguns modelos de crescimento. O segundo ensaio faz um teste do modelo de crescimento sob restrição externa para um conjunto de 137 países utilizando uma nova metodologia empírica que recupera a idéia de teste conjunto sem recair em vários problemas de endogeneidade, recorrendo a técnicas de painel. O terceiro ensaio elabora um modelo Kaldoriano de causação cumulativa e o aplica para a economia brasileira no período 20032008. O modelo revela que a economia brasileira passou por um ciclo virtuoso de crescimento que se originou no mercado externo e foi internalizado pela economia. Com os argumentos explorados nos três ensaios comprova-se o papel da competitividade externa no desempenho econômico das nações e debate-se alguns dos canais de transmissão entre setor externo e renda. / The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the economic performance of nations in the 2000s on the perspective of external competitiveness. For that, this thesis has three essays. The first essay builds an index of quality of export basket and an index of quality of import basket for 143 countries and demonstrates the significance of these indexes in determining the per capita income. Moreover, the essay uses the results to discuss the transmission channels between the external sector and income indicated by some growth models. The second essay is a balance-ofpayment constrain growth test applied to a set of 137 countries, using a new empirical methodology that recovers the idea of a whole test for several countries, without falling into various problems of endogeneity, using panel techniques. The third essay elaborates a Kaldorian model of cumulative causation and applies to the Brazilian economy 20032008. The model reveals that the Brazilian economy went through a virtuous cycle of growth that originated in the external sector and was internalized by the economy. With the arguments explored in the three essays, it was possible to prove the role of external competitiveness in economic performance and to discuss some of the transmission channels between the external sector and income.

<p>Part I of this thesis is a theoretical background to parts II and III.</p><p>Part II treats the phenomenon of decreased visibility through a glazing due to external water condensation, dew, on the external surface. Some simulations are presented where it is shown that under certain circumstances condensation can be expected. A combination of coatings on the external surface is suggested to overcome the problem of external condesation. It consists of both a coating which decreases the emissivity of the surface and a hydrophilic coating which reduces the detrimental effects to the view through the window.</p><p>Fresnel calculations of the optical properties are used to discuss the feasibility of using different coatings. A new test box was used to verify that the proposed window coatings perform as expected.</p><p>Part III is a study on the angular dependence of solar absorptance in windows. Optical properties vary with the angle of incidence of the incoming light. The variation is different from one window pane to another. </p><p>A model is proposed to approximate the angular variation of the solar absorptance in window panes. The model is semi-empirical and involves dividing the wide range of windows into nine groups. To which group a window belongs, depends on how many panes it has and on the features of the outer pane. The strength of the model is that it can be used without knowing the exact optical properties of each pane of the window. This makes it useful in the many cases when these data are not given by the manufacturer and Fresnel calculations to get the optical properties of the window are not feasible. The model is simple and can be added as an appendix to existing standards for measuring optical properties of windows.</p>

Most studies examine how homeland policies influence the host state and what role the homeland plays for diaspora. In this paper, I will examine the reasons and conditions for why ethnic groups do or do not support violent ethnic groups. This study tests how external threats impact the level of support within the same ethnic groups. I will examine the causal relationship between external pressure and non-cooperation through a structured, comparative study of Kurdish ethnic groups.

Part I of this thesis is a theoretical background to parts II and III. Part II treats the phenomenon of decreased visibility through a glazing due to external water condensation, dew, on the external surface. Some simulations are presented where it is shown that under certain circumstances condensation can be expected. A combination of coatings on the external surface is suggested to overcome the problem of external condesation. It consists of both a coating which decreases the emissivity of the surface and a hydrophilic coating which reduces the detrimental effects to the view through the window. Fresnel calculations of the optical properties are used to discuss the feasibility of using different coatings. A new test box was used to verify that the proposed window coatings perform as expected. Part III is a study on the angular dependence of solar absorptance in windows. Optical properties vary with the angle of incidence of the incoming light. The variation is different from one window pane to another. A model is proposed to approximate the angular variation of the solar absorptance in window panes. The model is semi-empirical and involves dividing the wide range of windows into nine groups. To which group a window belongs, depends on how many panes it has and on the features of the outer pane. The strength of the model is that it can be used without knowing the exact optical properties of each pane of the window. This makes it useful in the many cases when these data are not given by the manufacturer and Fresnel calculations to get the optical properties of the window are not feasible. The model is simple and can be added as an appendix to existing standards for measuring optical properties of windows.

