The thesis is focused on process of external auditing with emphasis on the use of the work of other professionals. At the beginning it introduces the definition of external audit, historical development of auditing process, its objectives and legislation to the readers. Next item of the thesis is a comparison of the external audit with internal audit and specification of their relationship. The main part of the work is related to auditing process with emphasis on the use of the work of other professionals, which is illustrated on a fictional company called "Tipni si a vyhraj".

De mänskliga resurserna kan ses som den viktigaste beståndsdelen inom organisationer, på grund av att medarbetarnas arbetskraft är den ursprungliga orsaken till effektivitet, kapital och upprätthållning av maskiner. Medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation är på så vis väsentlig att studera eftersom arbetsmotivation är ett av de viktigaste verktygen för att medarbetare ska kunna uppnå ett gynnsamt arbetsresultat. Omotiverade medarbetare skulle troligtvis bidra med en ytterst liten eller ingen ansträngning alls i sitt arbete. Det kan i många fall vara en utmaning för arbetsgivare att upprätthålla en hög arbetsmotivation, eftersom medarbetare efterfrågar olika behov för att upprätthålla en hög arbetsmotivation.Studien tar utgångspunkt i yttre symboliska och yttre materiella motivationsfaktorer eftersom yttre arbetsmotivation är av betydelse för medarbetares prestanda på arbetet som utförs. För att kunna besvara studiens problemformulering har studien tillämpat en kvalitativ metod där intervjuer genomfördes på medarbetare från fallstudiens två olika avdelningar. Den organisation som studeras är en industriorganisation, vilket är intressant att studera eftersom det är en bransch som växer sig större i Sverige och framförallt inom Västra Götalands län. Därmed vill studien beskriva vikten av att upprätthålla medarbetares arbetsmotivation och hur den kan skiljas åt mellan olika avdelningar. Resultatet i studien presenterar vikten i att känna till medarbetares olika behov eftersom de visats sig uppstå skillnader både inom efterfrågan på olika motivationsfaktorer och även medarbetarnas syn på definitionen av arbetsmotivation. Dock är det viktigt att ha i beaktning att studiens resultat endast är en indikation på hur medarbetare kan få ökad arbetsmotivation utifrån yttre symboliska och yttre materiella motivationsfaktorer, samt hur medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation kan skiljas åt inom olika avdelningar tillhörande samma organisation. / Human resources are probably one of the most important component within organizations, due to the workforce of employees is the original cause of efficiency, capital and maintenance of machines. Employees' work motivation is the essential to study since work motivation is one of the most important tools for employees to achieve a favorable work result. Unmotivated employees would probably contribute little or give no effort at all in their work. In many cases it can be a challenge for employers to maintain a high level of work motivation, because the employees seems to have different needs to keep their motivation at the highest level.The study has been based on external symbolic and external material motivational factors, since external work motivation is important for employees' performance in the work accomplished. In order to give answer to the study's problem formulation a qualitative researching method has been used, in which interviews were made on employees from the case study's two different departments.The study was made on an organization within the industry. This industry is growing larger in Sweden and especially in Västra Götaland County, where the study took place. The study wants to describe the importance of maintaining employees' work motivation and how it can be different between departments. The results of the study showed the importance of knowing the different needs from employees since it has been found out there have been differences in both the demand for different motivational factors and also the employees' views on the definition of work motivation. However, it is important to keep in mind that the study's results are only an indication of how employees can gain increased work motivation based on external symbolic and external material motivation factors, and how employees' work motivation can be differentiated within different departments belonging to the same organization.