Išorinė aplinka – tai faktorių, veikiančių asmenybę ir sukeliančių tam tikrų psichinių reakcijų, visuma, kaip mokymosi sąlygų visuma. Žmogaus ugdymas bei jo ugdymasis vyksta šiai paskirčiai pritaikytoje išorinėje aplinkoje. Būtina sukurti tokią aplinką, kad susirinkę studentai ir dėstytojai jaustųsi patogiai ir jaukiai, kadangi fizinis poveikis sukelia psichologinį poveikį. Išorinė universiteto aplinka glaudžiai siejasi ne tik su emociniais, vidiniais studentų išgyvenimais, bet ir jų pasiekimais studijų srityje. Taigi universitetų išorinės aplinkos sąsajų su studentų ugdymosi motyvacija atskleidimas yra aktuali mokslinė problema. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti Vilniaus universitetų išorinės aplinkos sąsajas su studentų ugdymosi motyvacija. Tyrimo objektas – studentų ugdymosi motyvacijos sąsajos su universitetų išorine aplinka. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) atlikti mokslinės literatūros sisteminę analizę, atskleidžiant išorinės aplinkos ir ugdymosi motyvacijos sampratas; 2) išanalizuoti Vilniaus universitetų išorinės aplinkos kūrimosi kultūrinius istorinius aspektus, išryškinant jų architektūrinį savitumą; 3) Nustatyti Vilniaus universitetų išorinės aplinkos sąsajų su studentų ugdymosi motyvacija ypatumus. Tyrimas išryškino Vilniaus universitetų kultūrinius istorinius bei architektūrinius savitumus. Studentų apklausa (N=743) atskleidė, kad išorinė universiteto aplinka skatina juos veikti toje aplinkoje bei daro poveikį studijų sėkmei. Nustatyta, kad didžioji dalis apklaustų studentų savo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The external environment is a unit of factors affecting personality and triggering some kind of mental reactions and serving as a unit of educational conditions. Education of a person as well as his/her self-education takes place in the external environment which is adapted to this purpose. It is necessary to create such environment where students and lecturers feel comfortable and cosy, because physical effects create psychological effects. The external environment of the university is closely related not only to emotional, inner experiences of students but also to their academic achievements. Therefore, to reveal the links between the external environment of universities and the students’ educational motivation is a topical scientific problem. The aim of the research is to find the links between the external environment of universities in Vilnius and the students’ educational motivation. The object of the research is the links between the students’ educational motivation and the external environment of universities. The goals of the research are the following: 1) to conduct the systematic analysis of the academic literature while attempting to fully understand the concepts of external environment and educational motivation; 2) to analyse the aspects of cultural-historical development of the external environment of Vilnius’ universities emphasising their distinctive architectural features; 3) to determine peculiarities of the external environment of universities in Vilnius... [to full text]

O objetivo central desta tese é analisar o desempenho econômico de um conjunto amplo de países sob a ótica da competitividade externa, que explicita a competitividade estrutural relativa das economias. Para isso esta tese conta com três ensaios. O primeiro ensaio constrói um índice de qualidade da pauta exportadora e qualidade da pauta importadora para 143 países e comprova a significância desses índices na determinação da renda per capita. Além disso, o ensaio utiliza os resultados para analisar os canais de transmissão entre setor externo e renda apontados por alguns modelos de crescimento. O segundo ensaio faz um teste do modelo de crescimento sob restrição externa para um conjunto de 137 países utilizando uma nova metodologia empírica que recupera a idéia de teste conjunto sem recair em vários problemas de endogeneidade, recorrendo a técnicas de painel. O terceiro ensaio elabora um modelo Kaldoriano de causação cumulativa e o aplica para a economia brasileira no período 20032008. O modelo revela que a economia brasileira passou por um ciclo virtuoso de crescimento que se originou no mercado externo e foi internalizado pela economia. Com os argumentos explorados nos três ensaios comprova-se o papel da competitividade externa no desempenho econômico das nações e debate-se alguns dos canais de transmissão entre setor externo e renda. / The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the economic performance of nations in the 2000s on the perspective of external competitiveness. For that, this thesis has three essays. The first essay builds an index of quality of export basket and an index of quality of import basket for 143 countries and demonstrates the significance of these indexes in determining the per capita income. Moreover, the essay uses the results to discuss the transmission channels between the external sector and income indicated by some growth models. The second essay is a balance-ofpayment constrain growth test applied to a set of 137 countries, using a new empirical methodology that recovers the idea of a whole test for several countries, without falling into various problems of endogeneity, using panel techniques. The third essay elaborates a Kaldorian model of cumulative causation and applies to the Brazilian economy 20032008. The model reveals that the Brazilian economy went through a virtuous cycle of growth that originated in the external sector and was internalized by the economy. With the arguments explored in the three essays, it was possible to prove the role of external competitiveness in economic performance and to discuss some of the transmission channels between the external sector and income.

Masters disertation entitled Brazil's Trade Policies offers a complex economic characteristics of the country, with a special accent on the external trade. The paper shows Brazil's external trade commodity and territorial structure, evaluates its external trade policies and also its position towards trade liberalization.

Service innovation is an important component for service business through its applicability in development and accretion that promotes business operations. The service innovation process can be created and maintained through interaction between the actor and the customer, where mutual value is being created through collaboration. However, disruptive external forces that reconfigure businesses environment and changes behavior of customers can have an impact on the conditions for service processes, where the need for innovative solutions increases to continue to reach customer satisfaction. In addition, it may further impact the underlying processes of innovating services, not at least within the facility service sector since interacting and operating within customer’s sites. Therefore, the authors want to contribute with knowledge regarding how service innovation processes are being affected by disruptive external forces, investigated through a single case study. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with six respondents within a global market-leading provider of facility services where the study has addressed the Swedish market. The empirical findings acknowledged that a changed customer behavior imposed by disruptive external forces causes challenges and changes to the business environment of facility services. The collected data highlighted disruptive forces such as technological, environmental and, especially prominent, the pandemic as particularly influential to the processes of facility service innovation. Business environment in a reconfigured state has, among other, affected the parts of developing, testing, and implementing innovative solutions, thereby influencing the implementation process of service innovation. In conclusion, disruptive external forces imposed new areas of focus and requirements from customers, leading to customers becoming more involved in the process of facility service innovation. The case company has been required to adopt a form of Service-Dominated (S-D) logic on the approach of developing value propositions, implicating that the customers are taking an increased and active part in the facility service innovation process. In relation to a changing customer need imposed by disruptive external forces, psychological senses and perceptions have been distinguished to be a requirement of facility service innovation and have therefore constituted an active component of the innovation process.

Neue additive Fertigungsverfahren erzeugen hochkomplexe Strukturen deren strukturmechanische Eigenschaften bisher nicht vorhersagbar waren. Mit einem neuen Ansatz wird ohne Vernetzung wie sie in der FEM benötigt wird, eine Simulation des strukturmechanischen Verhaltens möglich. Erste Untersuchungen an bisher unvorstellbar komplexen Modellen zeigen eine hervorragende Performance, die gerade im Umfeld von typischen Gitterstrukturen der 3D-Druckverfahren einsetzbar sind und darüber weit hinausgehen. In diesem Vortrag wird anhand von Beispielen der hohe Wirkungsgrad der Software External aufgezeigt, der so in der FEM nicht möglich ist.

The job of an auditor has still been quite a new one in the Czech Republic. It is connected with the transformation of our economy in the late 80s and early 90s. Despite its relatively short history the job's importance is going up. Just the external audit itself can lower the information inequality between the owner and the manager. Internal audit, on the other side, is a means of precaution how to prevent problems or solve them already before their coming into existence. My diploma work aimed at deeper insight into the problems of an auditor's job.