This paper examines the effects of Ikea store establishment in Kalmar and Karlstad on the trade and retail inside the two cities, and as well on the trade and retail in the close neighboring municipalities and in further peripheral municipalities in both regions. After the establishment of Ikea store, Kalmar and Karlstad have experienced significant growth in trade and retail. The question, however, is how big this growth is in both cities? And how different locations on different distances from Ikea have been affected? What impact there was on different segments of the retail? How different business branches have been affected? How large the catchment area for the emerging new large-scale retail locations is? These questions, in addition to few others, are investigated in this paper. The thesis starts with an introduction chapter containing a background of the topic, problem description, the investigated questions, the purpose, and the outline of the paper. The next chapter includes the frame of reference which consists of literature review and theoretical framework about the external shopping centers and their impact on retail and regional trade development. It includes also information gathered from previous studies technical reports and other available sources about the subject. The third chapter includes description for the methods used to collect the primary and secondary data needed for the purpose of this study. Then the empirical framework which demonstrates the results of the conducted research followed by analysis and concluded in discussion and conclusion. Mixed methods are used as research strategy in this thesis, and the method to conduct the research is based on telephone interviews for the primary (qualitative) data, and documents and desk research for the secondary (quantitative) data. The gathered data is analyzed and designed in a way that allows the usage of comparative analysis technique to present the findings and draw conclusions. The results showed that new established Ikea retail store outside the city boundaries results with many effects on the city center and on the neighboring municipalities as well. The city center seems not to be affected negatively, but on the contrary positive effects were witnessed in both regions, these positive effects are linked to the increase inflow of customers from the external retail area which is known as spillover effect. III On the other hand, the neighboring towns and municipalities are more negatively affected especially with the trade of con-convenience goods as the consumers in these towns and municipalities start to go to the area of Ikea and the large external retail center to do their purchasing, the substitution effect is then said to be occurred. Moreover, the further far municipalities do not seem to be significantly affected by the establishment of Ikea. These effects whether positive or negative could be monitored by looking to few trade parameters such as the turnover, the sales index, and the consumers’ expenditure, these parameters can be very useful to measure the developments and changes in the trade and retail in a given place.

Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / External cavity diode lasers are used increasingly as sources of light in applications ranging from industrial photonic systems to basic laboratory research on the interaction of light and atoms. External cavity diode lasers offer more stable output frequency and narrow spectral bandwidth than the typical free-running diode lasers. These characteristics are achieved by exploiting the sensitivity of diode lasers to external optical feedback. In this study the design and development of an external cavity diode laser system for future applications in spectroscopy and laser cooling of rubidium atoms is presented. The external cavity diode laser including mechanical components and control electronics of the system is developed from basic components. The system uses frequency selective optical feedback from a diffraction grating in a Littrow configuration to provide collimated, narrow-band, frequency tunable light near 780 nm. The external cavity diode laser is designed to increase the mode-hop-free frequency tuning range, and allow accurate frequency tuning and stabilisation. A low-noise current source and a temperature controller for thermal stability were developed as part of the system since the output frequency changes with temperature and current. The temperature controller is optimised experimentally for the thermal characteristics of the external cavity. An electronic sidelock servo circuit for frequency locking of the external cavity diode laser to an external reference for long term frequency stabilisation is proposed and discussed. The servo circuit electrically controls the grating tilt and the current through the diode laser in order to lock the frequency of the diode laser. The external cavity diode laser is optimised and characterised near 780 nm. Results obtained in this study indicate that the external cavity diode laser is suitable for future applications in spectroscopy and laser cooling of neutral rubidium atoms.

I will look at what impact big data have had on the managerial strategic decisions in the food and beverage industry. This in order to understand the complexity and theory of organizational strategic management, an effort to define the contemporary strategic theory into a holistic conceptual model is done through a literature review on organizational strategy. This literature explicitly proposes four distinctly different types of strategies that management need to consider in the organizational context. Namely, long-term strategy, internal business strategy, external corporate strategy, and competitive strategy. The study analyzed the food and beverage industry over a decade (2005-2014), where the three of the largest actors in the industry were selected, Nestlé S.A, PepsiCo Inc, and Unilever. The choice of method was content analysis, where three structured categorization matrixes were developed which each analyzed parts of the annual reports. The study propose the role of big data as a strategic tool for managerial decision from a theoretical standpoint. The content analysis show that hypothesis 1, could be confirmed, big data have an impact on all the proposed four managerial strategic decisions. Second hypothesis could not be confirmed, since decentralization does only occur for one of the organizations, but increased external environment turbulence could be concluded for the industry in general. The third hypothesis could be confirmed, which show that there is an increase in individualization due to increased customer involvement and demand. The analysis discovered three distinct time periods during the last decade, namely pre- economic instability period (2005-2007), economic instability period (2008-2011) and finally the post-paradigm period (2012-2014). Where the year 2011 was the most turbulent in terms of economy and technology for the industry. The study clearly show that customers are now involved in the production process, customers are co-creators of the products. There is now a two-way communication and increased social responsibility awareness. This study shows that the old traditional approach of looking at markets in order to position yourself to stay competitive are obsolete as this study predicted. customers demand to be a part of the organizational culture. This conclude that big data is an important tool for all strategic managerial decisions.

This study explores the relationship between internal-external locus of control and some characteristics of overweight subjects in a weight-control program in the summer and fall of 1973. Only white, female, over-weight, and obese subjects were used. From this study, it appears that Rotter's I-E concept applies to weight loss. This one significant finding lends support to research that internals control their impulses better than externals and that internals seem to learn and retain relevant information better than externals.

A acumulação de capital é analisada em meio à busca governamental por inovação tecnológica, no período compreendido entre 1964 e 1985, configurando o crescimento econômico característico do regime militar. A inovação tecnológica esteve subordinada à acumulação de capital e manifestou-se: (a) nas mudanças legislativas e normativas; (b) na elevação da produtividade ou aumento do produto por homem-hora; (c) na diminuição da taxa de emprego e no rebaixamento dos salários. Delfim Netto caracterizava \"inovação tecnológica\" como uma \"maneira de capturar tudo aquilo que os modelos de crescimento econômico não abordaram\". São ainda apresentadas, de forma cronológica, as principais leis criadas para o funcionamento econômico, junto com as ações desencadeadas pelos agentes econômicos no período. Analisa-se o comportamento econômico brasileiro por meio de um conjunto de estatísticas sobre: (a) o mecanismo de poupança-investimento; (b) o mecanismo de inflação-distribuição de renda; (c) a deterioração do comércio exterior e (d) o processo de endividamento. Discute-se ao final, a ascensão e queda de um modelo que correlacionava positivamente autoritarismo e crescimento, mostrando não haver relação direta entre a primeira e a segunda idéia, visto que o autoritarismo não produziu apenas desenvolvimento financeiro, mas antes intensificou a dominação social. / Acumulation of capital is here approached in the government search for technological innovation, as occurred in the period comprising 1964 to 1985. This shapes the type of economic growth obtained by the local military regimen at that time. Moves to technological innovation were subordinated to de accumulation of capital as follows: (a) induced changes in laws and government rules; (b) Rises on productivity or increased output per man-hour; (c) relative decrease in employment rates wages lowering. The minister then at office Delfim Netto characterized \"technological innovation\" as the way \"to capture everything that evades the observation of a growth model\". An attempt is made to bring in chronological order the main legal changes implemented by listing them when referred to economic drift, as well as actions from the economic subjects in that period. Finally a discussion is made of the relations between authoritarianism and economic growth, putting clear the non necessary character of those as positive correlation. In fact, local authoritarianism produced not only financial development, but also reinforced social domination.

Importantes mudanças foram implementadas por órgãos normatizadores do mercado de capitais, no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, relativas às atividades de controle e fiscalização na elaboração e divulgação de demonstrações contábeis. A percepção da necessidade dessas mudanças decorreu, em grande parte, das fraudes corporativas que se utilizaram de instrumentos contábeis, revelados a partir da segunda metade da década de 1990 nos dois países. Nos Estados Unidos, mais precisamente, nos anos de 2001 e 2002. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar, comparativamente, as principais normas publicadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos entre 1998 e 2004, que buscaram o aprimoramento da governança corporativa através da estruturação de controles internos e de fiscalização sobre a elaboração e divulgação de demonstrações contábeis em setores empresariais regulamentados. As normas estudadas foram: a Lei Sarbanes-Oxley, sancionada nos Estados Unidos em 2002, as Resoluções 2554 e 3198 do Conselho Monetário Nacional - CMN, editadas em 1998 e 2004, respectivamente, a Resolução 118 de 2004 do Conselho Nacional de Seguros Privados - CNSP e as Circulares 249 e 280 de 2004 da Superintendência de Seguros Privados - SUSEP. Para a realização da análise comparativa foram coletadas opiniões, através da aplicação de questionário junto a participantes especialistas ativos das indústrias bancária, de seguros e das companhias abertas brasileiras, sobre a eficácia e suficiência das normas estudadas e foram levantados artigos acadêmicos, teses, dissertações e outros trabalhos que já tenham se proposto a analisar as referidas normas. As principais conclusões obtidas revelam que as normas estudadas são em geral eficazes e eficientes e abordaram aspectos importantes para a redução dos riscos de elaboração e divulgação de relatórios financeiros inadequados; que as medidas determinadas na Seção 404 da Lei Sarbanes-Oxley revelam pouca eficácia para a redução daqueles riscos e a custos muito elevados, principalmente para pequenas empresas; que, no Brasil, é necessário que os órgãos normatizadores das indústrias bancária, de seguros e das companhias abertas, bem como da profissão de contabilidade e auditoria desempenhem suas atividades de fiscalização e monitoramento de forma mais ampla e ativa. / Stock market regulatory agencies in Brazil and the United States have effected major changes in the control and inspection of the preparation and disclosure of financial statements. The need for these changes was made mostly evident when corporate frauds perpetrated using accounting tools started to be disclosed in the second half of the 1990s in both countries. In the United States more precisely in 2001 and 2002. The purpose of this thesis was to compare the main regulations enacted in Brazil and the United States between 1998 and 2004, which sought to improve corporate governance by structuring internal and inspection controls over the preparation and disclosure of financial statements in regulated industries. The following regulations were studied: Sarbanes-Oxley Act approved in the United States in 2002, Resolutions No. 2554 and 3198 passed by the National Monetary Council (CMN) in 1998 and 2004, respectively, Resolution No. 118 of 2004 of the National Council of Private Insurance (CNSP) and Circular Letters No. 249 and 280 issued by the Superintendence of Private Insurance (SUSEP) in 2004. For a comparative analysis, opinions were collected by sending out questionnaires to experts from the banking and insurance industries and Brazilian public companies on the effectiveness and sufficiency of the regulation studied. Also, academic papers, dissertations, theses and other works that analyzed those regulations were surveyed. The main conclusions show that the studied regulations are in general effective and efficient and address major issues involved in reducing the risks of preparing and disclosing inadequate financial statements; that the provisions set forth in Section 404 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act have little effectiveness in reducing those risks and the costs are very high, specially for small companies; that in Brazil regulatory agencies of the banking and insurance industries and public companies, as well accountants? and auditors? professional bodies, must perform their inspection and monitoring activities more actively and widely.

The thesis analyses the external economic balance of the Czech Republic from 2000 till 2011 based on the balance of payments, investment positions and the external debt statistics. in conjunction with the exchange rate development. The main evaluation indicators used in the thesis are the current account balance, the basic balance and external debt. The thesis explains the causes of the development of these indicators and their consequences, considers the trend and then assess whether we can speak about a sustainable form of the external economic balance in the case of the Czech Republic.

Viena iš viešųjų finansų kontrolės sistemos rūšių – viešųjų finansų išorės kontrolės sistema, kurios esminis bruožas – nepriklausomumas nuo kontroliuojamojo objekto. Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti teisės normas, reguliuojančias viešųjų finansų išorės kontrolės sistemos funkcionavimą, atskleidžiant teisinio reglamentavimo ypatumus bei šios kontrolės rūšies svarbą. Baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjami Lietuvos teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys viešųjų finansų išorės kontrolės subjektų teisinio statuso ypatumus, analizuojamas jų efektyvumo įgyvendinimas, palyginami Lietuvos ir Švedijos teisės aktai, apibrėžiantys aukščiausios audito institucijos kompetenciją. Magistro baigiamajame darbe naudojami tiek teoriniai, tiek empiriniai: dokumentų analizės (teisinių dokumentų – Konstitucijų, įstatymų, poįstatyminių aktų, ataskaitų – analizės), kontent – analizės, sisteminės analizės, lyginimo (darbe palyginama Lietuvos ir Švedijos Aukščiausiųjų audito institucijų teisinio reglamentavimo ypatumai, atskleidžiant panašumus, trūkumus), lyginamasis istorinis (apžvelgiama Valstybės kontrolės veiklą reglamentuojančių teisės aktų istorinė kaita), apibendrinimo (analizuojamos autorių nuomonės dėl atitinkamų sąvokų apibrėžties ) metodai. Išanalizavus teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius Lietuvos viešųjų finansų išorės kontrolės sistemą pateikiamos rekomendacijos, autorės nuomone, reikalingos nustatytiems trūkumams pašalinti. / One of sort of control system of public finance is the external control system of public finance, which basic aspect is independence of controlled object. The goal of master work is to analyze legal acts, which regulate the system of external control of public finance, emphasizing the peculiarities of legal regulation and the importance of this control system. Legal acts of Lithuania, which regulate the legal position of the subject of external control system of public finance were studied and the effectiveness of their implementation was analyzed; also they were compared with the legal acts of Sweden, which regulate the competence of institutions of national audit. Both theoretical and empirical methods are used in this master work. There are the analysis of documents (legal documents such as Constitutions, laws, other legal documents, annual reports), the content-analysis, systematic analysis, comparative (features of legal regulation of national audit offices in Lithuania and Sweden differences and similarities, disadvantages), comparative historical (historical perspective of legal regulation of National Audit Office in Lithuania), summation (the analysis of various authors opinions about definitions of concepts) methods. In conclusion author of this master work offers some recommendations about possible ways to correct disadvantages of legal acts, regulating the external control system of public finance in Lithuania.